Radar EW Simulation and Analysis

Electronic Warfare and Radar Applications
Electronic Measurements Group
October 18, 2011
Electronic Warfare and Radar applications

Agenda: Introduction to Electronic Warfare Background, terms, definition and market trends Key technology enablers for existing and emerging radar systems Radars and jammers Radar, EW and ELINT signal simulation Defining your own library of emitters Radar timing pattern generation Radar Antenna radiation Patterns and Scanning Wideband Solutions for Radar/EW Existing and future Test requirements New Arbitrary Waveform Generators Signal Generation and Analysis using /SystemVue/Matlab Wideband Receivers: traditional and synthetic instrumentation Oscilloscope as ultrawide band receiver Pulse envelope and time domain analysis and challenges Modulation on pulse analysis Microwave Components Characterization New Network Analyzer platforms Millimeter Signal Measurements: Techniques, Solutions and Best Practices Phase Noise measurements update
Introduction to Electronic Warfare
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis Page 3
Fall 2011
Electronic Warfare
Electronic warfare (EW) is a broad subject matter, but in general involves denying an enemy use of the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS) or gathering intelligence of an enemys intended actions or capabilities through analysis of electromagnetic (EM) signals he may transmit, either intentionally or unintentionally. US Military Definition: EW refers to any military action involving the use of electromagnetic (EM) and directed energy (DE) to control the EMS or to attack the enemy.
EW includes three subdivisions:

Electronic Attack (EA) Electronic Protection (EP), and
Electronic Warfare Support (ES)
Fall 2011
EW Terms
EA: Electronic Attack involves the use of EM energy or anti-radiation weapons to attack personnel, facilities, or equipment EP: Actions taken to protect personnel, facilities, and equipment from any effects of friendly or enemy use of EMS
ECM: Electronic counter measures, such as ES: Electronic Warfare Support is a jamming and chaff, used to deny or degrade subdivision of EW involving search for, the enemys use of communications or radar intercept, identify, and locate sources of EM systems energy for the purpose of threat recognition or targeting DECM: Defensive ECM, such as a jammer used to protect an aircraft from missile fire EME: Electromagnetic Environment ECCM: Electronic counter-counter EOB: Electronic Order of Battle measures, countermeasures used to protect SIGINT: Signal Intelligence a radar from a jammer ELINT: Electronic Intelligence RWR: Radar Warning Receiver, warns a COMINT: Communications Intelligence pilot of a SAM or radar lock on Jammer: EW transmitter used to interfere, ESM: Electronic Warfare Support Measures, equipment to identify and locate radar upset, or deceive a victim radar, systems or EM emitters communications, or navigation system J/S: Jam to signal ratio
Fall 2011
Key Technology Enablers of Modern and Emerging RADAR Systems
Radar/EW Technology Drivers

Low observable slow moving detection systems
Close-In phase noise
Low Probability of Intercept

Increasing frequency of operation into mm wave bands Frequency & beam hopping Increased modulation BW Phase repeatable frequency hopping
Improved Range Resolution

Increased Modulation BW
Software Defined Radar Systems

Waveform engineering and encryption
April 23, 2009
Low Mobility Targeting

1) Low Doppler Shift 2) Clutter Reduction
High Mobility Target
Land Clutter
Low Mobility Target
Sea Clutter
Key Technologies
Very low phase noise and spurs at small offset frequencies Signal Processing to separate slow moving from stationary or slower moving returns
High Resolution RADAR Systems

Chirps or other modulation techniques are used to improve the distance resolution to better than 1/(Pulse Width) Impulse Response (also called Time Sidelobe Level ) is the single best measure of quality of the chirp / de-chirp process
Good Impulse Response
VS.
Poor Impulse Response
Key Technologies
High Fidelity (Magnitude and Phase) Wideband Signals Factors Affecting Impulse Response Magnitude Response Fidelity Phase Response Fidelity Chirp Bandwidth Algorithm Other Techniques/Technologies Employed for Improved Resolution Multi-frequency Multi-polarization Quad-polarized System Frequency Agility Multi-channel Receivers Pulse Compression and Target Identification Algorithms
Millimeter wave RADAR

Benefits of Millimeter Wave RADAR Better Resolution Wider chirp bandwidths Smaller wavelengths Higher Frequency Shift Low Mobility Targeting Target / Media Physics Transmission Reflection Polarization EW Advantages Fewer systems at mmW Harder to Jam
Complexity and Level of Integration within T/R Modules

What is Driving This Trend?
Smaller Platforms Move to higher frequencies Need for more T/R elements Multimode Multi channel Analog I/Q Or IF LO Advanced
T/R Module
Frequency Reference
Emerging T/R Module

HIGH SPEED DIGITAL BUS
Key Technology
Digital I/Q or Digital IF
Very High Speed Digital Bus Phase Noise Reduction by Averaging N Modules
Level of Integration
RF/uW
Key Technology
Newer
T/R Module
Radiating element
Frequency Translation
Key Technology
RF/uW IN RF/uW OUT Old T/R Module
Active Feed Radiating Elements

Smaller Connections Higher Frequencies
Digital Control
Time
Trends in the Radar and EW market

1.
2.
The Radar and EW market is still the largest in terms of spending of all the AD submarkets (~65%).
The modern radar systems incorporate multi-mission, multi-role functionality. Specialized modulation used to enhance range resolution and primarily reduce the probability of intercept.
3.
4.
Modern radar systems increase the demand for mm wave technologies.

Modulation bandwidths of 1 GHz to 2 GHz are being requested for new programs in R&D. Performance is key - BW, Phase Noise, Power, SFDR Current minimum requirement is 500 MHz BW for radar application
5. 6. 7.
Systems demand industry leading phase noise and spurious free dynamic range. Development of stealth and anti-stealth technologies. Multi-Channel coherent sources and analyzer required to test these systems Considerable investment is being make to upgrade and extend the life of existing platforms by technology refresh. Backwards compatibility and emulation with legacy test equipment required New program focus is on tactical surveillance and intelligence with a growth in UAV platforms with synthetic aperture radars and EW payloads.
8.
9.
Battlefield data integration for situation awareness across multiple forces. Net Centric Warfare
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis
Page 12
April 23, 2009
2011 Weapons Modernization Programs (Unclassified )

Aircraft Platforms Radar/EW/Surveillance
$55.4 Billion JSF UAV Platforms Longbow Apache P-8A F-18/E-18
Naval Platforms Radar/EW/Surveillance
$25.1 Billion DDG 51 AEGIS Destroyer CVN21 Carrier Replacement Littoral Combat Ship
Missile Defense Radar/EW
Counter IED EW, COMINT
$ 9.9 Billion AEGIS Ballistic Missile Defense THAD Patriot Advanced Capability 3 Ground Based Midcourse
$16 Billion Total Budget Crew 3 Program Duke Program Jammers ~ $1.5 B/yr
Page 13
Fall 2011
Radar Review
Fall 2011
Simplified Radar
Radar Transmitter Receiver
Target
A portion of the transmitted energy is intercepted by the target and reradiated in all directions The energy that is reradiated back to the radar is of prime interest to the radar The receiving antenna collects the returned energy and delivers it to the receiver, where it is processed to: Detect the target Extract its location and relative velocity Direction, or angular position, of the target may be determined from the direction of arrival of the returned signal, assuming a narrow antenna beam If relative motion exists between the target and radar, the shift in carrier frequency of the reflected wave (Doppler Effect) is a measure of relative radial velocity of the target and can be used to distinguish moving targets from stationary objects.
Fall 2011
Pulsed Radar Fundamentals
PW
PRI
Typical pulsed radars use relatively low duty cycle (0.1% to 10%), where duty cycle is the ratio of pulse duration divided by period.
D% 100 PW PRI 100 PRI
Radar range resolution is determined by the pulse widthremember a 1s pulse has a length in space of 150 m and therefore cant resolver distance less that 150m
The range beyond which targets appear as a second-time-around echo is the maximum unambiguous range c PRI Runamb c 150 m / s PRI 2 PRF 2 Therefore, long-range radars use very long pulse repetition times.
Fall 2011
Spectrum of a Video Pulse Train
Spectral Lines
Amplitude
Time
1 T
DC
1/
3/ 2/ Frequency (f)
4/
V( f )
2 T
sin( n / T ) n /T 0
Radar EW Simulation and Analysis 17
Fall 2011
Pulse Compression Radar

