CTBUH Journal

International Journal on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat

Tall buildings: design, construction and operation | 2011 Extracts: The Legacy at Millennium Park, Chicago

Residential Towers in Central Business Districts The Tallest Twenty in 2010 2010: A Tall Building Review

The High Life

Residential Towers in Central Business Districts These buildings serve growing segments of the population who desire amenity-rich lifestyles and safe urban homes. They serve cities that desire significant real estate tax revenues, as well as local businesses, which desire the potentially substantial purchasing power of new urban residents.
Though the halcyon days (from an architects perspective) of city skylines dotted with tower cranes atop lofty infill projects are a distant memory, tall residential buildings in central business districts remain integral to the establishment and maintenance of sustainable cities. Demographics populations colorfully identified as empty nesters, echo-boomers, and generation Y and anyone attracted to living more sustainably, will continue to create demand for urban multi-family housing projects. Whether the economy supports developments for apartments, condominiums or ultimately a balance of both, good design makes the difference: design that promotes a sense of place, is responsive to the human scale, and creates environments for livable, sustainable density. This paper focuses on the tall building specific issues of planning, designing, developing and constructing a residential skyscraper in a historic, high-density and business dominated urban environment. It draws on the experience of The Legacy at Millennium Park project, a 72-story condominium tower rising from the heart of Chicagos Downtown Loop District. How Tall Then and Now It was a different financial climate when the Legacy was envisioned, yet the condominium building stands today as a successful example of what is possible for residential density in a historic commercial city center. The 250-meter (822-foot) tall, 356-unit tower is stimulating economic growth and reinvigorating an important urban neighborhood in Chicagos Loop. It has defined new standards for

Peter Noone

Gary Klompmaker

Crista Sumanik
Authors Peter Noone, Principal Gary Klompmaker, Associate Principal Crista Sumanik, Communications Consultant Solomon Cordwell Buenz (SCB) 625 North Michigan Avenue, Suite 800 Chicago, Illinois 60611 t: +1 312 896 1100 f: +1 312 896 1200 www.scb.com

Peter Noone Peter Noone, AIA, oversees the coordination and management of all professional disciplines in the delivery of a range of building types for SCB studios in Chicago and San Francisco, from tall mixed-use residential developments such as the Legacy at Millennium Park, to corporate headquarters, retail, and large institutional facilities. Mr. Noone is a guest lecturer at the High-rise Studio at the University of Notre Dame, and has presented to the School of Architecture at IIT. He has been a guest critic at the University of Notre Dame, and the University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee. He has edited and contributed to the Journal of the School of Architecture, University of Illinois at Chicago. Gary Klompmaker In a career spanning 27 years, Gary Klompmaker, AIA, has focused his practice on the design of residential developments, many of them high-rise. These projects include multi-family mixed-use, as well as designs for senior living. Mr. Klompmaker earned his Bachelors and his Masters of Architecture from the University of Michigan. Crista Sumanik Crista Sumanik is a communications consultant who has worked for both the Chicago and San Francisco offices of Solomon Cordwell Buenz. She has 15 years experience writing and editing for a range of media, both as a television journalist and with in-house communications teams. In Hong Kong, Ms. Sumanik was Executive Producer of an award winning nightly newscast for CNN International. In Canada, she was Associate Producer of the nations top-rated morning news and current affairs show.

Figure 1. Chicagos iconic skyline: The Legacy at Millennium Park reaches skyward from the historic commercial Loop Tom Rossiter Photograpy SCB CTBUH Journal | 2011 Extracts: The Legacy

2 | Residential Towers in Central Business Districts

efficient and sustainable design and has responded to a citys vision to evolve its iconic skyline (see Figure 1). When the Legacy Project was first proposed early in 2002, city planners were actively engaged with the external design community in re-evaluating policies affecting the construction of tall buildings. There were no height limits for buildings in the downtown area per se, with maximum height governed by buildable floor area ratios negotiated in a planned development process that considers what works best for each project site. Still, as the city expanded eastward, planners were concerned with how best to advance the skyline while protecting the context of the Grant Park area and the historic Michigan Avenue street wall, which defines the dramatic eastern edge of Chicagos downtown. There was a general design guideline to keep heights in the area around 120 meters (400 feet), while north of Grant

Park a significant amount of the taller buildings reached heights of 240 to 300 meters (800 to 1,000 feet ). Samuel Assefa, now Senior Urban Designer for the City of Boulder, Colorado, was director of Land Use and Planning Policy for the city of Chicago at that important time and states, From a design perspective, we wondered how to mirror the development at the north end of the park in a sensible way. We determined that technically and urbanistically, it was better to have buildings that maximize height and minimize bulk, with tall and thin better for the urban form. However, new buildings in the urban center would not just be taller, they would be more sustainable, and have significant street presence. Assefa states, Our focus, primarily, was the buildings impact on the total urban environment physically, sustainably, economically to give the city a competitive

advantage, but also make it an attractive and livable place. With Mayor Daleys blessing, the city established the Chicago Design Initiative a group of architects, urban planners, and landscape designers as an outside sounding board on major city design policies. While the community was skeptical initially how could they make the numbers work to make these developments possible through the planned development review process we came to agree on not benching the height but rather creating an interesting profile in the 240 to 300-meter (800 to1,000-foot) height range all along the western edge of Grant Park. (see Figure 2)

Site and Urban Form Early analysis suggested that along Wabash Avenue, in the historic Jewelers Row

Figure 2. View of the Legacy from Chicago Art Institute Extension Tom Rossiter Photograpy CTBUH Journal | 2011 Extracts: The Legacy

Figure 3. Vicinity plan showing the Legacy Tower site between Wabash Avenue and Michigan Avenue and facing eastward to Millennium Park and Lake Michigan SCB Residential Towers in Central Business Districts | 3

retail and dedicated school space, as well as the citys elevated train (the El). Above the third floor, the faades discretely hide the multi-level parking garage. The ground level faades of the historic Sharp Building, immediately south of the site, were also restored. Some detractors did not consider this treatment an adequately sensitive compromise between preservation and reuse, but Assefa demurs, Thats a critical debate that constantly takes place a hard line taken by some about what to do with historic buildings that if you touch it, its gone. Where we lose sight is not being able to see if its done right the value that is added to a historic district, or historic street, or historic building when a new building is well integrated. I think that the Legacy and the Heritage Court (a residential tower at 130 N. Garland developed by Mesa and designed by SCB) are good examples of really enhancing the place and the historic character, and integrating all of the uses (see Figure 5).

