Chapter 2

Relations and
Functions
Chapter 2.0
Cartesian Coordinate
System
Cross Product
Cross Product
( )
{ }
=
cross product of
Let and be nonempty sets.
The is a
, a
n
nd
d
A B
A B x y x A
B
y
A
B
Cartesian Coordinate System
Cartesian Coordinate System
( )
{ }
= Consider , and
Each ordered pair of real numbers is
associated with a point in a plane.
x y x y
Cartesian Coordinate System
( )
{ }
= Consider , and
Each ordered pair of real numbers is
associated with a point in a plane.
x y x y
Ordered Pairs
Ordered Pairs
( )

Consider an ordered pair , which is

associated with point .
gives the directed distance of from
the axis.
gives the directed distance of from
the axis.
x y
P
x P
y
y P
x
Ordered Pairs
( )

Consider an ordered pair , which is

associated with point .
gives the directed distance of from
the axis.
gives the directed distance of from
the axis.
x y
P
x P
y
y P
x
Ordered Pairs
( )

Consider an ordered pair , which is

associated with point .
gives the directed distance of from
the axis.
gives the directed distance of from
the axis.
x y
P
x P
y
y P
x
axis x
axis x
axis y
axis x
axis y
O
axis x
axis y
O
axis x
axis y
O
( )
, x y
axis x
axis y
O
( )
, x y
axis x
axis y
O
( )
, x y
x
axis x
axis y
O
( )
, x y
x
axis x
axis y
O
( )
, x y
x
y
( )
c
I
o
f
or
a po
dina
int ,
tes
then and are
the
abscissa
ordinat
of .
:
e :
P x y x y
P
x
y
=
( )
c
I
o
f
or
a po
dina
int ,
tes
then and are
the
abscissa
ordinat
of .
:
e :
P x y x y
P
x
y
=
( )
c
I
o
f
or
a po
dina
int ,
tes
then and are
the
abscissa
ordinat
of .
:
e :
P x y x y
P
x
y
=
Example 2.0.1
Example 2.0.1
( )
( )
( )

Plot the following points.

1. 2,7
2. 0, 1
3. 4, 6
4. : with abscissa 3
and ordinate 5
P
Q
R
S
Example 2.0.1
( )
( )
( )

Plot the following points.

1. 2,7
2. 0, 1
3. 4, 6
4. : with abscissa 3
and ordinate 5
P
Q
R
S
Example 2.0.1
( )
( )
( )

Plot the following points.

1. 2,7
2. 0, 1
3. 4, 6
4. : with abscissa 3
and ordinate 5
P
Q
R
S
Example 2.0.1
( )
( )
( )

Plot the following points.

1. 2,7
2. 0, 1
3. 4, 6
4. : with abscissa 3
and ordinate 5
P
Q
R
S
Example 2.0.1
( )
( )
( )

Plot the following points.

1. 2,7
2. 0, 1
3. 4, 6
4. : with abscissa 3
and ordinate 5
P
Q
R
S
Example 2.0.1
( )
( )
( )

Plot the following points.

1. 2,7
2. 0, 1
3. 4, 6
4. : with abscissa 3
and ordinate 5
P
Q
R
S
Example 2.0.1
( )
( )
( )

Plot the following points.

1. 2,7
2. 0, 1
3. 4, 6
4. : with abscissa 3
and ordinate 5
P
Q
R
S
Example 2.0.1
( )
( )
( )

Plot the following points.

1. 2,7
2. 0, 1
3. 4, 6
4. : with abscissa 3
and ordinate 5
P
Q
R
S
Example 2.0.1
( )
( )
( )

Plot the following points.

1. 2,7
2. 0, 1
3. 4, 6
4. : with abscissa 3
and ordinate 5
P
Q
R
S
Example 2.0.1
( )
( )
( )

Plot the following points.

1. 2,7
2. 0, 1
3. 4, 6
4. : with abscissa 3
and ordinate 5
P
Q
R
S
Example 2.0.1
( )
( )
( )

Plot the following points.

1. 2,7
2. 0, 1
3. 4, 6
4. : with abscissa 3
and ordinate 5
P
Q
R
S
Example 2.0.1
( )
( )
( )

Plot the following points.

1. 2,7
2. 0, 1
3. 4, 6
4. : with abscissa 3
and ordinate 5
P
Q
R
S
Example 2.0.1
( )
( )
( )

Plot the following points.

1. 2,7
2. 0, 1
3. 4, 6
4. : with abscissa 3
and ordinate 5
P
Q
R
S
Example 2.0.1
( )
( )
( )

Plot the following points.

1. 2,7
2. 0, 1
3. 4, 6
4. : with abscissa 3
and ordinate 5
P
Q
R
S
( )
2,7 P
Example 2.0.1
( )
( )
( )

Plot the following points.

1. 2,7
2. 0, 1
3. 4, 6
4. : with abscissa 3
and ordinate 5
P
Q
R
S
( )
2,7 P
Example 2.0.1
( )
( )
( )

Plot the following points.

1. 2,7
2. 0, 1
3. 4, 6
4. : with abscissa 3
and ordinate 5
P
Q
R
S
( )
2,7 P
Example 2.0.1
( )
( )
( )

Plot the following points.

1. 2,7
2. 0, 1
3. 4, 6
4. : with abscissa 3
and ordinate 5
P
Q
R
S
( )
2,7 P
Example 2.0.1
( )
( )
( )

Plot the following points.

1. 2,7
2. 0, 1
3. 4, 6
4. : with abscissa 3
and ordinate 5
P
Q
R
S
( )
2,7 P
( )
0, 1 Q
Example 2.0.1
( )
( )
( )

Plot the following points.

1. 2,7
2. 0, 1
3. 4, 6
4. : with abscissa 3
and ordinate 5
P
Q
R
S
( )
2,7 P
( )
0, 1 Q
Example 2.0.1
( )
( )
( )

Plot the following points.

1. 2,7
2. 0, 1
3. 4, 6
4. : with abscissa 3
and ordinate 5
P
Q
R
S
( )
2,7 P
( )
0, 1 Q
Example 2.0.1
( )
( )
( )

Plot the following points.