Pulse Modulator
TIMING SYNC
CHIRP (SPREAD SPECTRUM)
Waveform Exciter ( Digital Synthesizer)
PA
CHIRP
COHO
STALO
RECEIVER PROTECTOR
I Q
SYNCHRONOUS I/Q DETECTOR Pulse Compression Filter( Correlation Filter)
IFA
LNA
To Signal Processor
900 MHz Wideband Measurements Page 18
10/18/2011
Velocity Measurement
Another important target characteristic measured by radar systems is target velocity. This is accomplished by measuring the Doppler shift of the transmitted signal. R The Doppler Frequency, fd is: f d
vR
2 f0 vR c
This is the result of the radial velocity difference between the radar and the target. Therefore, the general equation would be the vector dot product of the velocity vector and the radial unit vector, or
fd
19
2 f0 v R c
2 f 0v cos c
Fall 2011
Doppler Example
If a 10 GHz aircraft radar were designed to handle an engagement with a maximum closing velocity of 500 m/s (~ Mach 1.5) the maximum Doppler frequency would be:
fD 2V 2(500m / s)(10 x109 m / s) 3x108 33kHz
Recall from a couple of slides back that the spectrum of the pulse modulated signal will have frequency lines that are spaced at intervals equal to the PRF or 1/PRT. If the PRT were 1 ms then the frequency lines would be 1 kHz apart. Each spectral line will also be Doppler shifted and could be processed by the Velocity tracking circuits of the radar, thus producing velocity ambiguities, if they are less than the maximum Doppler frequency. Therefore:
The lower the PRF > frequency ambiguity The higher the PRF > range ambiguity
Fall 2011
Three PRF Modes for Pulse Doppler

Low PRF is unambiguous in range, but is highly ambiguous in Velocity and is excellent for target acquisition. The medium PRF radar: Is ambiguous in both range and velocity. It is very useful in a tailchase engagement where closing velocities are low. May use multiple PRFs, each creating ambiguity zones in the range / velocity matrix. Processing can provide unambiguous range and velocity The high PRF radar is unambiguous in velocity and may be used in a velocity only mode making it ideal for a high-speed head-on engagement.
Fall 2011
Radar Cross Section and Received Power Density
Pt Gt 4 R2
Radar cross section (RCS) is a measure of the size of the target, as seen by the radar
RCS () has units of area (m2)
Pt Gt 4 R2 4 R2
Power reradiated from the target is equal to T,

Power received by the radar antenna will be:
PT GT Ae (4 ) 2 R 4
Ae
G 4
PT GT GR 2 (4 ) 2 R 4 4
PT G 2 2 (4 ) 3 R 4
Fall 2011
Radar Cross Section of B-26 Bomber
Fall 2011
Radar Jammer Types

CW Barrage Jammers: An attempt to outshout the opposing equipment through continuous or high-duty cycle power within the desired frequency bandblot out the sun technique Noise Jammer: Brute-force jamming by modulating the jamming signal with AM or phase noise. Deceptive: Uses a repeater or frequency memory to provide a precise return that is modified in time or frequency to interfere with missile fire control. Repeater Jammer: A jammer that modifies and retransmits hostile radar signals to deny accurate position data Transponder Jammer: A repeater jammer that plays back a stored replica of the signal after being triggered by the radar. Set-On-Jammer: A jammer that measures the threat radar frequency and adjusts a sinewave oscillator to retransmit the threat frequency Swept Spot Jammer: A jammer that sweeps an oscillator over a band of frequencies to with receivers in the band. Stand-In-Jamming (SIJ): A Jammer (aircraft) that accompanies a strike force into combat air spaceinside the range of defensive weapons Stand-Off-Jamming(SOJ): A system which provides jamming coverage for a strike force, but does not enter inside the range of defensive weapons
Fall 2011
Range Equation for the Jammer

Since the jammer signal only has a one-way path to the radar it will only experience a 1/R2 loss, verses the 1/R4 loss experienced by the radar.
R
Again, we will start by looking at the free-space power density at the radar as produced by the jammer, assuming spherical scattering.
Pj G j
j
4 R2
The input power to the radar receiver, from the jammer, will then be the jammers power density multiplied by the effective area of the radars antenna.
S jR
Pj G j Ae 4 R
2
Where:
Ae
G 4
Therefore:
2
S jR
Pj G j GR 4
2
R2
Page 25
Fall 2011
Range Equation for the Jammer, Contd

Now we have an equation for the jammers signal power at the radar we can compare it to the equation previously developed for the signal power at the radars receiver due to the targets skin return. For the Jammer:
S jR
Pj G j GR 4
2
2 2 j
And for the radar:
PT GT GR 2 4 ( 4 ) 3 RR
It is often convenient to express the jamming signal strength to that of the radars skin return strength as a jam to signal ratio (J/S).
PT GT R Pj ( dBW ) G j ( dBi) 11dB 20 Log10 Rm PT ( dBW) GT ( dBi) In dB form: J S dB
J S
4 Pj G j 4 RR 2 j
If the jammer and radar range are equal, then
J S
Pj G j 4 R 2 PT GT
dBsm
Note: The above analysis assumes that the jammer antenna and the radar antenna are pointed directly at each other (main lobe), which is very seldom the case. Generally jamming is done on the radar antennas side lobes and a function must be used to account for the difference in antenna gain. However, from this analysis it is easy to see that the jammer has the advantage in most situations.
Fall 2011
Antenna Pattern of a Typical Pencil-Beam Antenna Rectangular Aperture w/ Uniform Weighting

0
3 dB Beam Width D i r e c t i v i t y d B i
-5
1st Side Lobe Level = -13.26

-10
Main Beam
Side Lobes
-15
-20
Side Lobe Roll Off
-25
-30
-35
-40 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
Angle (Degrees)
Page 27
Nulls
Fall 2011
A Typical DECM Jammer Antenna
Fall 2011
Creating the Correct Signal Environment for Radar
Targets Clutter Jamming
30
Simulator Development: The Signal Environment
Target modeling
Position and trajectory
Velocity (and acceleration) Radar cross section (RCS)
Return power from an aircraft at 10 cm wavelength as a function of azimuth angle
31

Ghost image
Clutter
Ground Sea Precipitation
ionosphere
Chaff
Multipath
ground Ghost image
32
Jamming
Noise Techniques
Spot Sweep Barrage
Repeater Techniques
Range Velocity Angle
33
Radar, EW and ELINT signal simulation
Fall 2011
Where Does Agilent Fit in Threat Simulation?