Figure 4. Demolition of vacant structures behind historic faades on Wabash Avenue Walsh Construction

District, there were several possible sites where buildings could be set back, made as thin as possible and extruded to appropriate heights in skyline profile. This included the site for the Legacy, which was a significant determiner of the buildings form. At 60 E. Monroe Street, the challenging 2,694-square meter (29,000-square foot) site is surrounded by landmark buildings, such as Adler and Sullivans oldest surviving design, and several by Holabird & Root. The developer, Monroe/ Wabash Development purchased the site from the School of the Art Institute of Chicago (SAIC), which had previously acquired the site for future expansion. On the small site were four existing buildings, one occupied by the SAIC and landmarked (the Sharp Building, not part of the purchase), and three vacant six-story buildings, which were part of the historic district but not individually landmarked (see Figure 3). There was nothing remarkable about the vacant buildings besides the faades and their relationship to Wabash Avenue. It was determined that these buildings would be demolished, but the historic faades would be saved, restored, and incorporated into the base of the tower (see Figure 4).

Comprehensive research by consulting firm McGuire Igleski and Associates directed the restoration and the return of the faades to a period in time when they worked best together. As a group, they belie the extensive activity that now exists behind them: on the first three floors they interact with the street,

Scale and Synergy Respecting the existing urban fabric and showing utmost sensitivity to placement, the

Figure 5. The restored faades integrated into the base of the Legacy tower, looking south along Wabash Avenue Tom Rossiter Photography 4 | Residential Towers in Central Business Districts

Figure 6. The cantilevered sky-bridge connecting the 13th floor of the Legacy tower to the adjacent University Club Tom Rossiter Photography CTBUH Journal | 2011 Extracts: The Legacy

Figure 7. Temporary supports protecting historic faades, with El tracks in foreground Walsh Construction

Figure 8. Third pour of mat slab with north wall of historic Sharp building to left of site Walsh Construction

tower was set back 9 meters (30 feet) from the historic street faces, allowing the Legacy to fit with its small scaled neighbors. From Wabash, the 116,129-square meter (1.2 million-square foot) tower looks like it sits on Michigan Avenue, while from Michigan Avenue it looks like it sits on Wabash Avenue. The roughly triangular typical floor plan maximizes the number of units with views of Millennium Park and Lake Michigan to the east, and the tapered point of the plan provides an extremely narrow profile for the tower when viewed from the park. With the tower oriented and sculpted for the best possible views from residences on floors 15 to 72, the design team also set to maximizing the potential synergy between the building and its neighbors. At street level, the entrance to the tower is through the first floor of the existing on-site historic Sharp Building (owned by the SAIC) with the parking entrance for the Legacy accessed through the historic faades on Wabash Avenue. Incorporated into the first three floors of the tower are 3,809 square meters (41,000 square feet) of academic space for the SAIC, with the second and third floors tying directly into the more than a hundred year-old Sharp Building adjacent to the site. At the completion of construction, ownership of the space was transferred from the Developer to the SAIC.

Standing beside the Legacy is a landmark, neo-gothic-inspired Holabird & Root skyscraper, home of the more than 125 year-old University Club of Chicago. In exchange for incorporating expanded athletic amenities (including five new squash courts) for the University Club on the 13th floor of the Legacy, reciprocal agreements allow Legacy residents benefit from the extensive amenities of the club. The Legacy and the University Club are connected via a cantilevered sky-bridge on the 13th floor that is wholly supported from the tower (see Figure 6). Ownership of the squash courts and the sky-bridge were transferred to the University Club upon completion of that space in the tower. The Legacy also shares loading dock space with its neighbors, allowing a previously congested alley to be cleaned up and operated efficiently.

Building to the south, the Adler & Sullivan building to the north, the retained faades to the west, and a narrow shared alley on the east, all materials and personnel entering the site had to come through openings in the retained faades; all of the crane lifted materials were hoisted within nine meters (thirty feet ) of the active elevated train tracks, which are located above Wabash Avenue, just outside the retained faades (see Figure 7). Theoretically, site soil conditions and the dense footprint of the building required that caisson foundations be extended to the underlying bedrock, rather than having them sit on hardpan as is common in Chicago residential high-rise construction. The project team worked with city engineers to utilize Osterberg testing of the bearing strata during construction, a method to statistically test the near ultimate capacity of full-sized caissons (or drilled piers) and obtain information about their performance. This testing demonstrated that the optimum solution was to sit the caissons on top of the bedrock, rather than socket them into it. As a result, over US$1 million was saved, and the construction schedule was shortened by 30 days. Parking requirements necessitated that spaces be located in a podium beneath the tower where columns would be tightly spaced for residential planning. A 2.7-meter (9-foot) thick mat transfer slab at the 14th floor allowed for optimal placement of columns
Residential Towers in Central Business Districts | 5

Challenges Inspire Innovation Notwithstanding the challenges of deftly sculpting a 116,129-square meter (1.2 millionsquare foot) building on a 2,694-square meter (29,000-square foot) site, the lack of any staging area created many significant design and logistical challenges that the team, led by Walsh Construction, needed to manage. During demolition and construction, a temporary support system was used to support the existing Wabash Avenue faades. With the site surrounded by the Sharp

CTBUH Journal | 2011 Extracts: The Legacy

...greener
Besides making cities more affordable and architecturally interesting, tall buildings are greener than sprawl, and they foster social capital and creativity. Yet some urban planners and preservationists seem to have a misplaced fear of heights that yields damaging restrictions on how tall a building can be. From New York to Paris to Mumbai, theres a powerful case for building up, not out.
Edward Glaeser in his article, How Skyscrapers Can Save the City, TheAtlantic Magazine, March 2011

efficiently spaced for parking below the tower, and for ideal column spacing for the residential floor plan above the slab. The slab was poured over the course of three weeks in three separate lifts (see Figure 8).

Sustainable Elements While seeking creative solutions to technical and logistical challenges, city planners also encouraged the development team to push the envelope with regard to sustainability as a way to enhance the building experience. Assefa: There are so many different ways one can define sustainability, but to me, the most important part is quality of life. Can people actually live comfortably in that space? While the evidence was mostly anecdotal at the time, and has since been proven to have merit, city planners believed green spaces within the vertical neighborhood would improve the residents experience. Designers found opportunities to incorporate sky gardens large, common, landscaped spaces into the 15th, 42nd and 60th floors (see Figure 9). These interior/exterior public areas are the high-rise equivalent of the many parks that dot Chicagos residential neighborhoods (see Figure 10). The Legacy also has a green roof, which is one of the highest green roofs in the country. At the time, there was a strong push in the city to develop green roofs, and as a result,

Chicago now has more than 371,612 square meters (4 million square feet) of green roof area in the city center. But Assefa says Mayor Daleys vision was bigger than that: We wanted to use the Legacy as a lab to try new ideas and concepts. The challenge was, of course, the structure, but tall buildings also consume significant energy, so how could we mitigate that? Beyond the actual, quantifiable impacts of a green roof, or other sustainable design elements, or even LEED ratings, Assefa says that one of the most important impacts of embracing sustainability is the opportunity to change paradigms: From a citys perspective, we were framing it as good sustainable policy is good economic policy; good, well-designed buildings are good economically for the developer, but theyre also good economically for the

Figure 9. Section looking east toward Lake Michigan shows sky gardens on Level 15, 42, and 60 SCB CTBUH Journal | 2011 Extracts: The Legacy

6 | Residential Towers in Central Business Districts

city to have a competitive advantage. He adds that changing paradigms is the path to the eventual acceptance of green as an important element in a citys development and evolution.