1. 2,7
2. 0, 1
3. 4, 6
4. : with abscissa 3
and ordinate 5
P
Q
R
S
( )
2,7 P
( )
0, 1 Q
Example 2.0.1
( )
( )
( )

Plot the following points.

1. 2,7
2. 0, 1
3. 4, 6
4. : with abscissa 3
and ordinate 5
P
Q
R
S
( )
2,7 P
( )
0, 1 Q
Example 2.0.1
( )
( )
( )

Plot the following points.

1. 2,7
2. 0, 1
3. 4, 6
4. : with abscissa 3
and ordinate 5
P
Q
R
S
( )
2,7 P
( )
0, 1 Q
Example 2.0.1
( )
( )
( )

Plot the following points.

1. 2,7
2. 0, 1
3. 4, 6
4. : with abscissa 3
and ordinate 5
P
Q
R
S
( )
2,7 P
( )
0, 1 Q
Example 2.0.1
( )
( )
( )

Plot the following points.

1. 2,7
2. 0, 1
3. 4, 6
4. : with abscissa 3
and ordinate 5
P
Q
R
S
( )
2,7 P
( )
0, 1 Q
Example 2.0.1
( )
( )
( )

Plot the following points.

1. 2,7
2. 0, 1
3. 4, 6
4. : with abscissa 3
and ordinate 5
P
Q
R
S
( )
2,7 P
( )
0, 1 Q
Example 2.0.1
( )
( )
( )

Plot the following points.

1. 2,7
2. 0, 1
3. 4, 6
4. : with abscissa 3
and ordinate 5
P
Q
R
S
( )
2,7 P
( )
0, 1 Q
Example 2.0.1
( )
( )
( )

Plot the following points.

1. 2,7
2. 0, 1
3. 4, 6
4. : with abscissa 3
and ordinate 5
P
Q
R
S
( )
2,7 P
( )
0, 1 Q
Example 2.0.1
( )
( )
( )

Plot the following points.

1. 2,7
2. 0, 1
3. 4, 6
4. : with abscissa 3
and ordinate 5
P
Q
R
S
( )
2,7 P
( )
0, 1 Q
Example 2.0.1
( )
( )
( )

Plot the following points.

1. 2,7
2. 0, 1
3. 4, 6
4. : with abscissa 3
and ordinate 5
P
Q
R
S
( )
2,7 P
( )
0, 1 Q
( )
4, 6 R
Example 2.0.1
( )
( )
( )

Plot the following points.

1. 2,7
2. 0, 1
3. 4, 6
4. : with abscissa 3
and ordinate 5
P
Q
R
S
( )
2,7 P
( )
0, 1 Q
( )
4, 6 R
Example 2.0.1
( )
( )
( )

Plot the following points.

1. 2,7
2. 0, 1
3. 4, 6
4. : with abscissa 3
and ordinate 5
P
Q
R
S
( )
2,7 P
( )
0, 1 Q
( )
4, 6 R
Example 2.0.1
( )
( )
( )

Plot the following points.

1. 2,7
2. 0, 1
3. 4, 6
4. : with abscissa 3
and ordinate 5
P
Q
R
S
( )
2,7 P
( )
0, 1 Q
( )
4, 6 R
( )
3,5 S
Quadrants
Quadrants
Quadrants
Quadrants
1st quadrant
Quadrants
1st quadrant 2nd Quadrant
Quadrants
1st quadrant 2nd Quadrant
3rd Quadrant
Quadrants
1st quadrant 2nd Quadrant
3rd Quadrant
4th Quadrant
Distance Formula
Distance Formula
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
= +
1 1 2 2
2 2
2 1 2 1
The distance between two points
, and , is given by P x y Q x y
PQ x x y y
Midpoint
Midpoint
( )
( )
+ +
| |
|
\ .
1 1
2 2
1 2 1 2
The midpoint of a line segment
between two points , and
, is
,
2 2
P x y
Q x y
x x y y
Slope
Slope
( ) ( )

1 1 2 2
2 1
2 1
The slope of the line containing
, and , is P x y Q x y
y y
m
x x
Example 2.0.2
Example 2.0.2
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )( )

= +
= +
=
=
=
2 2
Given 2,7 and 2, 3 ,
1. find the distance between and .
2 2 7 3
16 100
116
4 29
2 29
P Q
P Q
PQ
Example 2.0.2
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )( )

= +
= +
=
=
=
2 2
Given 2,7 and 2, 3 ,
1. find the distance between and .
2 2 7 3
16 100
116
4 29
2 29
P Q
P Q
PQ
Example 2.0.2
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )( )

= +
= +
=
=
=
2 2
Given 2,7 and 2, 3 ,
1. find the distance between and .
2 2 7 3
16 100
116
4 29
2 29
P Q
P Q
PQ
Example 2.0.2
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )( )

= +
= +
=
=
=
2 2
Given 2,7 and 2, 3 ,
1. find the distance between and .
2 2 7 3
16 100
116
4 29
2 29
P Q
P Q
PQ
Example 2.0.2
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )( )

= +
= +
=
=
=
2 2
Given 2,7 and 2, 3 ,
1. find the distance between and .
2 2 7 3
16 100
116
4 29
2 29
P Q
P Q
PQ
Example 2.0.2
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )( )

= +
= +
=
=
=
2 2
Given 2,7 and 2, 3 ,
1. find the distance between and .
2 2 7 3
16 100
116
4 29
2 29
P Q
P Q
PQ
Example 2.0.2
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )( )

= +
= +
=
=
=
2 2
Given 2,7 and 2, 3 ,
1. find the distance between and .
2 2 7 3
16 100
116
4 29
2 29
P Q
P Q
PQ
Example 2.0.2
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )( )

= +
= +
=
=
=
2 2
Given 2,7 and 2, 3 ,
1. find the distance between and .
2 2 7 3
16 100
116
4 29
2 29
P Q
P Q
PQ
Example 2.0.2
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )( )

= +
= +
=
=
=
2 2
Given 2,7 and 2, 3 ,
1. find the distance between and .
2 2 7 3
16 100
116
4 29
2 29
P Q
P Q
PQ
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )

+ + | |
=
|
\ .
Given 2,7 and 2, 3 ,
2. find the midpoint of the segment
joining and .
2 2 7 3
, 0,2
2 2
P Q
P Q
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )

+ + | |
=
|
\ .
Given 2,7 and 2, 3 ,
2. find the midpoint of the segment
joining and .
2 2 7 3
, 0,2
2 2
P Q
P Q
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )

+ + | |
=
|
\ .
Given 2,7 and 2, 3 ,
2. find the midpoint of the segment
joining and .
2 2 7 3
, 0,2
2 2
P Q
P Q
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )

+ + | |
=
|
\ .
Given 2,7 and 2, 3 ,
2. find the midpoint of the segment
joining and .
2 2 7 3
, 0,2
2 2
P Q
P Q
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )

+ + | |
=
|
\ .
Given 2,7 and 2, 3 ,
2. find the midpoint of the segment
joining and .
2 2 7 3
, 0,2
2 2
P Q
P Q
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )

+ + | |
=
|
\ .
Given 2,7 and 2, 3 ,
2. find the midpoint of the segment
joining and .
2 2 7 3
, 0,2
2 2
P Q
P Q
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )

+ + | |
=
|
\ .
Given 2,7 and 2, 3 ,
2. find the midpoint of the segment
joining and .
2 2 7 3
, 0,2
2 2
P Q
P Q
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )

+ + | |
=
|
\ .
Given 2,7 and 2, 3 ,
2. find the midpoint of the segment
joining and .
2 2 7 3
, 0,2
2 2
P Q
P Q
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )

+ + | |
=
|
\ .
Given 2,7 and 2, 3 ,
2. find the midpoint of the segment
joining and .
2 2 7 3
, 0,2
2 2
P Q
P Q
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )

+ + | |
=
|
\ .
Given 2,7 and 2, 3 ,
2. find the midpoint of the segment
joining and .
2 2 7 3
, 0,2
2 2
P Q
P Q
( ) ( )
Given 2,7 and 2, 3 ,
3. determine the slope of the lines
joining and .
3 7 10 5
2 2 4 2
P Q
P Q
m


= = =

( ) ( )
Given 2,7 and 2, 3 ,
3. determine the slope of the lines
joining and .
3 7 10 5
2 2 4 2
P Q
P Q
m


= = =

( ) ( )
Given 2,7 and 2, 3 ,
3. determine the slope of the lines
joining and .
3 7 10 5
2 2 4 2
P Q
P Q
m


= = =

( ) ( )
Given 2,7 and 2, 3 ,
3. determine the slope of the lines
joining and .
3 7 10 5
2 2 4 2
P Q
P Q
m


= = =

( ) ( )
Given 2,7 and 2, 3 ,
3. determine the slope of the lines
joining and .
3 7 10 5
2 2 4 2
P Q
P Q
m


= = =

( ) ( )
Given 2,7 and 2, 3 ,
3. determine the slope of the lines
joining and .
3 7 10 5
2 2 4 2
P Q
P Q
m


= = =

Exercises
Exercises
Answer odd-numbered items in Leithold
Exerise 3.1, page 141-142.
Check your answers on A-39.
Chapter 2.1
Relations
Relation
Relation
relation from to
Let and be nonempty sets.
A is any
nonempty subset of .
A B
A
A
A B
B
S
S B

Relation
relation from to
Let and be nonempty sets.
A is any
nonempty subset of .
A B
A
A
A B
B
S
S B

Relation in
Relation in

A relation in is any non-empty
subset of .
Example 2.1.1
Example 2.1.1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
{ }
=

1,1 , 2,4 , 3,9 , 4,16 , 5,25
is a relation from to .
S
Example 2.1.1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
{ }
=

1,1 , 2,4 , 3,9 , 4,16 , 5,25
is a relation from to .
S
Example 2.1.1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
{ }
=

1,1 , 2,4 , 3,9 , 4,16 , 5,25
is a relation from to .
S
1
2
3
4
5
Example 2.1.1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
{ }
=

1,1 , 2,4 , 3,9 , 4,16 , 5,25
is a relation from to .
S
1
2
3
4
5
1
4
9
16
25
Example 2.1.1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
{ }
=

1,1 , 2,4 , 3,9 , 4,16 , 5,25
is a relation from to .
S
1
2
3
4
5
1
4
9
16
25
Example 2.1.1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
{ }
=

1,1 , 2,4 , 3,9 , 4,16 , 5,25
is a relation from to .
S
1
2
3
4
5
1
4
9
16
25
Example 2.1.1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
{ }
=

1,1 , 2,4 , 3,9 , 4,16 , 5,25
is a relation from to .
S
1
2
3
4
5
1
4
9
16
25
Example 2.1.1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
{ }
=

1,1 , 2,4 , 3,9 , 4,16 , 5,25
is a relation from to .
S
1
2
3
4
5
1
4
9
16
25
Example 2.1.1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
{ }
=

1,1 , 2,4 , 3,9 , 4,16 , 5,25
is a relation from to .
S
1
2
3
4
5
1
4
9
16
25
A relation can also be described by
equations and inequalities.
Example 2.1.2
Example 2.1.2
( )
{ }

= =
=

2
2
, is a relation from the set
of nonegative real numbers to .
can also
independent va
be describ
riable
ed by
is the
i dep s the endent variable
T r A A r
T A r
r
A
Example 2.1.2
( )
{ }

= =
=

2
2
, is a relation from the set
of nonegative real numbers to .
can also
independent va
be describ
riable
ed by
is the
i dep s the endent variable
T r A A r
T A r
r
A
Example 2.1.2
( )
{ }

= =
=

2
2
, is a relation from the set
of nonegative real numbers to .
can also
independent va
be describ
riable
ed by
is the
i dep s the endent variable
T r A A r
T A r
r
A
Example 2.1.2
( )
{ }

= =
=

2
2
, is a relation from the set
of nonegative real numbers to .
can also
independent va
be describ
riable
ed by
is the
i dep s the endent variable
T r A A r
T A r
r
A
Example 2.1.2
( )
{ }

= =
=

2
2
, is a relation from the set
of nonegative real numbers to .
can also
independent va
be describ
riable
ed by
is the
i dep s the endent variable
T r A A r
T A r
r
A
Example 2.1.2
( )
{ }

= =
=

2
2
, is a relation from the set
of nonegative real numbers to .
can also
independent va
be describ
riable
ed by
is the
i dep s the endent variable
T r A A r
T A r
r
A
Example 2.1.2
( )
{ }

