15

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
CHAPTER REVIEW
The respiratory tract consists of the nose (nasal cavities), the nasopharynx, the pharynx, the larynx (which contains the vocal cords ), the trachea, the bronchi, and the bronchioles. The bronchi, along with the pulmonary arteries and veins, enter the lungs, which consist of the alveoli, air sacs surrounded by a capillary network. Inspiration begins when the respiratory center in the medulla oblongata sends excitatory nerve impulses to the diaphragm and the muscles of the rib cage. As they contract, the diaphragm lowers and the rib cage moves upward and outward; the lungs expand, creating a partial vacuum, which causes air to rush in. The respiratory center now stops sending impulses to the diaphragm and muscles of the rib cage. As the diaphragm relaxes, it resumes its dome shape, and as the rib cage retracts, air is pushed out of the lungs during expiration. External respiration occurs when CO2 leaves blood and O 2 enters blood at the alveoli. Oxygen is transported to the tissues in combination with hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin (HbO 2 ). Internal respiration occurs when O 2 leaves blood and CO 2 enters blood at the tissues. Carbon dioxide is mainly carried to the lungs within the plasma as the bicarbonate ion (HCO 3 ). Hemoglobin combines with hydrogen ions and becomes reduced (HHb). There are a number of illnesses associated with the respiratory tract. In addition to colds and flu, the lungs may be infected by the more serious pneumonia and tuberculosis. Two illnesses that have been attributed to breathing polluted air are emphysema and lung cancer.

S T U DY E X E R C I S E S
Study the text section by section as you answer the questions that follow.

15.1 RESPIRATORY TRACT (P . 284)

Air passes through a series of tubes before gas exchange takes place across a very extensive moist surface. 1. Complete this table.

Structure a. _________________________________________________ Glottis c. _________________________________________________ Trachea e. _________________________________________________ Bronchioles g. _________________________________________________

Function Filter, warm, and moisten air b. _________________________________________________ Sound production d. _________________________________________________ Passage of air to each lung f. _________________________________________________ Gas exchange

120

2. Label the following diagram, using the alphabetized list of terms. epiglottis glottis hard palate larynx nasal cavity soft palate trachea

3. The nostrils contain a._________________, and the nasal cavity and trachea are lined with b._________________ to screen the incoming air. Mucus, dust, and other material are moved into the c._________________ for swallowing or expectoration. During swallowing, the d._________________ folds down over the glottis to keep food from entering the trachea. The lungs of premature infants often lack a film called e._________________ that keeps their lung tissues from sticking together.

15.2 MECHANISM

OF

BREATHING (P . 288)

Respiration comprises breathing, external and internal respiration, and cellular respiration. 4. Label the following diagram, using the alphabetized list of terms. expiratory reserve volume inspiratory reserve volume residual volume tidal volume
Volume of Air in Lungs (ml)

6000

4800

a.

3600 2900 b. 2400 c. 1200 d. 0 Time

5. In the preceding diagram, the sum of the volumes labeled a, b, and c is termed the _____________________________. 6. Indicate whether the following phrases describe inspiration (I) or expiration (E). _____ a. lungs expanded _____ b. muscles (diaphragm and ribs) relaxed _____ c. diaphragm dome shaped _____ d. chest enlarged _____ e. less air pressure in lungs than in the environment

121

Inspiration and Expiration (p. 290) During inspiration, the pressure in the lungs decreased, and air comes rushing in. During expiration, increased pressure in the thoracic cavity causes air to leave the lungs. 7. Put these statements in the proper sequence. _____ a. Respiratory center stops sending nerve impulse to diaphragm and rib cage. _____ b. Respiratory center sends nerve impulse to diaphragm and rib cage. _____ c. Diaphragm relaxes, becomes dome shaped, and rib cage moves down and inward. _____ d. Lungs expand as diaphragm lowers and rib cage moves upward and outward. _____ e. Air goes rushing out as lungs recoil. _____ f. Air comes rushing in as lungs expand.

15.3 GAS EXCHANGES

IN THE

BODY (P . 292)

External respiration occurs in the lungs where oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood. Internal respiration occurs in the tissues where oxygen diffuses out of the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses into the blood. 8. Match the statements with the terms that follow. _____ a. entrance and exit of air into and out of lungs _____ b. exchange of gases between blood and tissue fluid _____ c. production of ATP in cells _____ d. exchange of gases between lungs and blood Terms 1. internal respiration 2. cellular respiration 3. inspiration and expiration 4. external respiration

e. Next, place the terms in the proper sequence. First _______ Second ________ Third ________ Last _________ 9. Give the equation that describes how oxygen is transported in the blood. Label one arrow lungs and the reverse arrow tissues.