Energy Savings Whereas the traditional approach to residential construction in Chicago utilizes an exposed architectural concrete structure as part of the building envelope, the Legacy is fully clad with a thermally efficient unitized curtain wall featuring low-E and Argon-filled insulating glass units. The design of the high-performance skin features floor-toceiling glass and operable windows for abundant natural interior lighting and ventilation; this makes the Legacy more efficient to heat and cool as compared to traditional exposed concrete and punched window buildings of a similar size and scale. Photovoltaic cells on the top three floors offset some of the energy used by the Legacys exterior decorative lighting system. Richard Hanson, CEO of Mesa Development, takes a more macro view. He asserts that the Legacy addresses sustainability by adding density to downtown without taking even one square foot of ground level space from an

existing use: Getting people to live downtown is really important. If you tried to take 356 residences in a suburban subdivision context, and you estimated that each residence required half an acre, thats about 60 hectares (150 acres) of land just to put the houses on, and then when you add the roads, streets, arterial youre probably saving four to five hundred acres of land with just one building. Additionally, living within the central business district means residents are in close proximity to extensive public transportation to access work and life pursuits, without the use of private vehicles. Its location in the downtown core also allowed the Legacy to connect to the citys district chilled water system, Thermal Chicago, eliminating the need for three 600-ton water chillers and associated cooling towers on the building roof. This means the building is supplied with 13C (56F) water to be used as a heat sink or source for temperature control. In addition to the elimination of chillers or tanks on the roof, the heating/cooling system uses no chemicals, dumps nothing into the waste water system and significantly reduced mechanical noise and heat dissipation on site.

population is expected to grow by 100 million people by the year 2050, which isnt long from now. All those people are going to have to live somewhere, and they cant live in somebody elses basement. So the question comes about as to where? Whether condominiums or apartments, as increased residential density in CBDs, or more transit oriented developments in collar suburbs of major cities, or even as increased relocation of office hubs to residential areas outside of city centers, Hanson sees the end of suburban sprawl and the commuter culture: The boom times that this country has had since World War II are essentially over. We cant afford massive single-family homes in sprawling edge suburbs anymore because we cannot continue to consume energy like we have been. Tall infill projects are not being financed right now, but tall residential buildings are probably the most critical things to get built. Until that happens, the Legacy and similarly successful residential towers now reaching skyward from central business districts will continue to demonstrate what is possible for this building typology in a downtown commercial core. These buildings serve growing segments of the population who desire amenity-rich lifestyles and safe urban homes. They serve cities that desire significant real estate tax revenues, as well as local businesses, which desire the potentially substantial purchasing power of new urban residents. And as architectural statements, well-designed residential towers provide opportunities to revitalize the urban experience, knit multiple and disparate structures into a seamless urban fabric, and contribute to the progression and sustainable growth of Americas cities.

Future Outlook Residential real estate market fundamentals are strengthening albeit more convincingly in some areas of the country than in others, depending on size, demographics and geography and infill projects in central business districts are being built, but not to the heights of recent years. These projects are returning to levels around fifty stories, the seemingly optimal height respecting current cost per square foot thresholds in major American cities. Increasingly, these developments are also more balanced between rental and condominium properties, and the trend in the short term will continue to be for developers to offer smaller, more efficient apartments in amenity-rich buildings with ample sustainable features. Still, Hanson says hes been in the game long enough to see tough times return to good times, and he remains a firm believer in tall, infill developments encouraging density: Our

Figure 10. Sky garden on the 15th floor Walsh Construction CTBUH Journal | 2011 Extracts: The Legacy

Residential Towers in Central Business Districts | 7

The Tallest Twenty in 2010

The following pages contain a brief overview of the twenty tallest buildings completed during 2010, which include seven projects in the UAE (with a combined height of 2,629 meters), seven in China (2,448 meters), two in Russia (558 meters), and one in each of Vietnam (269 meters), Turkey (261 meters), the USA (249 meters) and South Korea (249 meters).
2010: A Year in Review In a year dominated by news coverage of the new Worlds Tallest Building Burj Khalifa one may be surprised to learn that, besides being the year in which a building first surpassed the 600, 700, and 800-meter thresholds, 2010 has seen the completion of more skyscrapers than any previous year (see Tall Building in Numbers, page 1213). Including the Burj Khalifa, eight supertalls were completed among the tallest twenty, four of which are over 400 meters in height. These four buildings are now the 1st, 4th, 7th and 9th tallest buildings in the world. Thats a 40% change in the worlds tallest ten in the course of a single year! This has not occurred since 1930 when, led by New Yorks Chrysler Building, four US buildings were added to the tallest ten list. A quick look at 2010s tallest twenty reveals that the UAE and China have again had an incredible year and together, account for 14 of the 20 projects. The USA, on the other hand, barely makes the list (The Legacy, Chicago at number 19). Vietnam and Turkey enter the list as newcomers, each celebrating their first building over 200 meters in height. There are now, with 2010s significant additions, 50 supertalls around the world, a 19% increase in the course of a single year!

(9) Sky Tower, Abu Dhabi (11) Sulafa Tower, Dubai (5) The Index, Dubai (8) Capital City Moscow Tower, Moscow (12) Shanghai Wheelock Square, Shanghai

(3) Nanjing Greenland Financial Center, Nanjing (19) The Legacy at Millennium Park, Chicago (7) Ocean Heights, Dubai (13) Hotel JAL Tower, Dubai

(14) Bitexco Financial Tower, Ho Chi Minh City

(17) Capital City St. Petersburg Tower, Moscow

(15) Istanbul Sapphire, Istanbul

(16) Lanko International Complex Yage Tower, Chongqing

8 | The Tallest Twenty in 2010

CTBUH Journal | 2011 Extracts: The Legacy

1
(1) Burj Khalifa, Dubai

Burj Khalifa
Dubai, UAE

Height : 828 m/2,717 ft Building Use: oce/residential/hotel Structural Material: steel/concrete Total Floors: 163 CTBUH Worlds Tallest Building Ranking: 1 Owner/Developer: Emaar Properties PJSC Architect: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP Associate Architect: Hyder Consulting Structural Engineer: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP MEP Engineer: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP Main Contractors: Samsung; Besix Group; Arabtec