= =
=

2
2
, is a relation from the set
of nonegative real numbers to .
can also
independent va
be describ
riable
ed by
is the
i dep s the endent variable
T r A A r
T A r
r
A
Example 2.1.3
Example 2.1.3
( )
{ }
( )
{ }
( )
{ }
( )
{ }
= =
= =
= >
= =

1
2
2
3
2
4
Following are relations from to .
1. , 2 5
2. ,
3. , 3
4. , 4 1
r x y y x
r x y y x
r x y y x
r x y x y
Example 2.1.3
( )
{ }
( )
{ }
( )
{ }
( )
{ }
= =
= =
= >
= =

1
2
2
3
2
4
Following are relations from to .
1. , 2 5
2. ,
3. , 3
4. , 4 1
r x y y x
r x y y x
r x y y x
r x y x y
Example 2.1.3
( )
{ }
( )
{ }
( )
{ }
( )
{ }
= =
= =
= >
= =

1
2
2
3
2
4
Following are relations from to .
1. , 2 5
2. ,
3. , 3
4. , 4 1
r x y y x
r x y y x
r x y y x
r x y x y
Example 2.1.3
( )
{ }
( )
{ }
( )
{ }
( )
{ }
= =
= =
= >
= =

1
2
2
3
2
4
Following are relations from to .
1. , 2 5
2. ,
3. , 3
4. , 4 1
r x y y x
r x y y x
r x y y x
r x y x y
Example 2.1.3
( )
{ }
( )
{ }
( )
{ }
( )
{ }
= =
= =
= >
= =

1
2
2
3
2
4
Following are relations from to .
1. , 2 5
2. ,
3. , 3
4. , 4 1
r x y y x
r x y y x
r x y y x
r x y x y
Domain
Domain
( )
The of a relation : , denoted
by , is the set containing all the first
members of the or
dom
dered pai s
a
r .
in r A B
Dom r
Range
Range
( )
The of , denoted by is
the set containing all the second
members of the ordered pa
r
i
a
rs i
e
n .
ng r Rng r
r
Example 2.1.4
Example 2.1.4
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
( ) { }
( ) { }
=
=
=
Identify the domain and range of the
relation
1,1 , 2,4 , 3,9 , 4,16 , 5,25
1,2,3,4,5
1,4,9,16,25
S
Dom S
Rng S
Example 2.1.4
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
( ) { }
( ) { }
=
=
=
Identify the domain and range of the
relation
1,1 , 2,4 , 3,9 , 4,16 , 5,25
1,2,3,4,5
1,4,9,16,25
S
Dom S
Rng S
Example 2.1.4
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
( ) { }
( ) { }
=
=
=
Identify the domain and range of the
relation
1,1 , 2,4 , 3,9 , 4,16 , 5,25
1,2,3,4,5
1,4,9,16,25
S
Dom S
Rng S
Example 2.1.4
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
( ) { }
( ) { }
=
=
=
Identify the domain and range of the
relation
1,1 , 2,4 , 3,9 , 4,16 , 5,25
1,2,3,4,5
1,4,9,16,25
S
Dom S
Rng S
Example 2.1.4
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
( ) { }
( ) { }
=
=
=
Identify the domain and range of the
relation
1,1 , 2,4 , 3,9 , 4,16 , 5,25
1,2,3,4,5
1,4,9,16,25
S
Dom S
Rng S
Domain and Range
Domain and Range
The domain is the set of all
values of the independent variable
permisible
resulting
.
The range is the set of all
values of the dependent variable.
Domain and Range
The domain is the set of all
values of the independent variable
permisible
resulting
.
The range is the set of all
values of the dependent variable.
Example 2.1.5
Example 2.1.5
( )
{ }
( )
( )
= = +
=
=

Identify the domain and range of the

following relations.
1. , 2 1 S x y y x
Dom S
Rng S
Example 2.1.5
( )
{ }
( )
( )
= = +
=
=

Identify the domain and range of the

following relations.
1. , 2 1 S x y y x
Dom S
Rng S
Example 2.1.5
( )
{ }
( )
( )
= = +
=
=

Identify the domain and range of the

following relations.
1. , 2 1 S x y y x
Dom S
Rng S
( )
{ }
( )
( ) | )
( )
{ }
( )
( ) | )
= =
=
= +
= = +
=
= +

2
2
2. ,
0,
3. , 4
4,
T x y y x
Dom T
Rng T
U x y y x
Dom U
Rng U
( )
{ }
( )
( ) | )
( )
{ }
( )
( ) | )
= =
=
= +
= = +
=
= +

2
2
2. ,
0,
3. , 4
4,
T x y y x
Dom T
Rng T
U x y y x
Dom U
Rng U
( )
{ }
( )
( ) | )
( )
{ }
( )
( ) | )
= =
=
= +
= = +
=
= +

2
2
2. ,
0,
3. , 4
4,
T x y y x
Dom T
Rng T
U x y y x
Dom U
Rng U
( )
{ }
( )
( ) | )
( )
{ }
( )
( ) | )
= =
=
= +
= = +
=
= +

2
2
2. ,
0,
3. , 4
4,
T x y y x
Dom T
Rng T
U x y y x
Dom U
Rng U
( )
{ }
( )
( ) | )
( )
{ }
( )
( ) | )
= =
=
= +
= = +
=
= +

2
2
2. ,
0,
3. , 4
4,
T x y y x
Dom T
Rng T
U x y y x
Dom U
Rng U
( )
{ }
( )
( ) | )
( )
{ }
( )
( ) | )
= =
=
= +
= = +
=
= +

2
2
2. ,
0,
3. , 4
4,
T x y y x
Dom T
Rng T
U x y y x
Dom U
Rng U
( )
( ) { }
( ) { }
( )
{ }
( ) | )
( ) | )

= =
`

)
=
=
= =
= +
= +

2
4. ,
1
1
0
5. , 1
1 0 1,
1 0,
V x y y
x
Dom V
Rng V
W x y y x
x Dom W
x Rng W
( )
( ) { }
( ) { }
( )
{ }
( ) | )
( ) | )