10. Give the equation that describes how most of the carbon dioxide is transported in the blood. Label one arrow lungs and the reverse arrow tissues.
a.

What is the name of the enzyme that speeds up this reaction?

b. c.

Carbon dioxide transport produces hydrogen ions. Why does the blood not become acidic? By what process does carbon dioxide move from the blood to the alveoli? d.

11. After studying Figure 15.8 in the text, answer these questions. Where does oxygen enter the blood?
a.

______________________________ Where does oxygen exit from the blood? b.______________________________

Where does carbon dioxide enter the blood? c.______________________________ Where does carbon dioxide exit from the blood? d.______________________________ In the diagram, what two types of vessels are high in oxygen?
e.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________
f.

In the diagram, what two types of vessels are high in carbon dioxide?

122

Binding Capacity of Hemoglobin The respiratory pigment hemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and aids in the transport of carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs. 12. Hemoglobin is remarkably suited to the transport of oxygen. Why? Why does a person die from carbon monoxide poisoning?
b. a.

How does hemoglobin help with the transport of carbon dioxide?

c.

15.4 RESPIRATION

AND

HEALTH (P . 295)

The respiratory tract is especially subject to disease because it is exposed to infectious agents. Cigarette smoking contributes to two major lung disordersemphysema and cancer. 13. Match the descriptions in ag to this key. Key cold and flu strep throat pneumonia

tuberculosis

emphysema

pulmonary fibrosis

lung cancer

Cells build a protective capsule around the bacteria. X rays can detect the presence of these capsules.
a.

______________________________ Rheumatic fever can be a complication. b.______________________________

Fibrous connective tissue builds up in the lungs after inhaling particles. c.______________________________ This is caused by a virus, and antibiotic therapy is not helpful. d.______________________________ This most often begins in a bronchus and is caused by smoking cigarettes. e.______________________________ Lungs balloon because air is trapped in the alveoli. f.______________________________ Lobules of lungs fill with fluid, caused by a pathogen. g.______________________________ 14. Why do women now suffer from lung cancer rates equivalent to those of men when in the past they did not?

CHAPTER TEST
OBJECTIVE TEST
Do not refer to the text when taking this test. ____ 1. Why is oxygen needed by the body? a. to aerate the lungs b. to cleanse the blood c. to produce ATP d. Both a and b are correct. ____ 2. The structure(s) that receive(s) air after the trachea is(are) the a. pharynx. b. bronchi. c. bronchiolus. d. alveoli. ____ 3. Which structure carries both air and food? a. larynx b. pharynx c. trachea d. esophagus ____ 4. How are foreign particles trapped before entering the lungs? a. coarse hair inside nostrils b. mucus in the nasal cavity c. cilia in the nasal cavity and trachea d. All of these are correct. ____ 5. Which of these constricts during an asthma attack? a. trachea b. bronchus c. bronchiole d. pharynx ____ 6. The alveoli a. are sacs in the lungs. b. contain capillaries. c. are where gas exchange occurs. d. All of these are correct.

123

____ 7. Which of these contains the vocal cords? a. glottis b. epiglottis c. pharynx d. larynx ____ 8. Before oxygen is picked up in the lungs by hemoglobin, it first diffuses through (a) alveolar cells, (b) blood plasma, (c) red blood cell plasma membranes, and (d) capillary walls, though not necessarily in this order. What is the correct order? a. a, b, d, c b. a, d, b, c c. d, a, c, b d. d, b, a, c e. a, b, c, d ____ 9. When the lungs recoil, a. inspiration occurs. b. external respiration occurs. c. internal respiration occurs. d. expiration occurs. e. All of these are correct. ____10. The respiratory center a. is stimulated by carbon dioxide. b. is located in the chest. c. sends nerve impulses to lung tissue. d. is stimulated by oxygen levels. ____11. The amount of air that enters or leaves the lungs during a normal respiratory cycle is the a. tidal volume. b. respiratory volume. c. residual volume. d. vital capacity. ____12. The maximum amount of air a person can exhale after taking the deepest breath possible is a measure of the a. residual volume. b. tidal volume. c. vital capacity. d. inspiratory reserve volume. ____13. External respiration is defined as a. an exchange of gases in the lungs. b. breathing. c. an exchange of gases in the tissues. d. cellular respiration. ____14. Which gas is carried partially by the plasma? a. O 2 b. CO 2 c. both O 2 and CO 2 d. Neither O 2 nor CO 2 . ____15. CO 2 enters the blood as a result of a. active transport. b. diffusion. c. blood pressure. d. air pressure.