(18) Excellence Century Plaza Tower 2, Senzhen

SOM | Nick Merrick Hedrich Blessing 2010

2
(20) Hwaseong Dongtan Metapolis 101, Hwaseong

International Commerce Centre

Hong Kong, China

(2) International Commerce Centre, Hong Kong

(10) Excellence Century Plaza Tower 1, Senzhen (4) Guangzhou International Finance Center, Guangzhou (6) HHHR Tower, Dubai
Michael Weber

Height : 484 m/1,588 ft Building Use: hotel/oce Structural Material: composite Total Floors: 108 CTBUH Worlds Tallest Building Ranking: 4 Owner/Developer: Hang Lung Group; Sun Hung Kai Properties Architect: Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates Associate Architect: Wong and Ouyang Ltd. Structural Engineer: Arup MEP Engineer: J. Roger Preston Limited

Nanjing Greenland Financial Center

Nanjing, China

Height : 450 m/1,476 ft Building Use: hotel/oce Structural Material: composite Total Floors: 66 CTBUH Worlds Tallest Building Ranking: 7 Developer: Nanjing State Owned Assets & Greenland Financial Center Co Ltd Architect: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP Associate Architect: ECADI Structural Engineer: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP MEP Engineer: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP Main Contractor: Shanghai Construction Group
SOM

Guangzhou International Finance Center

Guangzhou, China

Height : 438 m/1,435 ft Building Use: hotel/oce Structural Material: composite Total Floors: 103 CTBUH Worlds Tallest Building Ranking: 9 Architect: Wilkinson Eyre Architects Associate Architect: South China Design Institute Structural Engineer: Arup MEP Engineer: Arup

Jonathan Leijonhufvud

CTBUH Journal | 2011 Extracts: The Legacy

The Tallest Twenty in 2010 | 9

The Index
Dubai, UAE

Sky Tower
Abu Dhabi, UAE

Height : 326 m/1,070 ft Building Use: residential/oce Structural Material: concrete Total Floors: 80 CTBUH Worlds Tallest Building Ranking: 29 Owner/Developer: Union Properties Architect: Foster + Partners Associate Architect: Khatib & Alami; Woods Bagot Structural Engineer: Halverson & Partners; Bruechle, Gilchrist & Evans MEP Engineer: Roger Preston & Partners; WSP Group
Imre Solt Tariq Dajani

Height : 292 m/959 ft Building Use: residential/oce Structural Material: concrete Total Floors: 74 CTBUH Worlds Tallest Building Ranking: 58 Owner/Developer: Sorouh Real Estate Development; Tameer Holding Investment Architect: Arquitectonica Associate Architect: RW Armstrong; National Engineering Bureau Structural Engineer: Hyder Consulting MEP Engineer: Ian Banham and Associates

HHHR Tower
Dubai, UAE

10

Excellence Century Plaza Tower 1

Shenzhen, China

Height : 318 m/1,042 ft Building Use: residential Structural Material: concrete Total Floors: 72 CTBUH Worlds Tallest Building Ranking: 35 Owner/Developer: Dubai International Real Estate Architect: Al Hashemi; Farayand Architectural Engineering Consultancy MEP Engineer: Ian Banham & Associates Consulting Engineers

Height : 288 m/945 ft Building Use: oce Structural Material: composite Total Floors: 60 CTBUH Worlds Tallest Building Ranking: 64 Owner/Developer: Excellence Century Real Estate Development Co., Ltd. Architect: Leo A. Daly Associate Architect: China Construction Design International Structural Engineer: China Construction Design International MEP Engineer: China Construction Design International

William Grime

Ocean Heights
Dubai, UAE

11

Sulafa Tower
Dubai, UAE

Height : 310 m/1,017 ft Building Use: residential Structural Material: concrete Total Floors: 83 CTBUH Worlds Tallest Building Ranking: 37 Owner/Developer: Damac Gulf Properties LLC Architect: Aedas Ltd Associate Architect: ECG Engineering Consultants Group Structural Engineer: Meinhardt Ltd MEP Engineer: Ian Banham & Associates Consulting Engineers Main Contractor: Arabtec
Aedas William Grime

Height : 285 m/935 ft Building Use: residential Structural Material: concrete Total Floors: 75 CTBUH Worlds Tallest Building Ranking: 66 Architect: National Engineering Bureau Structural Engineer: National Engineering Bureau MEP Engineer: National Engineering Bureau Main Contractor: TAV Construction

Capital City Moscow Tower

Moscow, Russia

12

Shanghai Wheelock Square

Shanghai, China

Height : 302 m/989 ft Building Use: residential Structural Material: concrete Total Floors: 76 CTBUH Worlds Tallest Building Ranking: 48 Owner/Developer: Capital Group Architect: NBBJ Structural Engineer: Arup MEP Engineer: Arup

Height : 270 m/886 ft Building Use: oce Structural Material: concrete Total Floors: 59 CTBUH Worlds Tallest Building Ranking: 82 Owner/Developer: Wharf Holdings Architect: Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates Associate Architect: Leigh & Orange Structural Engineer: Arup MEP Engineer: Parsons Brinckerho

Jan Klerks

Hans-Georg Esch

10 | The Tallest Twenty in 2010

CTBUH Journal | 2011 Extracts: The Legacy

13

Hotel JAL Tower

Dubai, UAE

17

Capital City St. Petersburg Tower

Moscow, Russia

Height : 269 m/883 ft Building Use: hotel Structural Material: concrete Total Floors: 60 CTBUH Worlds Tallest Building Ranking: 89 Owner/Developer: Ghassan Ahmed Al Khaled Architect: BRT Architekten Structural Engineer: Anwar El Nimer MEP Engineer: Ali Sultan Main Contractor: ACICO Construction

Height : 257 m/843 ft Building Use: residential Structural Material: concrete Total Floors: 65 CTBUH Worlds Tallest Building Ranking: 126 Owner/Developer: Capital Group Architect: NBBJ Structural Engineer: Arup MEP Engineer: Arup

Susmit Dey

William Grime

14

Bitexco Financial Tower

Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

18

Excellence Century Plaza Tower 2

Shenzhen, China

Height : 269 m/882 ft Building Use: oce Structural Material: composite Total Floors: 68 CTBUH Worlds Tallest Building Ranking: 91 Owner/Developer: Bitexco Land Architect: Carlos Zapata Studio Associate Architect: AREP; VNCC Structural Engineer: Leslie E. Robertson Associates; VNCC MEP Engineer: dsa ENGINEERING Main Contractors: Turner Construction; Hyundai Industrial Development & Construction
CZ Studio

Height : 250 m/820 ft Building Use: hotel/oce Structural Material: composite Total Floors: 57 CTBUH Worlds Tallest Building Ranking: 143 Owner/Developer: Excellence Century Real Estate Development Co., Ltd. Architect: Leo A. Daly Associate Architect: China Construction Design International Structural Engineer: China Construction Design International MEP Engineer: China Construction Design International

15

Istanbul Sapphire
Istanbul, Turkey

19

The Legacy at Millennium Park

Chicago, USA

Height : 261 m/856 ft Building Use: concrete Structural Material: residential Total Floors: 54 CTBUH Worlds Tallest Building Ranking: 109 Owner/Developer: Biskon Yap A. Architect: Tabanlioglu Architects Structural Engineer: Balkar Mhendislik MEP Engineer: Gn Mhendislik; HB Teknik Main Contractor: Biskon Yap A.