= =
`

)
=
=
= =
= +
= +

2
4. ,
1
1
0
5. , 1
1 0 1,
1 0,
V x y y
x
Dom V
Rng V
W x y y x
x Dom W
x Rng W
( )
( ) { }
( ) { }
( )
{ }
( ) | )
( ) | )

= =
`

)
=
=
= =
= +
= +

2
4. ,
1
1
0
5. , 1
1 0 1,
1 0,
V x y y
x
Dom V
Rng V
W x y y x
x Dom W
x Rng W
( )
( ) { }
( ) { }
( )
{ }
( ) | )
( ) | )

= =
`

)
=
=
= =
= +
= +

2
4. ,
1
1
0
5. , 1
1 0 1,
1 0,
V x y y
x
Dom V
Rng V
W x y y x
x Dom W
x Rng W
( )
( ) { }
( ) { }
( )
{ }
( ) | )
( ) | )

= =
`

)
=
=
= =
= +
= +

2
4. ,
1
1
0
5. , 1
1 0 1,
1 0,
V x y y
x
Dom V
Rng V
W x y y x
x Dom W
x Rng W
( )
( ) { }
( ) { }
( )
{ }
( ) | )
( ) | )

= =
`

)
=
=
= =
= +
= +

2
4. ,
1
1
0
5. , 1
1 0 1,
1 0,
V x y y
x
Dom V
Rng V
W x y y x
x Dom W
x Rng W
( )
( ) { }
( ) { }
( )
{ }
( ) | )
( ) | )

= =
`

)
=
=
= =
= +
= +

2
4. ,
1
1
0
5. , 1
1 0 1,
1 0,
V x y y
x
Dom V
Rng V
W x y y x
x Dom W
x Rng W
( )
( ) { }
( ) { }
( )
{ }
( ) | )
( ) | )

= =
`

)
=
=
= =
= +
= +

2
4. ,
1
1
0
5. , 1
1 0 1,
1 0,
V x y y
x
Dom V
Rng V
W x y y x
x Dom W
x Rng W
( )
{ }
( ) | )
( )
( )
{ }
( )
( ) | )
= =
= = +
=
= = +
=
= +

2
6. ,
0,
0
7. , 2 3
0,
X x y x y
y x Dom X
x Rng X
Y x y y x
Dom Y
Rng Y
( )
{ }
( ) | )
( )
( )
{ }
( )
( ) | )
= =
= = +
=
= = +
=
= +

2
6. ,
0,
0
7. , 2 3
0,
X x y x y
y x Dom X
x Rng X
Y x y y x
Dom Y
Rng Y
( )
{ }
( ) | )
( )
( )
{ }
( )
( ) | )
= =
= = +
=
= = +
=
= +

2
6. ,
0,
0
7. , 2 3
0,
X x y x y
y x Dom X
x Rng X
Y x y y x
Dom Y
Rng Y
( )
{ }
( ) | )
( )
( )
{ }
( )
( ) | )
= =
= = +
=
= = +
=
= +

2
6. ,
0,
0
7. , 2 3
0,
X x y x y
y x Dom X
x Rng X
Y x y y x
Dom Y
Rng Y
( )
{ }
( ) | )
( )
( )
{ }
( )
( ) | )
= =
= = +
=
= = +
=
= +

2
6. ,
0,
0
7. , 2 3
0,
X x y x y
y x Dom X
x Rng X
Y x y y x
Dom Y
Rng Y
( )
{ }
( ) | )
( )
( )
{ }
( )
( ) | )
= =
= = +
=
= = +
=
= +

2
6. ,
0,
0
7. , 2 3
0,
X x y x y
y x Dom X
x Rng X
Y x y y x
Dom Y
Rng Y
( )
{ }
( ) | )
( )
( )
{ }
( )
( ) | )
= =
= = +
=
= = +
=
= +

2
6. ,
0,
0
7. , 2 3
0,
X x y x y
y x Dom X
x Rng X
Y x y y x
Dom Y
Rng Y
( )
{ }
( ) | )
( )
( )
{ }
( )
( ) | )
= =
= = +
=
= = +
=
= +

2
6. ,
0,
0
7. , 2 3
0,
X x y x y
y x Dom X
x Rng X
Y x y y x
Dom Y
Rng Y
( )
{ }
( )
( ) | )
( )
{ }
( ) | )
( ) ( |
= =
=
= +
= =

= +
=

8. , 5 4
4,
9. , 5
0
0,
,5
Z x y y x
Dom Z
Rng Z
A x y y x
x
Dom A
Rng A
( )
{ }
( )
( ) | )
( )
{ }
( ) | )
( ) ( |
= =
=
= +
= =

= +
=

8. , 5 4
4,
9. , 5
0
0,
,5
Z x y y x
Dom Z
Rng Z
A x y y x
x
Dom A
Rng A
( )
{ }
( )
( ) | )
( )
{ }
( ) | )
( ) ( |
= =
=
= +
= =

= +
=

8. , 5 4
4,
9. , 5
0
0,
,5
Z x y y x
Dom Z
Rng Z
A x y y x
x
Dom A
Rng A
( )
{ }
( )
( ) | )
( )
{ }
( ) | )
( ) ( |
= =
=
= +
= =

= +
=

8. , 5 4
4,
9. , 5
0
0,
,5
Z x y y x
Dom Z
Rng Z
A x y y x
x
Dom A
Rng A
( )
{ }
( )
( ) | )
( )
{ }
( ) | )
( ) ( |
= =
=
= +
= =

= +
=

8. , 5 4
4,
9. , 5
0
0,
,5
Z x y y x
Dom Z
Rng Z
A x y y x
x
Dom A
Rng A
( )
{ }
( )
( ) | )
( )
{ }
( ) | )
( ) ( |
= =
=
= +
= =

= +
=

8. , 5 4
4,
9. , 5
0
0,
,5
Z x y y x
Dom Z
Rng Z
A x y y x
x
Dom A
Rng A
( )
{ }
( )
( ) | )
( )
{ }
( ) | )
( ) ( |
= =
=
= +
= =