____16. The enzyme carbonic anhydrase causes a. carbon dioxide to react with water. b. carbon dioxide to react with bicarbonate ions. c. water to react with hydrogen ions. d. Both b and c are correct. ____17. Hemoglobin combines with a. oxygen more readily in the lungs. b. carbon dioxide more readily in the tissues. c. oxygen more readily in the tissues. d. carbon dioxide more readily in the lungs. e. Both a and b are correct. ____18. Hemoglobin carries a. O 2 . b. CO 2 . c. hydrogen ions. d. All of these are correct. ____19. Which lung disorder is not caused by a pathogen? a. pneumonia b. tuberculosis c. emphysema d. flu ____20. Smoking cigarettes a. causes tuberculosis. b. leads to emphysema and cancer. c. increases the vital capacity of the lungs. d. leads to good health and longer life. Match the items in the key to phrases 2123. Key a. pneumonia b. lung cancer c. infant respiratory distress ____21. nonfunctional tissues interfere with gas exchange ____22. fluid-filled lobules ____23. alveolar collapse due to high surface tension ____24. Which body system does the respiratory system aid by providing oxygen so neurons can function properly? a. nervous system b. lymphatic system c. circulatory system d. integumentary system ____25. Which body system helps the respiratory system by protecting the lungs and providing points for breathing muscle attachment? a. circulatory system b. skeletal system c. muscular system d. urinary system

124

THOUGHT QUESTIONS
26. Explain how expiration occurs once the lungs have filled with air.

27. Relate the large surface area provided by the alveoli to the process by which external respiration occurs.

Test Results: _______ number correct 27 = _________ 100 = _______%

ANSWER KEY
STUDY EXERCISES
1. a. nasal cavities b. passage of air into larynx c. larynx d. passage of air to bronchi e. bronchi f. passage of air to lungs g. lungs 2. a. nasal cavity b. hard palate c. soft palate d. epiglottis e. glottis f. larynx g. trachea 3. a. coarse hairs b. cilia c. pharynx d. epiglottis e. surfactant 4. a. inspiratory reserve volume b. tidal volume c. expiratory reserve volume d. residual volume 5. vital capacity 6. a. I b. E c. E d. I e. I 7. b, d, f, a, c, e 8. a. 3 b. 1 c. 2 d. 4 e. 3, 4, 1, 2 lungs 9. Hb + O 2 ________ HbO 2 tissues tissues tissues 10. a. CO 2 + H 2 O ________ H 2 CO 3 ________ H + + HCO 3 lungs lungs b. carbonic anhydrase c. Hemoglobin combines with excess hydrogen ions. d. diffusion 11. a. lungs b. tissues c. tissues d. lungs e. pulmonary vein and aorta (systemic arteries) f. venae cavae (systemic veins) and pulmonary artery 12. a. It easily combines with oxygen in the lungs and easily gives it up in the tissues. b. Hemoglobin combines with carbon monoxide preferentially to oxygen. c. It combines with carbon dioxide to form carbaminohemoglobin, and picks up hydrogen ions. 13. a. tuberculosis b. strep throat c. pulmonary fibrosis d. cold and flu e. lung cancer f. emphysema g. pneumonia 14. Women now smoke cigarettes as frequently as men. In the past, it was socially less acceptable for women to smoke.

CHAPTER TEST
1. c 2. b 3. b 4. d 5. c 6. d 7. d 8. b 9. d 10. a 11. a 12. c 13. a 14. b 15. b 16. b 17. e 18. d 19. c 20. b 21. b 22. a 23. c 24. a 25. b 26. The diaphragm relaxes when the respiratory center stops sending messages to contract. Once relaxation occurs, expiration is passive. Air leaves the lungs with the elastic recoil of the lungs. Muscle contraction can force additional air from the lungs. 27. Since oxygen enters the capillaries of the alveoli by diffusion, a passive process, a large surface area is required.

125