Height : 249 m/818 ft Building Use: residential Structural Material: concrete Total Floors: 73 CTBUH Worlds Tallest Building Ranking: 150 Owner/Developer: Monroe/Wabash Development, LLC; Mesa Development Company Architect: Solomon Cordwell Buenz Associate Architect: McGuire Igleski Structural Engineer: C.S. Associates MEP Engineer: WMA Consulting Engineers Contractor: Walsh Construction
Tom Rossiter

Murat Germen

16

Lanko International Complex Yage Tower

Chongqing, China

20

Hwaseong Dongtan Metapolis 101

Hwaseong, South Korea

Height : 258 m/846 ft Building Use: oce Structural Material: concrete Total Floors: 54 CTBUH Worlds Tallest Building Ranking: 122 Owner/Developer: Chongqing Kaiyue Real Estate Development Co., Ltd. Architect: Design Institute III Department of Mechanics, Electronics & Industry Structural + MEP Engineer: Design Institute III Department of Mechanics, Electronics & Industry Main Contractor: Chongqing Urban Construction Holding (Group) Co., Ltd
Classic023 Tom Rossiter

Height : 249 m/817 ft Building Use: residential Structural Material: concrete Total Floors: 66 CTBUH Worlds Tallest Building Ranking: 155 Owner/Developer: Metapolis Inc. Architect: KUNWON Associate Architect: HSS&Associate Structural Engineer: Chang Minwoo S&C, Midas, TTG, Do-Hwa MEP Engineer: Woowon M&E, Samwon MEC Contractor: POSCO E&C, SHINDONGAH E&C

CTBUH Journal | 2011 Extracts: The Legacy

The Tallest Twenty in 2010 | 11

Tall Buildings in Numbers

All Buildings 200 meters or Taller Completed in 2010
Asia
No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66

2010: A Tall Building Review

Note: For a detailed Tallest Twenty in 2010 analysis, see page 811
ft 2717 1588 1476 1435 1076 1042 1017 989 955 945 935 887 883 882 879 856 843 820 818 817 817 817 812 806 804 797 797 784 779 771 771 768 761 749 748 743 738 738 734 728 722 717 717 715 715 715 715 715 699 689 683 682 679 679 679 679 677 676 673 670 669 667 667 664 659 659

Middle East

North America

Europe

Central America
m 828 484 450 438 328 318 310 302 291 288 285 270 269 269 268 261 257 250 249 249 249 249 247 246 245 243 243 239 238 235 235 234 232 228 228 226 225 225 224 222 220 219 219 218 218 218 218 218 213 210 208 208 207 207 207 207 207 206 205 204 204 203 203 202 201 201

Building Name Burj Khalifa International Commerce Centre Nanjing Greenland Financial Center Guangzhou Int Finance Center The Index HHHR Tower Ocean Heights Capital City Moscow Tower Sky Tower Excellence Century Plaza Tower 1 Sulafa Tower Shanghai Wheelock Square Hotel JAL Tower Bitexco Financial Tower Lanko Int Complex Yage Tower Istanbul Sapphire Capital City St. Petersburg Tower Excellence Century Plaza Tower 2 The Legacy at Millennium Park Hwaseong Dongtan Metapolis 101 The Imperial I The Imperial II Hwaseong Dongtan Metapolis 104 Ocean Two Marina Bay Financial Center Tower II Dalian Futures Square 1 Dalian Futures Square 2 Tianjin Junlin Tianxia Building Sun Tower Rolex Tower Churchill Residence CCTV Headquarters Mag 218 Tower Goldman Sachs Headquarters Kaina Business Plaza Blue Cross Headquarters Suseong Leader's View 1 Suseong Leader's View 2 Hwaseong Dongtan Metapolis 102 Marina Bay Residences Equity Tower CITIC Pacific HQ Mandarin Oriental The Orchard Residences One Link Walk Sheraton Int Business Center 1 Sheraton Int Business Center 2 R&F International Center Corniche Tower Al Rostamani Maze Tower Austonian Vertical City Marina Bay Sands Hotel 1 Marina Bay Sands Hotel 2 Marina Bay Sands Hotel 3 Ningbo International Trade Center The Vue East Pacific Center Tower C Northpoint South Tower Troika Tower 3 Nassima Tower Hwaseong Dongtan Metapolis 103 L.A. Live Hotel & Condominiums The Pano Taehwa River Iaan Exodium Tower 1 Taehwa River Iaan Exodium Tower 2

City Stories Dubai 163 Hong Kong 108 Nanjing 66 Guangzhou 103 Dubai 80 Dubai 72 Dubai 82 Moscow 76 Abu Dhabi 74 Shenzhen 60 Dubai 75 Shanghai 58 Dubai 60 Ho Chi Minh 68 Chongqing 54 Istanbul 54 Moscow 65 Shenzhen 57 Chicago 73 Hwaseong 66 Mumbai 60 Mumbai 60 Hwaseong 66 Panama City 73 Singapore 50 Dalian 53 Dalian 53 Tianjin 88 Abu Dhabi 64 Dubai 63 Dubai 61 Beijing 49 Dubai 66 New York 44 Changzhou 56 Chicago 54 Daegu 57 Daegu 57 Hwaseong 60 Singapore 55 Jakarta 44 Shanghai 49 Shanghai 49 Singapore 56 Guangzhou 53 Chongqing 42 Chongqing 42 Huizhou 48 Ajman 53 Dubai 56 Austin 56 Guangzhou 51 Singapore 57 Singapore 57 Singapore 57 Ningbo 46 Charlotte 50 Shenzhen 40 Pattaya 54 Kuala Lumpur 50 Dubai 49 Hwaseong 55 Los Angeles 54 Bangkok 54 Ulsan 54 Ulsan 54

Tall Buildings 200 meters or Taller Completed in 2010: by Country

6000
5566 21

25

Number of Buildings (Total = 66) Sum of Heights (Total = 16,828 m)

4196

5000

4000

20 Sum of heights (m) Sum of heights (m)

14

3000

Number

15 2000 10
8

1775 6 1321 6 1306

1000

5
2 498 2 559 2 407 1 220 1 204 1 246 1 261 1 269

0
Th ail an d In do ne sia M ala ys ia Pa na m a US A Sin ga po re Tu rk ey UA E Ch in a In di a So ut h Vie tn am Ru ss ia Ko re a