Agilent Provides a suite of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS): Vector and Analog RF and microwave signal generators Arbitrary waveform generators for I-Q modulation and scalar modulation needs Signal studio software to help build complex signals in a user friendly environment Support of industry standard software tools, like MatLab and Agilent SystemVue for complex waveform generation, modeling, and analysis Applications consultants that can assist in system development and specification.
Fall 2011
Where Does Agilent Fit, Contd

Where Agilent Fits
COTS hardware and software Standard test equipment that can be reused for multiple roles in test and simulation
Where Agilent Doesnt Fit

Simulation of battlefield electromagnetic environment Simulation of complete electronic order of battle (EOB) DDS Streaming
Simulation of several simultaneous emitters

Complex antenna scanning and patterns Complex pulse patterns Modulation on Pulse (MOP)
Fall 2011
N7620A Signal Studio for Pulse Building

Features
Easily navigate the intuitive user interface Create a pulse library Construct custom pulse shapes Modulation on pulse definition Build a pattern library Apply baseband pre-distortion Improve image rejection Optimize RF modulation flatness Automate using the COM-based API Utilize extensive built-in Help
N8241A or N6030A
Value
Set high-level pulse parameters Eliminate complicated mathematics Simplify single-emitter test pattern generation Enhance signal quality
LAN or GPIB
PSG or ESG
PXA, PSA or MXA

Fall 2011
N7620A Target Applications
Radar systems EW systems IED defeat systems
Fall 2011
Why Simulate the Radar Signal?

Traditional Method: Turn on the actual radar But Cannot test until very late in the development process Expensive - A full fly-by test can cost $2M !!! Simulation Benefits: Test components, subsystems and full systems much earlier in the design process Much lower cost: Vector PSG + Q-arb + PXA + Pulse Builder s/w ~ $280K
Fall 2011
t
PW
Pulse Transmitted
A A B
C B C
Range
Ru
1 fr
Pulse Timing Patterns
Fall 2011
Pulse Timing Pattern Parameters

Pulse Repetition Interval Patterns
Constant (none) Gaussian Jitter Uniform Jitter U shaped Jitter Linear Ramp Stepped Staggered Bursted Sinusoidal Wobulation Saw tooth Woblulation Triangle Wobulation
Pulse Width Patterns

Constant Gaussian Jitter Uniform Jitter Linear Ramp Stepped
Standard Features Advanced Features

Option 205 - PSG/ESG BBG Option 206 External AWG
Page 41
Fall 2011
Why are Pulse Timing Patterns Important for Radar?

The primary function of the PRI is to set the effective range of the Radar. The pulse width determines the minimum range resolution of non pulse compression Radars. Different timing properties are required depending upon the mode of a particular Radar. (Modes: Search, Acquisition, and Track) Adjusting the pulse timing properties of the waveform enables the Radar to determine the true unambiguous range and blind speeds of the target.
The timing patterns are used in Radar systems for the following reasons:
Determining true range and eliminate blind speeds of the target by varying the PRI. Vary the pulse width to avoid blind speeds to improve moving target indication (MTI). Timing patterns are used for Anti-jam techniques.
Fall 2011
Real-World Challenges
In practice, real signals are never perfect How does equipment perform under less than ideal conditions? 2 Common Signal Impairments: Jitter Wobulation
Solution: Add selected impairments to test signal
Fall 2011
Pulse Repetition Impairment Sine Wobulation
Fall 2011
Pulse Width Patterns
Linear PW
Stepped PW
PW Jitter U-Shaped Uniform Gaussian

Fall 2011
Antenna Radiation Patterns and Antenna Scanning

Fall 2011
Adding a New Layer of Realism to Pulsed Signal Simulation
All Radar Systems depend on antennas to operate Pulse Building can now simulate real-world antenna behavior
Fall 2011
Antenna Pattern Properties and Definitions

Bore-Sight Maximum gain of the antennas main lobe or beam pointing at the target. Bearing Angle - The bearing angle of the target can be determined by moving the antenna beam to the maximum return. Beam width Power points in the main lobe measured in angular width AZ/EL degrees.
Side Lobe Level - the level of energy on the side lobes relative to the main lobe or beam
Back Lobe the energy emitting in the opposite direction of the main beam.
Fall 2011
Antenna Parameters Available With Options 205/206

Antenna Scanning Modes
None Custom Circular Conical Bidirectional Sector Unidirectional Sector Bidirectional Raster Unidirectional Raster
Antenna Radiation Patterns

Blackman Hamming Hanning Rectangular 3 Term Cosine1 Cosine2 Cosine3 Cosine4 Cosine5 Programmable
Antenna Properties
Azimuth 3 dB Beam Width Elevation 3 dB Beam Width Null depth - dB
Fall 2011
Antenna Scanning for Radar

Scanning is the systematic movement of the Radar Antenna Beam in a finite pattern while searching or tracking a target. Scanning is dependent upon the purpose of the Radar, antenna size and design. For example the search mode scan may be different than the track mode scan Basic methods of antenna scanning to steer the beam.
1. Mechanical Scanning The entire antenna is moved to the desired pattern. The energy feed source is moved relative to a fixed reflector The reflector can be moved relative to a fixed feed source 2. Electronic Scanning Electronically switching between a sets of feeder sources Varying the phase between elements in a multiple element array Comparing the amplitude and phase signals received by a multi element array.
3. 4.
Frequency scanning Combination of Mechanical and Electronic Scanning

Page 50
Fall 2011
Scenario Data Base Import & Exporting

.CSV Comma Delimited File created in an Excel spreadsheet
Scenario Name
Source Parameters Pulse Envelope properties tr, tf, PW Pulse Width Patterns PRI Patterns Modulation on Pulse Properties Chirp, Barker, FSK, etc Antenna Scanning Type Antenna Radiation Type Antenna Beam Width AZ, El Antenna Null Depth
Receiver Location
Fall 2011
Wideband solutions
Fall 2011
Test Challenges of RADAR System Integration

MEASUREMENTS Inter-Pulse Phase and Magnitude Moving Target Clutter Reduction SAR Time Sidelobe Level Custom or Proprietary Algorithms Antenna Patterns Phase Noise Pulsed Absolute Additive Time Gated
TEST CHALLENGES Test time 1000s to 1E6s measurements Streaming data or deep memory Stream measurement results to disk Transient measurements Scenario measurements Wide bandwidth Frequency Hopping Multi-channel Synchronize with RADAR master clock
Existing and Future test requirements for for RADAR and EW applications
Signal Simulation
Modulation Bandwidth > 1 GHz Deep Memory and Waveform Streaming from Disk Magnitude and Phase Corrections of AWG and VSG Phase Coherent Multi-channel AWG Frequency Agility, 1 -2 GHz Hop Bandwidth, < 1 usec Switching Low Spurious (especially low offset frequencies) Low Phase Noise (especially low offset frequencies) Multiple Sequencing Levels in AWG or BBG Synchronous Sequencing on 2 channels when using IQ Modulation
Component Test
Phase Coherent Multi-channel RADAR Component Measurements Time Sidelobe Level (Customizable) RF/uW/mmW In with Digital Out Digital DUT control Calibration of non-standard connectors Non-Linear Characterization , Modeling and Simulation
Signal Analysis
Accurate Magnitude and Phase Measurement Modulation Bandwidth > 1 GHz RADAR Measurements (Algorithms) Intra-pulse Magnitude and Phase Inter-pulse Magnitude and Phase Chirp Fidelity Time Sidelobe Level (Customizable) FFT of point in pulse Phase Coherent Multi-Channel Analyzer Sampler locked to RADAR master clock Time gated memory (Segmented Memory) Deep Memory and Waveform Streaming to Disk
Phase Noise
Absolute Additive Pulsed Low Offset Frequencies are very important Customer supply their own Reference Devices Measurement of Low Level Spurs Very Small RBW Measurement Speed Phase Noise Performance may require Cross-Correlation Technique
Generic Radar Block Diagram
Waveform Generator Radar Digital Processor
PA
COHO
STALO
IF Processor Detector
LNA
Rx Protection
April 23, 2009
Generic Radar Block Diagram (AWG Substituted for DDS & Waveform Generator)
PA
COHO
STALO
LNA
Rx Protection
April 23, 2009
Generic Radar Block Diagram (Traditional Pulsed RF or Waveform Exciter )