= +
=

8. , 5 4
4,
9. , 5
0
0,
,5
Z x y y x
Dom Z
Rng Z
A x y y x
x
Dom A
Rng A
Graph of a Relation
Graph of a Relation
( )
The is the set
of all points , in a coordinate plane
such that is related to
graph of a re
through
l
t
a
h
t
e
relati
n

io
on .
x y
x y
r
r
Intercepts
Intercepts
is a point where the graph
of a relation crosses the axis.
is a point where the graph
of
i
a
nt
r
erce
elat
pt
in
ion crosses the axis.
tercept
x
y
x
y

Intercepts
is a point where the graph
of a relation crosses the axis.
is a point where the graph
of
i
a
nt
r
erce
elat
pt
in
ion crosses the axis.
tercept
x
y
x
y

Example 2.1.6
Example 2.1.6
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2
2
Find the and intercepts of
1
intercept: 1,0 , 1,0
if 0, 1
1
intercept: 0,1 , 0, 1
if 0, 1
1
x y
x y
x
y x
x
y
x y
y

+ =

= =
=

= =
=
Example 2.1.6
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2
2
Find the and intercepts of
1
intercept: 1,0 , 1,0
if 0, 1
1
intercept: 0,1 , 0, 1
if 0, 1
1
x y
x y
x
y x
x
y
x y
y

+ =

= =
=

= =
=
Example 2.1.6
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2
2
Find the and intercepts of
1
intercept: 1,0 , 1,0
if 0, 1
1
intercept: 0,1 , 0, 1
if 0, 1
1
x y
x y
x
y x
x
y
x y
y

+ =

= =
=

= =
=
Example 2.1.6
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2
2
Find the and intercepts of
1
intercept: 1,0 , 1,0
if 0, 1
1
intercept: 0,1 , 0, 1
if 0, 1
1
x y
x y
x
y x
x
y
x y
y

+ =

= =
=

= =
=
Example 2.1.6
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2
2
Find the and intercepts of
1
intercept: 1,0 , 1,0
if 0, 1
1
intercept: 0,1 , 0, 1
if 0, 1
1
x y
x y
x
y x
x
y
x y
y

+ =

= =
=

= =
=
Example 2.1.6
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2
2
Find the and intercepts of
1
intercept: 1,0 , 1,0
if 0, 1
1
intercept: 0,1 , 0, 1
if 0, 1
1
x y
x y
x
y x
x
y
x y
y

+ =

= =
=

= =
=
Example 2.1.6
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2
2
Find the and intercepts of
1
intercept: 1,0 , 1,0
if 0, 1
1
intercept: 0,1 , 0, 1
if 0, 1
1
x y
x y
x
y x
x
y
x y
y

+ =

= =
=

= =
=
Example 2.1.6
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2
2
Find the and intercepts of
1
intercept: 1,0 , 1,0
if 0, 1
1
intercept: 0,1 , 0, 1
if 0, 1
1
x y
x y
x
y x
x
y
x y
y

+ =

= =
=

= =
=
Example 2.1.6
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2
2
Find the and intercepts of
1
intercept: 1,0 , 1,0
if 0, 1
1
intercept: 0,1 , 0, 1
if 0, 1
1
x y
x y
x
y x
x
y
x y
y

+ =

= =
=

= =
=
Example 2.1.6
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2
2
Find the and intercepts of
1
intercept: 1,0 , 1,0
if 0, 1
1
intercept: 0,1 , 0, 1
if 0, 1
1
x y
x y
x
y x
x
y
x y
y

+ =

= =
=

= =
=
Example 2.1.6
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2
2
Find the and intercepts of
1
intercept: 1,0 , 1,0
if 0, 1
1
intercept: 0,1 , 0, 1
if 0, 1
1
x y
x y
x
y x
x
y
x y
y

+ =

= =
=

= =
=
Example 2.1.6
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2
2
Find the and intercepts of
1
intercept: 1,0 , 1,0
if 0, 1
1
intercept: 0,1 , 0, 1
if 0, 1
1
x y
x y
x
y x
x
y
x y
y

+ =

= =
=

= =
=
Example 2.1.6
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2
2
Find the and intercepts of
1
intercept: 1,0 , 1,0
if 0, 1
1
intercept: 0,1 , 0, 1
if 0, 1
1
x y
x y
x
y x
x
y
x y
y

+ =

= =
=

= =
=
Lines
Lines
( )
( )
: passing through ,0 vertical line
horizontal lin
.
: passing through , e 0 .
x a a
y a a
=
=
Lines
( )
( )
: passing through ,0 vertical line
horizontal lin
.
: passing through , e 0 .
x a a
y a a
=
=
Lines
( )
( )
: passing through ,0 vertical line
horizontal lin
.
: passing through , e 0 .
x a a
y a a
=
=
Lines
( )
( )
: passing through ,0 vertical line
horizontal lin
.
: passing through , e 0 .
x a a
y a a
=
=
Example 2.1.7
Example 2.1.7
Sketch the graph of
1. 3 y =
Example 2.1.7
Sketch the graph of
1. 3 y =
Example 2.1.7
Sketch the graph of
1. 3 y =
Example 2.1.7
Sketch the graph of
1. 3 y =
Example 2.1.7
Sketch the graph of
1. 3 y =
Example 2.1.7
Sketch the graph of
1. 3 y =
Example 2.1.7
Sketch the graph of
1. 3 y =
Example 2.1.7
Sketch the graph of
1. 3 y =
3 y =
2. 2 x =
2. 2 x =
2. 2 x =
2. 2 x =
2. 2 x =
2. 2 x =
2. 2 x =
2 x =
Lines
Lines
If the defining equation of a relation
is both linear in and , the
linear relatio
relation
is called a and its graph
is a
n
straight l e. in
x y
Example 2.1.8
Example 2.1.8
( )
( )
Identify the and intercepts and
sketch the graph of 2 5.
5
intercept: ,0
2
if 0: 0 2 5
5
2
intercept: 0,5
if 0: 2 0 5
5
x y
y x
x
y x
x
y
x y
y

= +
| |

|
\ .
= = +
=

= = +
=
Example 2.1.8
( )
( )
Identify the and intercepts and
sketch the graph of 2 5.
5
intercept: ,0
2
if 0: 0 2 5
5
2
intercept: 0,5
if 0: 2 0 5
5
x y
y x
x
y x
x
y
x y
y