Tall Buildings 200 meters or Taller Completed in 2010: by City

4000
11

12

3454

Number of Buildings (Total = 66) Sum of Heights (Total = 16,828 m)

3500

10

Note: One tall building 200 m+ in height also completed during 2010 in theses cities: Ajman, Austin, Bangkok, Beijing, Changzhou, Charlotte, Ho Chi Minh City, Hong Kong, Huizhou, Istanbul, Jakarta, Kuala Lumpur, Los Angeles, Nanjing, New York, Ningbo, Panama City, Pattaya, and Tianjin

3000

2500

8 2000
6

Number

1500

1306

1000
3 923 704 3 864 708 744 2 529 2 475 2 450 2 486 2 559 2 498 3454 2 3 3

4 500

0
Sin ga po Hw re as eo ng Ch on gq in g Gu an gz ho u Sh an gh ai Sh en zh en Ab u Dh ab i Ch ica go M os co w Da lia n Da eg u M um ba i Du ba i Ul sa n

China is the country that dominates the 2010 list, with 3 buildings in the tallest 5 and 32% of the list overall. Asia + the Middle East account for 85% of the list.

8 Supertalls were completed during 2010 the most of any year on record. Only one of these is outside China & UAE Capital City Moscow Tower.

12 | Tall Buildings in Numbers

CTBUH Journal | 2011 Extracts: The Legacy

Tall Buildings 200 meters or Taller Completed in 2010: by Region

Europe 3 (5%) Central America 1 (1%)

Tall Buildings 200 meters or Taller Completed in 2010: by Function

Tall Buildings 200 meters or Taller Completed in 2010: by Structural Material

Concrete/Steel 1 (1%) Steel 3 (5%) Composite 14 (21%)

Hotel 6 (9%)

Middle East 14 (21%) Residential 30 (45%) North America 6 (9%) Asia 42 (64%) Office 13 (20%) Mixed 17 (26%)

Concrete 48 (73%)

Tall buildings 200 meters or taller completed each year from 1960 to 2012
100 900 90
765 97

800 700

80

600

600 500

Number of buildings 200 m+ completed each year

70
260

400
66

68

300 200
83

60
70 28
3

144 24 2000 50 2010 2012

100 0
48 46

50

2 1920

6 1930

11 1940

11 1950

16 1960

1970

5 1980

11 1990

40

Total numbers of tall buildings over 200 meters

34

30
27 23

30

30 26 22

20
13 14 13 11 8 6 2 2 1 2 1 3 1 3 2 1 6 3 1 5 3 3 2 4 3 4 1 1 7 8 6 5 5 2 2 1 1 11 8 5 2 2 2 3 2 2 1 9 11 16 12

18 15 11 8 4 1 1 1 1 1 4 4

10

0 1960 1961 1962 1963

1964

1965

1966

1967

1968

1969

1970

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975 1976 1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985 1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997 1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003 2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Note: Number of 200 m+ buildings Projected number of 200 m+ buildings

1. We can predict 20112012 building completions with some acuracy due to projects now in advanced construction. From 2013, we expect to see a drop in the number of tall buildings completed due to the global recession, until the worldwide economy recovers. 2. Totals after 2001 take into account the destruction of the World Trade Center Towers 1 and 2

Number of supertalls (300 m+)

Projected number of supertalls (300 m+)

250m

45%

200m

150m

100m

50m

0m

The 66 buildings 200 m or taller completed in 2010 are located across 33 cities. Dubai is the city with the most: 11 buildings, with 4 of them being supertalls (300 m+).

42%

34%

The percentage of office buildings on the list has fallen from 42% in 2009 20% to just 20% in 2010. Residential has increased from 34% to 45%.

In the previous year, 2009, North America had 3 buildings in the tallest 5 including the first, second and fifth tallest. In 2010 the tallest North American building comes in at #19.

CTBUH Journal | 2011 Extracts: The Legacy

200m +

Tall Buildings in Numbers | 13

2012

About the CTBUH

Board of Trustees Chairman: Sang Dae Kim, Korea University, Korea Vice Chair: David Scott, Arup, USA Executive Director: Antony Wood, CTBUH & IIT, USA Treasurer: Charles Killebrew, NBBJ, USA Secretary: William Maibusch, Turner Construction Int. LLC, Qatar Trustee: Sabah Al Rayes, Pan Arab Consulting Engineers, Kuwait Trustee: William Baker, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP, USA Trustee: Peter Irwin, RWDI, Canada Trustee: Tim Johnson, NBBJ, USA Staff/Contributors Executive Director: Antony Wood Operations: Patti Thurmond Communications: Jan Klerks Publications: Steven Henry Production: Nathaniel Hollister General Counsel: Joseph Dennis Database Editor: Marshall Gerometta Website Editor: Tansri Muliani News Editor: Katharina Holzapfel Research Coordinator: Philip Oldeld IT Support: Wai Sing Chew Special Media Correspondent: Je Herzer Advisory Group Ahmad K. Abdelrazaq, Samsung Corporation, Korea Mir M. Ali, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, USA Dimitrios Antzoulis, Turner International LLC, USA Carl Baldassarra, Rolf Jensen Associates, USA W. Gene Corley, CTL Group, USA Johannes de Jong, KONE International, Finland Mahjoub Elnimeiri, Illinois Institute of Technology, USA James G. Forbes, Hyder Consulting, Australia Thomas K. Fridstein, AECOM Enterprises, USA Mark J. Frisch, Solomon Cordwell Buenz, USA Mayank Gandi, Remaking of Mumbai Federation, India Paul James, Bovis Lend Lease, USA Simon Lay, WSP Group, UK Moira M. Moser, M. Moser Associates, Hong Kong Jerry R. Reich, Horvath Reich CDC, Inc., USA Mark P. Sarkisian, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP, USA Brett Taylor, Bornhorst + Ward Consulting Engineers, Australia Steve Watts, Davis Langdon LLP, UK Working Groups/Committee Co-Chairs Awards Committee: Richard Cook, Cook+Fox Architects Height Committee: Peter Weismantle, Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Finance & Economics: Steve Watts Fire & Safety: Jose L. Torero & Daniel O Connor Legal Aspects of Tall Buildings: Cecily Davis Progressive Collapse: Robert Smilowitz & Ioannis Kourakis Research, Academic and Postgraduate: Sabina Fazlic, Philip Oldeld & Dario Trabucco Seismic Design: Ron Klemencic, Andrew Whittaker & Michael Willford Sustainable Design: Antony Wood Wind Engineering: Peter Irwin & Roy Denoon Country Representatives Australia: Brett Taylor, Bornhorst + Ward Consulting Engineers Austria: Ronald Mischek, Mischek Ziviltechniker GmbH Brazil: Antonio Macdo Filho, ECObuilding Canada: Barry Charnish, Halcrow Yolles China: Guo-Qiang Li, Tongji Univesity Finland: Mikko Korte, KONE Corporation Germany: Werner Sobek, University of Stuttgart Greece: Alexios Vandoros, Vandoros & Partners Hong Kong: Stefan Krummeck, TFP Farrells India: Mayank Gandhi, Remaking of Mumbai Federation Indonesia: Tiyok Prasetyoadi, PDW Architects Iran: Peyman Askarinejad, Arabtec Construction, LLC Israel: Israel David, David Engineers Italy: Dario Trabucco, IUAV di Venezia Japan: Masayoshi Nakai, Takenaka Corporation Korea: JuHwan Cho, SIAPLAN Architects & Planners New Zealand: Simon Longuet-Higgins, Beca Group Philippines: Felino A. Palafox, Palafox Associates Qatar: William Maibusch, Turner Construction International Russia: Elena Shuvalova, Lobby Agency Singapore: Juneid Qureshi, Meinhardt (S) Pte Ltd. South Africa: Alastair Collins Taiwan: Cathy Yang, Taipei Financial Center Corp. Thailand: Pennung Warnitchai, Asian Institute of Technology Turkey: Hatice Sozer, Energy Institute, Istanbul Technical University United Arab Emirates: Khaled A. Al-Sallal, UAE University United Kingdom: Steve Watts, Davis Langdon LLP