N7620A
E8257D/67D - PSG
PA
COHO
STALO
LNA
Rx Protection
April 23, 2009
Generic Radar Block Diagram (Rx Signal Emulation)

E8257D/67D - PSG
Waveform Generator Radar Digital Processor PA
COHO
STALO
N7620A
LNA
Rx Protection
April 23, 2009
Market requirements for Signal Simulation
Modulation Bandwidth > 1 GHz

Deep Memory and Waveform Streaming from Disk Magnitude and Phase Corrections of AWG and VSG Phase Coherent Multi-channel AWG Frequency Agility, 1 -2 GHz Hop Bandwidth, < 1 usec Switching Low Spurious (especially low offset frequencies) Low Phase Noise (especially low offset frequencies)
Multiple Sequencing Levels in AWG or BBG

Synchronous Sequencing on 2 channels when using IQ Modulation
Vector Signal Generator Block Diagram

I-Q Modulator
p/2
Synthesizer
VCO
Output
Freq. Control
ALC Driver
DAC
Reference
DAC
Pattern RAM and Symbol Mapping
Baseband Generator
Vector Signal Generator Block Diagram
Real-time
ARB
GPIB/LAN
Baseband generator
Wideband Signal Generation Setups

IQ Modulation
PCIe Differential I/Q signals Modulation BW up to 2 GHz RF up to 44 GHz
M8190A Marker output Pulse mod. input M9330A 81180A
E8267D, Opt. 016
RF/IF out
Direct IF/RF
PCIe
RF/IF out
IF/RF up to 5 GHz Modulation BW up to 2 * (5 GHz IF)
M8190A
How do I create the waveforms?

Agilent Signal Studio Format specific signal Industry validated waveforms Modify large number of parameters within standard Creates AWG and real-time based signals
Agilent ADS/SystemVue
Create signal based on design models MATLAB Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing Create signals for new or proprietary protocols Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox) Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals General Programming Languages (C++, VB, VEE)
Page 64
Wideband System Configuration

89601B VSA Software
Signal simulation using SystemVue

Response M9392A DUT
Stimulus - PSG/MXG
Signal Processor hardware
Signal Sources
The E8267D option 016 provide super wide differential IQ inputs so we can up-convert the IQ waveforms from the QARB so that they will play out of the PSG modulated onto an RF carrier
The M9330A QARB has 500MHz BW on each channel so using IQ modulation provides up to 1GHz of modulation bandwidth. This will provide a SFDR of -65dBc and a phase noise of -115dBc/Hz at 10kHz offset
Generic Radar Block Diagram (E8257D Substituted for TX/RX STALO )
PA
(2)- E8257D - PSG

COHO STALO
LNA
Rx Protection
April 23, 2009
Generic Radar Block Diagram (Substitute the COHO for DDS & IF Processor)
PA
COHO
STALO
E8663D - PSG
IF Processor Detector LNA Rx Protection
April 23, 2009
Agilent Portfolio of Signal Generators

Signal Studio Software
Vector
N9310A
3 GHz
3, 6 GHz
MXG
PXB
Baseband & Channel Emulator
1, 2, 3, 4, 6 GHz
ESG
20, 31.8, 44 GHz
PSG
Analog
N9310A
3 GHz
MXG
1, 3, 6, 20, 32, 40 GHz
3, 6 GHz
ESG
3.2, 9 GHz
E8663D
20, 31.8, 40, 50, 67 GHz
PSG
Capability:
325 GHz
Basic $ Mid$$ High $$$
Performance: Price:
Agilent PSG Signal Generator Platforms

Key Attributes
E8663D PSG RF
Analog Signal Generator Up to 3.2 or 9 GHz
E8257D PSG MW
Analog Signal Generator Up to 20, 32, 40, 50, 67GHz
E8267D PSG MW
Vector Signal Generator Up to 20,31.8, or 44 GHz
Performance - Highest power - Lowest phase noise - Lowest harmonics - Lowest sub-harmonics
Performance - Highest power - Lowest phase noise - Lowest harmonics - Lowest sub-harmonics
Performance - Integrated wideband vector signal generation up to 44 GHz
- Analog & pulse modulators - Scan mod - Ramp sweep
- Analog & pulse modulators - Scan mod - Ramp sweep
- WB I/Q mod - Analog & pulse modulators - Scan mod - Ramp sweep
- Scalable option structure
Option UNY
Enhanced Ultra-low Phase Noise
Improved pedestal phase noise ~ 10 dB better @ 10 - 100 kHz offset than UNX
Improved 10 MHz reference oscillator ~ 5 dB better close-in phase noise than UNX PSG now offers 3 levels of phase noise performance:
Standard UNX UNY
PSG-UNY Phase Noise Performance vs. Standard, UNX
1 10 100 10M 100M
1000
10K
100K
1M
Generic Radar Block Diagram (PXA Exciter Evaluation, Rx RF/IF Substitution)
PA
COHO
STALO
LNA
Rx Protection
April 23, 2009
New market requirements for Signal Analysis

Accurate Magnitude and Phase Measurement
Modulation Bandwidth > 1 GHz

RADAR Measurements (Algorithms) Intra-pulse Magnitude and Phase Inter-pulse Magnitude and Phase Chirp Fidelity Time Sidelobe Level (Customizable) FFT of point in pulse Phase Coherent Multi-Channel Vector Signal Analyzer IF Digitizer (Sampler) locked to RADAR master clock (Lock to customers Exciter) Time gated memory (Segmented Memory) Deep Memory and Waveform Streaming to Disk
Positioning Agilent signal analysis solutions

MXA 40MHz @74 dB PXA 160MHz @72 dB
$96 125k
Dynamic Range
$111 138k
Wide Band VSA (PXA + M9202A) 780 MHz @ 65 dB

$87 114k
$266k
Wide Band VSA (PXA + Infiniium) 900 MHz @ 40 dB
X93204A Infiniium scope 33 GHz @ 40 dB
Bandwidth
Page 78
What is Vector Signal Analysis?
Definition: Vector signal analyzer (VSA) Any software or instrument designed to test a signals spectrum, modulation, and time characteristics (Agilent 2009).
Vector Signal Analysis: a time-domain approach
RF input
Block-mode Demodulation (with gaps)

Filtering
ADC
Display Engine
Signal Analysis Algorithms
Anti-alias LO
GAP-FREE Time Capture
Page 80
Gap-free demodulation
Fast RAM Memory

Signal Acquisition Hardware
A-to-D Converter
Analysis & Display Engine
RF DownConverter
Blocks of I-Q Samples

Signal Processing Software
Windows O/S
User Applications
Windows GUI
COM layer GUI, I/O, etc.

spectrum waveform eye diagram constellation Signal Analysis Algorithms Display Engine
Front End
digitized waveform
Theory of Operation
Swept Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
RF input attenuator mixer

Input signal
Pre-Selector Or Low Pass Input Filter
IF gain
IF filter (RBW)
envelope detector
Log Amp
local oscillator sweep generator

Crystal Reference Oscillator
video filter
ADC, Display & Video Processing
Page 83
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram

Pre-amp Analog IF Filter Digital IF Filter Digital Detectors
FFT
Attenuation YIG Swept vs . FFT ADC
Replaced by
Digital Log Amp
Page 84
All Digital IF Advantages

IF/BB Section RF Section ADC
FFT
on ASIC
Flexibility: RBW filtering in 10% steps Filters with better selectivity Multiple operation modes (Swept, FFT, VSA) Accuracy: Log conversion practically ideal No drift errors; increased repeatability Speed: When Swept mode is slow, go FFT
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Multiple instruments in one box:

Swept spectrum analyzer; FFT analyzer; RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer; Noise Figure analyzer.
Fastest signal analysis measurements Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities Upgradeable HW Most advanced user interface & world-class connectivity
Agilent Technologies Signal Analysis Portfolio

Oct 09
Sep 06
PXA
X-Series High-performance 3 Hz to 26.5 GHz 3 Hz to 43/44/50 GHz Apr 11
Sep 07
MXA
X-Series Mid-performance 20 Hz to 26.5 GHz
PSA
Market leading performance 3 Hz to 50 GHz
Oct 09
EXA
X-Series Economy-class 9 kHz to 26 GHz
8560EC
Mid- performance
CXA
Low-cost 9 kHz to 7.5 GHz
ESA
Worlds most popular 100 Hz to 26 GHz
X-Series Code Compatibility Backward CC with legacy Inherent X-Series CC
CSA
Low cost portable 100 Hz to 7 GHz
Page 87
Technology Leadership with PXA Signal Analyzer
New front end converter New band select switch w/pre-amp
Unprecedented signal insight with the PXA signal analyzer Unmatched sensitivity to 50 GHz (DANL: 172 dBm at 2 GHz) 160 MHz of analysis bandwidth Highest third-order dynamic range (TOI) (+21 dBm at 2 GHz) Superior close-in phase noise performance (130 dBc/Hz at 1 GHz (@10 kHz offset) The industrys most accurate analyzer
New pre-selector w/YIG tuned filter
PXA Simplified Block Diagram (900 MHz IF Path)
Low noise path
13.6 - 26.5 GHz Path
Front End
3.5-26.5 GHz high band
YIG filter with bypass relay

Aux IF out
3 Hz-26.5 GHz Input
W preamp
Option MPB
3.6-13.6 GHz Path
Option CR3
Rear Panel
8.3-14 GHz
900 MHz IF BW centered at 600 MHz
89
High Band IF Output

Millimeter Frequencies, Wide Bandwidths
600 MHz BW, 5 dB Flat
Offset to CF 600 MHz 900 MHz BW, 8 dB Flat

Preselector Bypass On/Off
90
Setting up the PXA for use as a downconverter
Input: From DUT or source up to 50 GHz
Wideband IF Output (900MHz BW): To Infiniium Scope
Page 91
How Will We Measure These Wideband Signals?

Agilent recently announced up to 900 MHz bandwidth for the PXA signal analyzer IF output
Addresses increasing bandwidth requirements of next generation radar, electronic warfare, and communications systems
The signal analyzer's IF output is digitized by an Agilent Infiniium oscilloscope running the Agilent 89600 VSA software The 89600 VSA software is then used to analyze complex radar or communications signals
92
What are the Characteristics We Care About?

Analysis of a 900 MHz linear FM chirp by the 89600 VSA software with the PXA wideband IF output The SAR example shown here is with a carrier frequency at X-Band (10 GHz)
93
Spectrum
Phase vs. time
Frequency vs. time Power vs. time
Instrument Calibration and System Correction
Calibration
Amplitude Flatness Phase linearity
Minimum linear distortion

The goal is to measure the performances of the DUT not the measuring system
10/18/2011
Amplitude Corrections
10/18/2011
Results
10/18/2011
Pulse Analysis with N9051A Pulse Measurement Software
Fall 2011
Pulse Measurement Software N9051A
Analyze the parameters of up to 1000 continuous pulses. Pulse analysis measurements: o Period, width, PRI/PRF, droop, overshoot, rise/fall time, average power, peak power, PDF, CDF, CCDF plus more Zoom feature for closer analysis of signal Up to 10 Markers for absolute and relative measurements Flexible Triggering and Display capabilities Supports X-Series analyzers, PSA spectrum analyzer and Infiniium oscilloscopes
www.agilent.com/find/N9051A
Fall 2011
Power vs time trace
Control HW, or demo from SDF recording
Simple HW set-up
Automatically finds up to 1000 pulses, & characterizes up to 13 parameters

Fall 2011
Up to 10 markers, with delta pairs
PDF, CDF, and CCDF curves

Fall 2011
N9051A-3FP Phase and Frequency

Pulse to Pulse Phase change relative to first pulse Mean Phase Phase Trend over the Pulse Bandwidth Start Frequency Stop Frequency Frequency Trend over Pulse
Frequency Deviation from linear fit to frequency over pulse
Fall 2011
N9051A-4FP Extended Analysis Option

Mean, max, min, std dev, median, mode, RMS, trend, second order fit of selected parameter Filter data based on relation to the mean Plot of individual data values Plot of histogram of data values Plot of residuals after removing mean and trend
Fall 2011
N9051A Platforms
Infiniium 90k Series
PXA N9030A
Price
3Hz to 50GHz
PSA E444XA
3Hz to 50GHz
MXA N9020A
20Hz to 26GHz
EXA N9010A
9KHz to 26GHz
CXA N9010A
9kHz to 7.5GHz
Infiniium 8000 Series

1 GHz Scope
N9051A Pulse Measurement Software

1 License for your choice of instrument
Performance
Fall 2011
Nominal Performance Characteristics

Instrument Max Carrier frequency Max BW Max Sample rate / sec Min inst Rise Min Time detectable pulse width 32ps 120ns 10ns 8ns 25ns 100ns 100ps 500ns 50ns 40ns 150ns 400ns
Infiniium Series Scope E444XA PSA E444XA PSA opt 122/123 N9030A PXA opt B1X/MPB CXA/EXA/MXA with Opt B25 CXA/EXA/MXA
13GHz 50GHz 50GHz 50GHz 26.5GHz 26.5GHz
13GHz 8MHz 80MHz 160MHz 25MHz 10MHz
40Gs/s 30Ms/s 200Ms/s (eff) 400Ms/s 90Ms/s 30Ms/s
Note: 40MHz BW on X-Series (Opt B40) is also supported

Fall 2011
Synthetic approach and Modular wideband generation and analysis solutions
Fall 2011
Agilent Modular products provide the building blocks for creating wideband pulse measurement solutions
Wideband Stimulus Response measurement on radar modules
Hardware Example Agilent M9392A VSA

M9360A Attenuator/Preselector Module
Yig Tuned Filter Path BW 40MHz, 3-26.5GHz Through path 100 MHz-26.5GHz 70dB step attenuator Switches for signal routing to RF and Wave downconverters
M9351A Downconverter Module

Frequency Range = 100 MHz to 2.9 GHz IF center freq = 500MHz IF BW = 40MHz
M9302A LO Module
Supplies LO to downconverters Supplies 100MHz reference to digitizer for sampling clock generation
M9202A Digitizer / Digital IF Module

12 bit resolution 2GS/s max sample rate 1GHz max BW Hardware digital downconversion High speed data upload
M9361A Downconverter Module

Frequency Range = 2.75-26.5GHz IF center freq = 500MHz IF BW = 250MHz Aux input / switch for signal routing
Flexible, scalable and upgradeable solutions

Flexible
-Being able to serve multiple needs and is easily reconfigurable o Agilent VSA software can exist as a Digitizer only
Scaleable
-Being able to coordinate multiple instances of a measurement or subsystem o The Agilent M9210A Digitizers can be synchronized in to within one sample by using the concept of an ASBus. The ASBus connects the ADC sample clocks across multiple modules via a simple front panel adaptor
Upgradeable
-Being able to easily improve functionality or performance by replacing discrete modular components [includes customizable FPGA]
o Improving system performance by replacing individual modules
Current solutions and modular possibilities

oCurrent Solutions
-uW VSA and other useful system modules o M9392A
o M9392A + M9155C uW switch + M9362A-D01 + M9210A
o Modular Possibilities -Weve got LegoTM Bricks

o System integrators can now make far more flexible, cost effective systems at higher frequency. o With enough of the right component modules we can create solutions to suit any market
M9392A uW VSA
M9392A / M9362A-D01 Combined Hardware
M9362A-D01 Downconverter M9210A Digitizing Scope M9155C Switch
M9392A Streaming High Level Description