= +
| |

|
\ .
= = +
=

= = +
=
Example 2.1.8
( )
( )
Identify the and intercepts and
sketch the graph of 2 5.
5
intercept: ,0
2
if 0: 0 2 5
5
2
intercept: 0,5
if 0: 2 0 5
5
x y
y x
x
y x
x
y
x y
y

= +
| |

|
\ .
= = +
=

= = +
=
Example 2.1.8
( )
( )
Identify the and intercepts and
sketch the graph of 2 5.
5
intercept: ,0
2
if 0: 0 2 5
5
2
intercept: 0,5
if 0: 2 0 5
5
x y
y x
x
y x
x
y
x y
y

= +
| |

|
\ .
= = +
=

= = +
=
Example 2.1.8
( )
( )
Identify the and intercepts and
sketch the graph of 2 5.
5
intercept: ,0
2
if 0: 0 2 5
5
2
intercept: 0,5
if 0: 2 0 5
5
x y
y x
x
y x
x
y
x y
y

= +
| |

|
\ .
= = +
=

= = +
=
Example 2.1.8
( )
( )
Identify the and intercepts and
sketch the graph of 2 5.
5
intercept: ,0
2
if 0: 0 2 5
5
2
intercept: 0,5
if 0: 2 0 5
5
x y
y x
x
y x
x
y
x y
y

= +
| |

|
\ .
= = +
=

= = +
=
Example 2.1.8
( )
( )
Identify the and intercepts and
sketch the graph of 2 5.
5
intercept: ,0
2
if 0: 0 2 5
5
2
intercept: 0,5
if 0: 2 0 5
5
x y
y x
x
y x
x
y
x y
y

= +
| |

|
\ .
= = +
=

= = +
=
Example 2.1.8
( )
( )
Identify the and intercepts and
sketch the graph of 2 5.
5
intercept: ,0
2
if 0: 0 2 5
5
2
intercept: 0,5
if 0: 2 0 5
5
x y
y x
x
y x
x
y
x y
y

= +
| |

|
\ .
= = +
=

= = +
=
Example 2.1.8
( )
( )
Identify the and intercepts and
sketch the graph of 2 5.
5
intercept: ,0
2
if 0: 0 2 5
5
2
intercept: 0,5
if 0: 2 0 5
5
x y
y x
x
y x
x
y
x y
y

= +
| |

|
\ .
= = +
=

= = +
=
Example 2.1.8
( )
( )
Identify the and intercepts and
sketch the graph of 2 5.
5
intercept: ,0
2
if 0: 0 2 5
5
2
intercept: 0,5
if 0: 2 0 5
5
x y
y x
x
y x
x
y
x y
y

= +
| |

|
\ .
= = +
=

= = +
=
Example 2.1.8
( )
( )
Identify the and intercepts and
sketch the graph of 2 5.
5
intercept: ,0
2
if 0: 0 2 5
5
2
intercept: 0,5
if 0: 2 0 5
5
x y
y x
x
y x
x
y
x y
y

= +
| |

|
\ .
= = +
=

= = +
=
Example 2.1.8
( )
( )
Identify the and intercepts and
sketch the graph of 2 5.
5
intercept: ,0
2
if 0: 0 2 5
5
2
intercept: 0,5
if 0: 2 0 5
5
x y
y x
x
y x
x
y
x y
y

= +
| |

|
\ .
= = +
=

= = +
=
Example 2.1.8
( )
( )
Identify the and intercepts and
sketch the graph of 2 5.
5
intercept: ,0
2
if 0: 0 2 5
5
2
intercept: 0,5
if 0: 2 0 5
5
x y
y x
x
y x
x
y
x y
y

= +
| |

|
\ .
= = +
=

= = +
=
Example 2.1.8
( )
( )
Identify the and intercepts and
sketch the graph of 2 5.
5
intercept: ,0
2
if 0: 0 2 5
5
2
intercept: 0,5
if 0: 2 0 5
5
x y
y x
x
y x
x
y
x y
y

= +
| |

|
\ .
= = +
=

= = +
=
Example 2.1.8
( )
( )
Identify the and intercepts and
sketch the graph of 2 5.
5
intercept: ,0
2
if 0: 0 2 5
5
2
intercept: 0,5
if 0: 2 0 5
5
x y
y x
x
y x
x
y
x y
y

= +
| |

|
\ .
= = +
=

= = +
=
Example 2.1.8
( )
( )
Identify the and intercepts and
sketch the graph of 2 5.
5
intercept: ,0
2
if 0: 0 2 5
5
2
intercept: 0,5
if 0: 2 0 5
5
x y
y x
x
y x
x
y
x y
y

= +
| |

|
\ .
= = +
=

= = +
=
Example 2.1.8
( )
( )
Identify the and intercepts and
sketch the graph of 2 5.
5
intercept: ,0
2
if 0: 0 2 5
5
2
intercept: 0,5
if 0: 2 0 5
5
x y
y x
x
y x
x
y
x y
y

= +
| |

|
\ .
= = +
=

= = +
=
Example 2.1.8
( )
( )
Identify the and intercepts and
sketch the graph of 2 5.
5
intercept: ,0
2
if 0: 0 2 5
5
2
intercept: 0,5
if 0: 2 0 5
5
x y
y x
x
y x
x
y
x y
y

= +
| |

|
\ .
= = +
=

= = +
=
Example 2.1.8
( )
( )
Identify the and intercepts and
sketch the graph of 2 5.
5
intercept: ,0
2
if 0: 0 2 5
5
2
intercept: 0,5
if 0: 2 0 5
5
x y
y x
x
y x
x
y
x y
y

= +
| |

|
\ .
= = +
=

= = +
=
Example 2.1.8
( )
( )
Identify the and intercepts and
sketch the graph of 2 5.
5
intercept: ,0
2
if 0: 0 2 5
5
2
intercept: 0,5
if 0: 2 0 5
5
x y
y x
x
y x
x
y
x y
y

= +
| |

|
\ .
= = +
=

= = +
=
Example 2.1.8
( )
( )
Identify the and intercepts and
sketch the graph of 2 5.
5
intercept: ,0
2
if 0: 0 2 5
5
2
intercept: 0,5
if 0: 2 0 5
5
x y
y x
x
y x
x
y
x y
y