CTBUH Membership
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Petronas Tower Diwang Internat Petronas Tower ower. Internationa T d l Centre. Wor New Bank i n Union Hong Kong inance Center. International F

MEMBERSHIP
The levels, ben ets, and proc edures of CTBUH membership

www.ctbuh.o

rg

In 2010 the CTBUH organizational member network included 462,226 individuals working in 3,298 offices around the world: architects, engineers, developers, building owners, financiers, contractors, urban planners, etc.

Why Join?

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Be part of the worlds fastest growing, multi-disciplinary network of professionals involved in the design, construction and operation of tall buildings and urban habitat internationally.

Have your company promoted within and beyond the international network through inclusion of your company name & logo on the CTBUH website and in all publications. Gain access to the latest start-of-the-art concepts, developments and technical information in tall buildings, sustainability and urban development. Receive copies of all publications, plus the worlds only multi-disciplinary journal focused on tall buildings and urban habitat, the CTBUH Journal, produced four times per year. Receive complimentary and/or discounted registration at CTBUH events congresses, conferences etc, for educational and business networking purposes. Get involved in working groups and committees to be a part of those advancing knowledge and research, and receive recognition in the publications and other resulting outputs. Receive the latest tall building news from around the world through our monthly e-newsletter and RSS feed. Receive electronic copies of press articles connected with your company and projects, through our Media Tracking Service. Support necessary new research into important aspects of tall buildings being undertaken by the CTBUH research division, and have access to the CTBUH Library / Resource Center. Invest in both your business networking and your knowledge development in preparation for future projects and opportunities.

For more information on the levels, benefits and procedures of CTBUH Membership contact our Member Services at membership@ctbuh.org

14 | Meet the CTBUH

CTBUH Journal | 2011 Extracts: The Legacy

CTBUH Organizational Members

(As of May15, 2011) SUPPORTING CONTRIBUTORS
AECOM Al Hamra Real Estate Company NV.Besix SA BT - Applied Technology Buro Happold, Ltd. Daewoo Engineering & Construction Co., Ltd. Doosan Engineering & Construction Emaar Properties, PJSC Hyundai Amco Co., Ltd. Hyundai Engineering & Constuction Co., Ltd. Illinois Institute of Technology - (Hand Deliver) Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates, PC KONE Industrial, Ltd. Korea University Lotte Engineering & Construction Co. Mori Building Co., Ltd. NBBJ Samsung C&T Corp. Shanghai Tower Construction & Development Co., Ltd. Shree Ram Urban Infrastructure, Ltd. Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP Taipei Financial Center Corp. (TAIPEI 101) Turner Construction Company
Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel Laboratory Bovis Lend Lease Broadway Malyan Asia Pte Ltd Canary Wharf Group, PLC Canderel Management, Inc. CCL Continental Automated Buildings Association CS Structural Engineering, Inc. Deerns Consulting Engineers DHV Bouw en Industrie DongYang Structural Engineers Co., Ltd. Dow Corning Corporation The Durst Organization, Inc. East China Architectural Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd. Far East Aluminum Works (US) Corporation Gardner Metal Systems, Inc. Goettsch Partners HAEAHN Architecture, Inc. Hyundai Development Company Inmobiliaria Titanium S.A. INTEMAC, SA International Paint Ltd. JCE Structural Engineering Group, Inc. KHP Konig und Heunisch Planungsgesellschaft M Moser Associates Ltd. MulvannyG2 Architecture Nabih Youssef & Associates National Fire Protection Association Nishkian Menninger Consulting and Structural Engineers Norman Disney & Young Otis Elevator Company Paris La Dfense (Etablissement Public dAmnagement de La Dfense Seine Arche) Perkins + Will Permasteelisa North America Rosenwasser/Grossman Consulting Engineers, PC SAMOO Architects & Engineers Sanni, Ojo & Partners Schindler Elevator Corp. SilverEdge Systems Software, Inc. The Steel Institute of New York Structal-Heavy Steel Construction T. R. Hamzah & Yeang Sdn. Bhd. Tekla Corp. ThyssenKrupp Elevator Qatar TSNIIEP for Residential and Public Buildings University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign WH-P GmbH Beratende Ingenieure Wilkinson Eyre Architects WSP Group

http://membership.ctbuh.org

PATRONS
Arabtec Construction LLC Blume Foundation BMT Fluid Mechanics, Ltd. FC Beekman Associates, LLC Hongkong Land, Ltd. KLCC Property Holdings Berhad Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (KFAS) Meinhardt Group International Saudi Oger, Ltd. Thornton Tomasetti, Inc. Tishman Speyer Properties Weidlinger Associates, Inc. Zuhair Fayez Partnership

DONORS
Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture, LLP American Institute of Steel Construction AON Fire Protection Engineering Corp. Arup Enclos Corp. Fender Katsalidis Gale International, LLC (New Songdo International City Development) Gensler Halcrow Yolles Heerim Architects & Planners Co., Ltd. Hyder Consulting Pty., Ltd. Hyundai Steel Company Jacobs Larsen & Toubro, Ltd. Leslie E. Robertson Associates, RLLP Magnusson Klemencic Associates, Inc. Mooyoung Architects & Engineers Pickard Chilton Architects, Inc. Remaking of Mumbai Federation The Rise Group LLC RMJM Rolf Jensen & Associates, Inc. Rowan Williams Davies & Irwin, Inc. Severud Associates Consulting Engineers, PC Shanghai Construction (Group) General Co. Ltd. Shanghai Institute of Architectural Design & Research Co., Ltd. SIAPLAN Architects and Planners Solomon Cordwell Buenz Studio Gang Architects SWA Group Syska Hennessy Group, Inc. Viracon Walter P. Moore and Associates, Inc. Werner Voss + Partner Willis Group Woods Bagot