New New
New
New
New
M9392A Continuous, Gapless Data Streaming Enhancement Single channel, up to 100 MHz RF BW with a 12 bit IF Digitizer (M9202A) Reference COTS RAID solutions from JMR: PCIe x8 connection available today that allows guaranteed sustained data rates for today and future solutions Local capture to controller memory/disk for short duration capture (tens of seconds) Compatible with 89600B VSA software for off-line analysis Captured digitizer data format is open for customer analysis tools
100MHz Max RFBW
M9018A PXIe chassis M9392A: 50MHz to 26.5GHz Signal Analyzer M9036A Embedded Controller
M9021A and Y1202A PCIe x8 Gen 2 interface for high speed data transfer
M9392A Soft Front Panel (included with M9392A purchase)
OR
M9047A x8 desktop adapter
Integer I/Q data
Streaming Data Viewer (included with M9392A purchase)
89600B VSA Software
Dell T3500 External Controller
JMR storage solution
Page 114
M9392A Two Data Capture Models

M9392A: 50MHz to 26.5GHz Signal Analyzer
Stream to RAID
- RAID disk required - DMA from Digitizer to Controller RAM - Max RF BW: 100MHz - Use the RAM as a cache to adjust for disk latencies. - During capture, write to the RAID. - Useful for medium to long duration data capture minutes to hours depending on capture rate and storage size.
Stream to Controller
- RAID disk not required - DMA from Digitizer to Controller RAM - Max RF BW: 100MHz - Use the RAM to capture the complete signal - Write the captured data to the local disk drive - Useful for short duration data capture 10 to 20 seconds depending on the capture rate and controller RAM size.
JMR storage solution
See backup for more info

Company Confidential
Page 115
10/18/2011
Measurement Applications
Dual 800MHz channels measured with LabVIEW application
Full 800Mhz Chirp measured with the Agilent 89601B Application
Agilent Embedded Solutions Agilent Embedded Solutions
Embedded OEM Components

Design-In Solutions Based on Needs
The need: Unique high-speed data converter components designed into OEM customer products The answer: Low-risk, fast-to-market and cost effective solutions
Solutions Data converters (ADC/DAC)
Modular building blocks Configured systems
Onboard real-time processing, memory storage and data streaming Industry-standard interface PCI, PCIe, cPCI, PXI, VME/VXS Software and firmware toolkits OS support: VX Works, Linux, Windows, etc
Embedded OEM Components

Making Technologies Available to a Wide Number of Applications
ADC/DAC chipsets: Designed to optimize high-speed performance Analog front-end technology: Provides signal conditioning, amplification and interleaving functions essential to high-speed acquisition at GSa/s rates Digital data-handling components: Provide vital clock and sync signals; capture and memorize data with or without on-board processing; ensure maximum data throughput Together, these ASICS provide three key advantages:
Provide easy access to low-power, high-fidelity data acquisition Ensure maximum data throughput to host processor Reduce measurement time and cost
Embedded Digitizers
Agilent High Speed Data Converters

High-Speed
SR (MS/s) 100000 10000
Data Converters
Data Storage Data Processing
1000
Digitizers
Scopes
Many Vendors
Digitizer Signal Generator
Resolution 22 (bits)
100
10
.1
10
12
14
16
18
20
New Data Converters in FY10

PXI-H M9211A IF Digitizer 1ch, 3GHz, 10-bit, 4GS/s PXI-H M9210A Digitizing Scope 2ch, 1.4GHz, 10-bit, 2-4GS/s
PXIe M9202A IF Digitizer 1ch, 12-bit, 2GS/s Real Time Digital Down-Conversion for long duration recording
PXI-H M9330A AWG 2ch, 15-bit, 1.25GS/s PXI-H M9331A AWG 2ch, 10-bit, 1.25GS/s
Digitizer Technology
High-Speed Digitizers Categories
Digitizers
IF Digitizers
Digitizing Scopes
PXIe architecture
The PXIe platform is supporting one mezzanine:
On-board FPGA Virtex-6 FF1156 1 or 2 bank(s) of 512MBytes DDR3 SDRAM PCIe x4 (Gen1 first) Control bus Available with FDK Do not have optical links nor any inter FPGA serial links
Mezzanine Form Factor

The Mezzanine Form Factor concept provides:
Front End and Data Conversion Electronics Multi-Platform (AXIe / PXIe/ PCIe etc) Global Shielding for better Analog specifications Up to 125 Gb/s of data throughput to leverage future ADC/DAC implementation. Up to 9 different power supply rails. Up to 2 different sampling clocks (multiple channel) that could be directly connected on the mezzanine. Up to 4 channels (SMA Connector) per mezzanine
PXI-H M9211A High-Speed UWB IF Digitizer

1 Channel, 10-bit, 3GHz, 4GS/s
1Channel
3 GHz Bandwidth
10-bit resolution Up to 4 GS/s instantaneous sampling rate 1 slot 3U 50 input DC coupling Acquisition memory up to 256MSamples/channel
Multiple modules synchronization through frontpanel connector

100 MS/s data throughput Fully PXI-H compliant Soft Front Panel GUI
PXI-H M9210A High-Speed Digitizing Scope

2 Channels, 10-bit, 1.4GHz, 2-4GS/s
2 channels 10-bit resolution Up to 4 GS/s instantaneous sampling rate Selectable 50/1M input, selectable AC/DC coupling 1 slot 3U 1.4 GHz in 50 and 300 MHz in 1M instantaneous analogue bandwidth
Acquisition memory up to 256MSamples/channel

Multiple modules synchronization through frontpanel connector 100 MS/s data throughput
Soft Front Panel GUI
PXIe M9202A High-Speed IF Digitizer

1 Channel, 12-bit, 1 GHz, 2 GS/s Digitizer
1 Channel
12-bit resolution
Up to 2 GS/s instantaneous sampling rate 50 input 1 slot 3U 1 GHz in 50 AC coupling Acquisition memory up to 256MSamples/channel Digital Down-Conversion Core >300 MS/s data throughput Fully PXIe x4 Compliant
Soft Front Panel GUI
Key AXIe, VXI and PXIe Comparison

Feature Chassis base PCIe maximum data bandwidth (Maximum Gen 2.0): Single peripheral slot to backplane All peripheral slots to system slot/embedded controller PCIe fabric LAN backplane Local bus Triggers AXIe AdvancedTCA 2 GB/s 26 GB/s VXI VME 40-320 MB/s 40-320 MB/s PXIe cPCI/cPCIe 4 GB/s 8 GB/s
Yes Yes 18 pairs req 62 pairs opt Bidirectional Star Trigger 13 signal MLVDS bus
No No 12 separate lines 8 Signal TTL bus 2 ECL
Yes No 1 line (13 PXI) Star Trigger(1xTTL, 3x Diff per slot) 8 Signal TTL bus
Frequency Reference & Sync

Power per slot Board space per slot (higher density, flexibility)
100MHz, yes
200 W 900 cm2
10MHz, yes
75-100 W C size 782 cm2
10MHz, 100MHz, yes

