1.

Mobile Satellite Communication System by the Geostationary Satellite The geostationary satellite is the artificial satellite which looks stationary from the ground. 3-4 geostationary satellites can cover almost the entire surface of the earth. Most of the artificial satellites actually used for communications or broadcasting are geostationary satellites.

i. Altitude: about 36,000km ii. Orbit: the circle orbit cycle on the equator is the same as the earth's autorotation time. iii. Number of Satellites: four (service areas are duplicated.) iv. Principle Satellite System: Inmarsat Communication System, N-STAR Communication System, Omunitrucks Communication System

2.Mobile Satellite Communication System by the Quasi-Zenith Satellite The quasi-zenith satellite is an artificial satellite of the satellite system where one satellite always stays near the zenith in Japan by positioning at least three satellites synchronously on the orbit inclined at 45 degrees from the geostationary orbit. As the ground surface orbit draws the shape of number 8, it's also called "Number 8 Orbit Satellite". It can obtain a high elevation angle to reduce the influence of buildings and so forth (blocking.)

i. Altitude: about 36,000km ii. Orbit: circle orbit crossing with the equator by the angle of 45 degrees iii. 3 as the minimum iv. The research and development of the satellite communication system is in progress.

3.Mobile Satellite Communication System by the Non-Geostationary Satellite This Page Top This is roughly divided into three kinds of orbits: highly elliptic orbit, medium earth orbit, and low earth orbit. The medium and low earth orbits have lower satellite altitudes to shorten the radio transmission delay, enabling more speedy and smooth communication. Specifically, the highly elliptic orbit can obtain a higher elevation angle. It is currently being researched and developed. i. Highly Elliptic Orbit (HEO) 1. 2. 3. 4. Altitude: about 40,000km Orbit: about 5-6 hours Number of Satellites: 2-3 as the minimum The system planning is in progress.

ii. Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) 1. 2. 3. 4. Altitude: several thousand - 20,000km (about 10,000km) Orbit: about 5-6 hours Number of Satellites: 8-10 (for the entire world) The system planning is in progress.

iii. Low Earth Orbit (LEO) 1. 2. 3. 4. Altitude: 500km - several thousand km (about 1,000km) Orbit: about 5-6 hours Number of Satellites: several dozen (for the entire world) Principle Satellite System: Globalstar Mobile Satellite Communication System, Orbcomm Mobile Satellite Communication System (IRIDIUM Mobile Satellite System)

Satellites in Low Earth Orbit are within 1000 miles of the surface, and routinely go around about 18 times every day. Satellites in Mid Earth Orbit are up around 6000 to 20,000 miles, and orbit generally twice per day (some are more). Satellites in geosynchronous orbit are placed there so they remain fixed over the Earth's surface, and go around exactly once per day. A Van Allen radiation belt is one of at least two layers of energetic charged particles(plasma) around the planet Earth, held in place by its magnetic field. The belts extend from an altitude of about 1,000 to 60,000 kilometres above the surface, in which region radiation levels vary. It is thought that most of the particles that form the belts come from solar wind, and other particles by cosmic rays.[1] The belts are named after their discoverer, James Van Allen, and are located in the inner region of the Earth's magnetosphere. The belts contain energetic electrons forming the outer belt and a combination of protons and electrons forming the inner belt. In addition, the radiation belts contain lesser amounts of other nuclei, such as alpha particles. The belts pose a hazard to satellites, which must protect their sensitive components with adequate shielding if their orbit spends significant time in the radiation belts. In 2013, a transient third radiation belt, discovered by the Van Allen Probes, was reported byNASA. The third belt was observed for four weeks until it was destroyed by a powerful interplanetary shock wave from the Sun.[2]

L band

1 to 2 GHz

S band 2 to 4 GHz

C band 4 to 8 GHz

X band 8 to 12 GHz

Ku band 1218 GHz

K band 18 to 26.5 GHz

Ka band 26.5 to 40 GHz

Q band 30 to 50 GHz

U band 40 to 60 GHz

V band 50 to 75 GHz

D band 110 to 170 GHz

C-Band (3.7 - 4.2 GHz) - Satellites operating in this band can be spaced as close as two degrees apart in space, and normally carry 24 transponders operating at 10 to 17 watts each. Typical

receive antennas are 6 to 7.5 feet in diameter. More than 250 channels of video and 75 audio services are available today from more than 20 C-Band satellites over North America. Virtually every cable programming service is delivered via C-Band. Ku Band (11.7 - 12.2 GHz) - Satellites operating in this band can be spaced as closely as two degrees apart in space, and carry from 12 to 24 transponders that operate at a wide range of powers from 20 to 120 watts each. Typical receive antennas are three to six feet in diameter. More than 20 FSS Ku-Band satellites are in operation over North America today, including several "hybrid" satellites which carry both C-Band and Ku-Band transponders. PrimeStar currently operates off Satcom K-2, an FSS or so-called "medium-power" Ku-Band satellite. AlphaStar also uses an FSS-Ku Band satellite, Telestar 402-R.