PARTICIPANTS
Aidea Philippines, Inc. AKF Group, LLC Al Ghurair Construction - Aluminum LLC Al Jazera Consultants Allford Hall Monaghan Morris, Ltd. Altus Group, Ltd. ARC Studio Architecture + Urbanism ArcelorMittal Architects 61 Pte., Ltd. Architectural Design & Research Institute of Tongji University (Group) Co., Ltd. Architectural Design & Research Institute of Tsinghua University Architectural Institute of Korea Arquitectonica International Corp. ASA Architectural Designs CC Atkins BAUM Architects, Engineers & Consultants, Inc. Beca Group BG&E Pty., Ltd. Billings Design Associates, Ltd. BluEnt Boston Properties, Inc. Bouygues Construction Breuer Consulting Group The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, BSE Callison, LLP Capital Group Case Foundation Co. CB Engineers CCHRB (Chicago Committee on High-Rise Buildings) CDC Curtain Wall Design & Consulting, Inc. China Academy of Building Research Chinachem Group CICO Consulting Architects and Engineers Code Consultants, Inc. Contract Glaziers, Inc. Cook+Fox Architects Cosentini Associates COWI A/S Cox Architecture Pty. Ltd. CPP, Inc. CS Associates, Inc. CTL Group Cundall Dar Al-Handasah (Shair & Partners) Delft University of Technology Dennis Lau & Ng Chun Man Architects & Engineers (HK), Ltd. DeStefano and Partners, Ltd. dhk Architects Pty., Ltd. Downing DSP Design Associates Pvt., Ltd. Dunbar & Boardman Edgett Williams Consulting Group, Inc.

CONTRIBUTORS
Aedas, Ltd. ALHOSN University Alvine Engineering American Iron and Steel Institute Barker Mohandas, LLC BFLS Bonacci Group

ELU Konsult AB Ennead Architects LLP Environmental Systems Design, Inc. Epstein Export Development Canada (EDC) Faithful + Gould Fortune Consultants, Ltd. FXFOWLE Architects, LLC GHC Brydens Project Management GHD Pty. Ltd. M/s. Glass Wall Systems (India) Pvt. Ltd Godrej Properties, Ltd. Gold Coast City Council Gorproject (Urban Planning Institute of Residential and Public Buildings) Grace Construction Products Guangzhou Scientic Computing Consultants Co., Ltd. GVK Elevator Consulting Services, Inc. Halvorson and Partners Hamza Associates Haynes-Whaley Associates, Inc. Heller Manus Architects Hilson Moran Partnership, Ltd. Hoerr Schaudt Landscape Architects HOK, Inc. Hong Kong Housing Authority Housing and Development Board Infrastrutture Lombarde S.p.A. Intelligent Engineering Irwinconsult Pty., Ltd. Iv-Consult b.v. Jaros Baum & Bolles JBA Consulting Engineers, Inc. John Portman & Associates, Inc. KEO International Consultants, Inc. The Korean Structural Engineers Association KPMB Architects Langan Engineering & Environmental Services, Inc. Leigh & Orange, Ltd. Lerch Bates, Inc. Lerch Bates, Ltd. Europe LOADTEST Lobby Agency Louie International Structural Engineers Magellan Development Group, LLC Magnetek, Inc. Margolin Bros. Engineering & Consulting, Ltd. James McHugh Construction Co. McNamara / Salvia, Inc Murphy / Jahn Architects LLC Nanjing International Group Co. Ltd. Nikken Sekkei, Ltd. OConnor Sutton Cronin Odell Associates, Inc. Option One International, WLL P&T Group Palafox Associates PDW Architects Pelli Clarke Pelli Architects Perkins Eastman Architects, PC Powe Architects PPG Industries, Inc. Rafael Vinoly Architects, PC Redix, Ltd. Rene Lagos y Asociados Riggio / Boron, Ltd. RMIT University Rodium Properties Ronald Lu & Partners RSP Architects Planners & Engineers (Pte) Ltd RVES Holding BV S.K.S. Associates Sematic Italia, SpA Siemens Industry Sinosteel Ever Glory Co., Ltd. SmithGroup St. Francis Square Development Corp. Stanley D. Lindsey & Associates, Ltd. Stauch Vorster Architects Stephan Reinke Architects, Ltd. Steven Holl Architects Studio Altieri S.p.A. Takenaka Corporation Taylor Thomson Whitting Pty., Ltd. TFP Farrells, Ltd. Thermaber, Inc. Transsolar The Trump Organization University of Nottingham UralNIIProject RAACS USG Corporation Vanguard Realty Pvt., Ltd. Vipac Engineers & Scientists, Ltd. VOA Associates, Inc. Walsh Construction Company Werner Sobek Stuttgart GmbH & Co., KG Windtech Consultants Pty., Ltd. WOHA Architects Pte., Ltd. Wong & Ouyang (HK), Ltd. Wordsearch World Academy of Science for Complex Safety WSP Cantor Seinuk WSP Flack + Kurtz, Inc. WTM Engineers International GmbH Y. A. Yashar Architects

Supporting Contributors are those who contribute $10,000; Patrons: $6,000; Donors: $3,000; Contributors: $1,500; Participants: $750.

About the Council

The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, based at the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago, is an international not-for-profit organization supported by architecture, engineering, planning, development and construction professionals. Founded in 1969, the Councils mission is to disseminate multi-disciplinary information on tall buildings and sustainable urban environments, to maximize the international interaction of professionals involved in creating the built environment, and to make the latest knowledge available to professionals in a useful form. The CTBUH disseminates its findings, and facilitates business exchange, through: the publication of books, monographs, proceedings and reports; the organization of world congresses, international, regional and specialty conferences and workshops; the maintaining of an extensive website and tall building databases of built, under construction and proposed buildings; the distribution of a monthly international tall building e-newsletter; the maintaining of an international resource center; the bestowing of annual awards for design and construction excellence and individual lifetime achievement; the management of special task forces/working groups; the hosting of technical forums; and the publication of the CTBUH Journal, a professional journal containing refereed papers written by researchers, scholars and practicing professionals. The Council is the arbiter of the criteria upon which tall building height is measured, and thus the title of "The Worlds Tallest Building" determined. CTBUH is the worlds leading body dedicated to the field of tall buildings and urban habitat and the recognized international source for information in these fields. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat
S.R. Crown Hall Illinois Institute of Technology 3360 South State Street Chicago, IL 60616 Phone: +1 (312) 567 3487 Fax: +1 (312) 567 3820 Email: info@ctbuh.org http://www.ctbuh.org

ISSN: 1946 - 1186