30 W 160 cm2
Agilent AXIe Chassis Family

Flexibility and Scalability for Customer Applications Chassis Configurations
2 instrument slots (2U), 5 instrument slots (4U), 13 instrument slots (13U) System module communication (LAN, PCIe, USB) Gigabit LAN or PCIe x4 cabled IO and backplane fabric LAN connection to each AXIe module 1x4 2GB/s per slot backplane communication Flexible module triggering Standard interchassis synchronization
2 Slot Configuration
Oscilloscopes as ultra-wideband receiver
Fall 2011

(Substitute Logic Analyzer for the Radar Digital Signal Processor )
PA
COHO
STALO
LNA
Rx Protection
April 23, 2009
Measure the True Performance of Your Transmitter Directly with the 90000X 32 GHz Oscilloscope
90000 X-Series 32 GHz Oscilloscope
External HW Can Add: LO Phase Noise & Mixer Impairments ISI from RF/IF Filters Amplifier Gain/Phase Distortions
13
Agilent Infiniium 90000 X-Series Oscilloscopes

Engineered for true analog bandwidth that delivers
The highest measurement accuracy So you dont waste your jitter budget
A complete 30 GHz probing system So you get full bandwidth to the probe tip
The industrys most accurate RF scope So you can take advantage of Agilents RF expertise
32 GHz true analog bandwidth Industrys lowest oscilloscope noise floor Lowest real-time oscilloscope measurement jitter floor
Fully customized probe amplifier s-parameter correction Upgradeable Probing System
Analysis through the Ka band without the need for down conversion Full VSA performance Analysis built for wireless LAN, radar, satellite, and ultra wideband applications
Engineered for 32 GHz True Analog Bandwidth That Delivers

The industrys highest measurement accuracy
Bandwidth
Maximum Preamplifier Bandwidth DSP Boosting Frequency Interleave True Analog Bandwidth 16 GHz 16 GHz 32 GHz
Oscilloscope Bandwidth Spec

20 GHz 30 GHz 32 GHz
Market delivers high performance bandwidth 3 ways today

The highest measurement accuracy : industrys lowest noise floor
Frequency Interleaving
DSP Boosting
Innovative Chipset Designed in Agilents Proprietary Highspeed High-Voltage InP HBT Process
25 25
InP SHBT & GaAs

20 20
UM
BVceo (Volts)
15 15
InP DHBT
NGST GCS
Agilents Proprietary InP HBT Process Enabled by Unique HFTC GaAsSb Epi
Low noise and high measurement accuracy 2X usable voltage

Superior pulse distortion control, enhanced fidelity Significant margin in speed and linearity
Agilent HB2A
10 10
Agilent HB2B
Agilent & SFU Research NTT HRL
Si & SiGe
5 5
TRW
Lower noise operation in high frequency architectures
IBM
0 0 0 0 50 50
Jazz Hitachi
100 100
IBM HP8 St-9MW

200 200 250 250 300 300 350 350
IBM HP7
150 150
High Ft, BS vias, high resistivity substrates enable flatter response to higher frequencies Clear path to 300+ GHz
Ft (GHz)
Agilent Next Gen
True Analog Bandwidth that Delivers
The Highest Measurement Accuracy
The Evolution of the Infiniium Front End

Quasi-coax to ensure signal shielding
Industrys fastest preamplifier (32 GHz) Industrys fastest edge trigger chip (>20 GHz)
New Agilent proprietary packaging to ensure high bandwidth and low noise
New 32 GHz sampler with sample and filter technology
139

The highest measurement accuracy
What it takes to deliver:

An excellent IC process with high bandwidth capacity and low parasitic capacitance for low noise, customized for test for measurement IC package technology for isolation and reliability Pure signal path with other high performance components
Multi-Chip Module
20 GSa/s ADC Memory Controller
Memory
Technology investments deliver the highest measurement accuracy.
Agilent Infiniium 90000 X-Series Oscilloscopes

The highest measurement accuracy So you dont waste your jitter budget 32 GHz true analog bandwidth Industrys lowest oscilloscope noise floor Lowest real-time oscilloscope measurement jitter floor
A complete 30 GHz probing system So you get full bandwidth to the probe tip Fully customized probe amplifier s-parameter correction Upgradeable Probing System
The industrys most accurate RF scope So you can take advantage of Agilents RF expertise Analysis through the Ka band without the need for down conversion Full VSA performance Analysis built for wireless LAN, radar, satellite, and ultra wideband applications
Page 141
Example of Radar Pulse Measurements:

Test Setup Diagram
I/Q data via LAN, USB or GPIB
Marker Out Pulse mod. input
Modulation BW up to 2 GHz RF up to 44 GHz
90000X-Series Oscilloscope Up to 32 GHz of Bandwidth and 2GSa of Memory
81180A Up to 4.2 Gsa/s Sample Rate, 2 GHz I/Q Modulation Bandwith, 64 Msa Sample Memory
E8267D, Opt. 016, H18
Modulated RF/ uWave out
Differential I/Q Signals and External Reconstruction Filters

142
Using Segmented Memory to Optimize the Number of Radar Pulses Captured with 4 Gsa** Memory
X
Ignore the OFF Part of the Radar Pulse Capture Only the ON Part of the Radar Pulse
Resulting Segmented Memory to Optimize the Number of Radar Pulses Captured

Segment 1 Segment 2 Segment 3 Segment 4 Segment 5 Segment 6 Segment 7 Segment 8
** 90000X Memory is up to 4 GSa in Channel Mode (Only with Segmented Memory)
Copyright 2010 Agilent Technologies
Segmented Memory- Set Time Scale to Display the ON Part of the Radar Pulse
Adjust Time Scale to Only Display the ON Part of the Radar Pulse
Segmented Memory- Set the Number of Segments to Capture
Segmented Memory- Measure the Radar Pulse Parameters for Each Radar Pulse (Segment)
Scroll Through Each Segment to Measure: Pulse Width Rise Time Fall Time
Using the 89600A VSA with the 90000X Oscilloscope for Radar Measurements Scalar Measurements:
Pulse power
Vector Measurements:
FM modulation (FM-Chirp)
Flatness
Pulse overshoot Pulse width (PW)
Phase modulation (Barker Codes)

I-Q modulation Frequency pulling
Pulse repetition time (PRT/PRI)

Rise time Missing pulses
Frequency hopping
Pulse-to-pulse phase stability Channel-to-channel phase (up to 4)
Pulse-to-pulse amplitude stability

Multiple channel power (up to 4)
AM to PM distortion
Cross channel gain and phase
90000X Wideband LFM Chirp Measurement with 89600 VSA
90000X Wideband LFM Chirp Measurement with 89600 VSA
LFM Chirped Spectrum Centered at 10 GHz
Chirped Phase
2 GHz
Log Magnitude Envelope Amplitude vs. Time
2 GHz Chirped Frequency
6 us

(Phase Noise Test Systems Spurs, Pulsed AM/PM, AM Noise, Residual Noise, Absolute Phase Noise)
PA
COHO
STALO
LNA
Rx Protection
April 23, 2009
Markets requirements for Phase Noise Measurement

Absolute
Additive Pulsed
Low Offset Frequencies are very important

Customer supply their own Reference Devices Measurement of Low Level Spurs
Very Small RBW Measurement Speed
Phase Noise Performance may require Cross-Correlation Technique
Generic Radar Block Diagram (Component, Sub-systems, T/R Module Antenna Test)
PA
COHO
STALO
LNA
Rx Protection
April 23, 2009
More on phase noise and network analysis in

Microwave Components Characterization section
Fall 2011
BACKUP
Fall 2011
Handheld Spectrum Analyzers for Aerospace and Defense
Fall 2011
Aerospace Defense HSA Markets

Organizational Maintenance Flight Line Test Ship Board Maintenance and repair (Radar and Sat) Field Radar Maintenance (Army, Navy, Airforces) Field uW and Satellite Maintenance
Test Ranges FAA Radar, uW Links, Satellite Terrestrial point-to-point uW Links (I&M) IED Defeat Frequency Management Surveillance TEMPEST Satellite earth station I&M (VSAT) Police Doppler Radar Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (medical) Fluid Level Sensors (radar) Automatic Door / Motion Sensors (radar) R&D, Manufacturing
Fall 2011
Aerospace Defense HSA main advantages

Bench specification and performances Weight Weather resistance Security Battery life GPS Task planner Direct sunlight screen visibility
Fall 2011
Field Ready
This display is great. Its even easy to read in bright light
-customer comment
Fans can let in all kinds of contamination

-customer comment
Complies with MIL-PRF 28800F Class 2 Rugged and fanless design for tough field environment Industry first! Clear viewing both day and night with automatic LCD brightness control and keypad backlight Flexible remote control via USB/LAN connection
3~4 hours operation time
Industries longest!!!
Page 158
Fall 2011
Leveraging Agilent Cutting-Edge Technology

Its like having an ESA Spectrum Analyzer in a handheld.
-Customer Comment
Bench
Performance Broad applications
Algorithms / Components / sub-systems
Handheld
Portability Ease of use General purpose
Agilent Labs
Breakthrough Technology
Fall 2011
The ONLY Handheld with Built-In GPS Receiver & Antenna (Option GPS) This is just what we need for our frequency management site surveys
-customer comment
The only handheld SA with built-in GPS receiver and antenna to provide precise location information Longitude and latitude information viewable from the window bar on the top, and can be attached to trace files (both .trc and .csv file formats)
In addition, external GPS antenna connector available on the top panel
Fall 2011
Other Features
11-language support! Channel table Multi-trace 4 traces with different detectors Detector Positive peak, Negative peak, Normal, Sample, RMS Marker functions 6 markers Frequency counter Noise marker Band power AM/FM tuner Support Agilent active RF probe with built-in probe power connector PC remote control via LAN or USB Free Agilent HSA PC software
Remote control makes this a perfect fit for our frequency monitoring application
-customer comment
Fall 2011
Automated Field Measurements

Industrys first - Task Planner enables automation of routine tasks for speed and accuracy in the field
Spectrum monitoring and interference testing
Rich and powerful measurement features: power suite, built-in tracking generator, field strength, and more...
2 markers with freq, amplitude & time
Fall 2011
The ONLY Handheld to Protect your Data with Secure Erase (Option SEC)
Security is a top priority. The other Handheld SAs dont have this? Interesting!
-customer comment
Key requirement of A/D customers Erases the entire user memory chip to protect secure data
NISPOM Compliant
Low-level formatting and is unrecoverable
Fall 2011
Spectrum Monitor (Option SIM)

Wow! When can I get a demo unit. I need this now -customer comment
Monitor the spectrum with spectrogram
Spectrogram displays 3-dimensions of the spectrum: frequency, amplitude, and time Three display modes: spectrogram only, spectrum trace only, and dual-view
Spectrogram record and playback

Spectrogram record (7 GHz full span)
Update interval
1 second 10 seconds 30 seconds 300 seconds (5 minutes)
Recording time by one .trc file (1500 frames Max, 4 MB)

Approximately 38 minutes Approximately 4.5 hours Approximately 12.8 hours Approximately 5 days
Records spectrogram data to both internal memory and external USB memory stick and playback on instrument Record time depends on sweep interval After buffer fills, the oldest date is overwritten
See more details

Two markers available to display frequency, amplitude and time information Provides limit lines with pass/fail functionality Audio alert to indicate signal strength in a specified frequency range GPS information can be tagged to spectrogram data
Page 164
Fall 2011
Shielded for a Low EMI Signature

Your EMI performance is why you are here in our facility and not your competition
-customer comment
Fall 2011
High Accuracy Power Measurement with Agilent U2000 Series USB Power Sensor (Option PWM) It will be nice not having to lug a power meter up a pole
-customer comment
Support s Agilent U2000 Series power sensors Frequency range: 9 kHz to 24 GHz (sensor dependent)
Dynamic range: -60 dBm to +20 dBm

The user can set up, calibrate and control the power sensor via the N9343C/N9344C HSA 2 display modes: Meter or Chart. Limit function
Fall 2011
Make 2-Port Transmission Measurement with Built-in Tracking Generator (Option TG7)
Measure 2-port transmission of filter and amplifiers, e.g. insertion loss, amplifier gain and filter passband Frequency range: 5 MHz 7 GHz (tunable to 100 kHz) The tracking generator output level is adjustable (20 dBm to 0 dBm)
This is all I need for the field. Dragging out a bench top Network Analyzer is difficult
-customer comment
The more you can put in the box, the less instrumentation we have to carry, the better. -customer comment
Page 167
Fall 2011
Optional Ergonomic Backpack (Option SCC)

Having our hands free will really increase our safety.
-customer comment
Innovative ergonomic backpack system Three carrying methods for your choice True hands-free operation Plenty of room for accessories
Fall 2011

Radar EW Simulation and Analysis

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Radar EW Simulation and Analysis

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Electronic Warfare and Radar Applications

Electronic Measurements Group

October 18, 2011

Electronic Warfare and Radar applications

Introduction to Electronic Warfare

Radar EW Simulation and Analysis Page 3

EW includes three subdivisions:

Electronic Warfare Support (ES)

Radar EW Simulation and Analysis Page 4

Key Technology Enablers of Modern and Emerging RADAR Systems

Radar/EW Technology Drivers

Low Probability of Intercept

Improved Range Resolution

Software Defined Radar Systems

Radar EW Simulation and Analysis Page 7

April 23, 2009

Low Mobility Targeting

High Mobility Target

Low Mobility Target

High Resolution RADAR Systems

Good Impulse Response

Poor Impulse Response

Millimeter wave RADAR

Complexity and Level of Integration within T/R Modules

Emerging T/R Module

Active Feed Radiating Elements

Trends in the Radar and EW market

Modern radar systems increase the demand for mm wave technologies.

April 23, 2009

2011 Weapons Modernization Programs (Unclassified )

Naval Platforms Radar/EW/Surveillance

Missile Defense Radar/EW

Counter IED EW, COMINT

Radar EW Simulation and Analysis Page 14

Pulsed Radar Fundamentals

Spectrum of a Video Pulse Train

Radar EW Simulation and Analysis 17

Pulse Compression Radar

CHIRP (SPREAD SPECTRUM)

Waveform Exciter ( Digital Synthesizer)

SYNCHRONOUS I/Q DETECTOR Pulse Compression Filter( Correlation Filter)

900 MHz Wideband Measurements Page 18

Radar EW Simulation and Analysis

Radar EW Simulation and Analysis 20

Three PRF Modes for Pulse Doppler

Radar EW Simulation and Analysis 21

Radar Cross Section and Received Power Density

Power reradiated from the target is equal to T,

Radar EW Simulation and Analysis Page 22

Radar Cross Section of B-26 Bomber

Radar EW Simulation and Analysis Page 23

Radar Jammer Types

Radar EW Simulation and Analysis Page 24

Range Equation for the Jammer

Range Equation for the Jammer, Contd

And for the radar:

PT GT R Pj ( dBW ) G j ( dBi) 11dB 20 Log10 Rm PT ( dBW) GT ( dBi) In dB form: J S dB

If the jammer and radar range are equal, then

Antenna Pattern of a Typical Pencil-Beam Antenna Rectangular Aperture w/ Uniform Weighting

1st Side Lobe Level = -13.26

Side Lobe Roll Off

-40 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60

A Typical DECM Jammer Antenna

Radar EW Simulation and Analysis Page 28