= +
| |

|
\ .
= = +
=

= = +
=
Example 2.1.8
( )
( )
Identify the and intercepts and
sketch the graph of 2 5.
5
intercept: ,0
2
if 0: 0 2 5
5
2
intercept: 0,5
if 0: 2 0 5
5
x y
y x
x
y x
x
y
x y
y

= +
| |

|
\ .
= = +
=

= = +
=
Example 2.1.8
( )
( )
Identify the and intercepts and
sketch the graph of 2 5.
5
intercept: ,0
2
if 0: 0 2 5
5
2
intercept: 0,5
if 0: 2 0 5
5
x y
y x
x
y x
x
y
x y
y

= +
| |

|
\ .
= = +
=

= = +
=
Example 2.1.8
( )
( )
Identify the and intercepts and
sketch the graph of 2 5.
5
intercept: ,0
2
if 0: 0 2 5
5
2
intercept: 0,5
if 0: 2 0 5
5
x y
y x
x
y x
x
y
x y
y

= +
| |

|
\ .
= = +
=

= = +
=
Example 2.1.8
( )
( )
Identify the and intercepts and
sketch the graph of 2 5.
5
intercept: ,0
2
if 0: 0 2 5
5
2
intercept: 0,5
if 0: 2 0 5
5
x y
y x
x
y x
x
y
x y
y

= +
| |

|
\ .
= = +
=

= = +
=
2 5 y x = +
Symmetries
Symmetries
( )
( )
( )
The graph of an equation is symmetric
with respect to the axis if an
equivalent equation is obtained when
is replaced by .
,
,
SWRTY
x y
x y
y

Example 2.1.9
Example 2.1.9
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2
2
2 2
2 2
Show that the graph of 4
is SWRTY.
4
replacing , by , we get
4
4
Therefore, the graph of 4
is SWRTY.
x y
x y
x y x y
x y
x y
x y
+ =
+ =

+ =
+ =
+ =
Example 2.1.9
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2
2
2 2
2 2
Show that the graph of 4
is SWRTY.
4
replacing , by , we get
4
4
Therefore, the graph of 4
is SWRTY.
x y
x y
x y x y
x y
x y
x y
+ =
+ =

+ =
+ =
+ =
Example 2.1.9
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2
2
2 2
2 2
Show that the graph of 4
is SWRTY.
4
replacing , by , we get
4
4
Therefore, the graph of 4
is SWRTY.
x y
x y
x y x y
x y
x y
x y
+ =
+ =

+ =
+ =
+ =
Example 2.1.9
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2
2
2 2
2 2
Show that the graph of 4
is SWRTY.
4
replacing , by , we get
4
4
Therefore, the graph of 4
is SWRTY.
x y
x y
x y x y
x y
x y
x y
+ =
+ =

+ =
+ =
+ =
Example 2.1.9
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2
2
2 2
2 2
Show that the graph of 4
is SWRTY.
4
replacing , by , we get
4
4
Therefore, the graph of 4
is SWRTY.
x y
x y
x y x y
x y
x y
x y
+ =
+ =

+ =
+ =
+ =
Example 2.1.9
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2
2
2 2
2 2
Show that the graph of 4
is SWRTY.
4
replacing , by , we get
4
4
Therefore, the graph of 4
is SWRTY.
x y
x y
x y x y
x y
x y
x y
+ =
+ =

+ =
+ =
+ =
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
x
y
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
x
y
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
x
y
( )
, x y
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
x
y
( )
, x y
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
x
y
( )
, x y
( )
, x y
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
x
y
( )
, x y
( )
, x y
Symmetries
Symmetries
( )
( )
( )
The graph of an equation is symmetric
with respect to the axis if an
equivalent equation is obtained when
is replaced by .
,
,
SWRTX
x y
x y
x

Example 2.1.10
Example 2.1.10
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2
Show that the graph of 4
is SWRTX.
4
replacing , by , we get
4
4
Therefore, the graph of 4
is SWRTX.
x y
x y
x y x y
x y
x y
x y
=
=

=
=
=
Example 2.1.10
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2
Show that the graph of 4
is SWRTX.
4
replacing , by , we get
4
4
Therefore, the graph of 4
is SWRTX.
x y
x y
x y x y
x y
x y
x y
=
=

=
=
=
Example 2.1.10
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2
Show that the graph of 4
is SWRTX.
4
replacing , by , we get
4
4
Therefore, the graph of 4
is SWRTX.
x y
x y
x y x y
x y
x y
x y
=
=

=
=
=
Example 2.1.10
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2
Show that the graph of 4
is SWRTX.
4
replacing , by , we get
4
4
Therefore, the graph of 4
is SWRTX.
x y
x y
x y x y
x y
x y
x y
=
=

=
=
=
Example 2.1.10
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2
Show that the graph of 4
is SWRTX.
4
replacing , by , we get
4
4
Therefore, the graph of 4
is SWRTX.
x y
x y
x y x y
x y
x y
x y
=
=

=
=
=
Example 2.1.10
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2
Show that the graph of 4
is SWRTX.
4
replacing , by , we get
4
4
Therefore, the graph of 4
is SWRTX.
x y
x y
x y x y
x y
x y
x y
=
=

=
=
=
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
5
x
y
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
5
x
y
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
5
x
y
( )
, x y
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
5
x
y
( )
, x y
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
5
x
y
( )
, x y
( )
, x y
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
5
x
y
( )
, x y
( )
, x y
Symmetries
Symmetries
( )
( )
( )
The graph of an equation is symmetric
with respect to the origin if an
equivalent equation is obtained when
is replaced by
,
. ,
SWRTO
x y
x y
Example 2.1.11
Example 2.1.11
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
Show that the graph of 4
is SWRTO.
4
replacing , by , we get
4
4
Therefore, the graph of 4
is SWRTO.
x y
x y
x y x y
x y
x y
x y
=
=

=
=
=
Example 2.1.11
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
Show that the graph of 4
is SWRTO.
4
replacing , by , we get
4
4
Therefore, the graph of 4
is SWRTO.
x y
x y
x y x y
x y
x y
x y
=
=

=
=
=
Example 2.1.11
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
Show that the graph of 4
is SWRTO.
4
replacing , by , we get
4
4
Therefore, the graph of 4
is SWRTO.
x y
x y
x y x y
x y
x y
x y
=
=

=
=
=
Example 2.1.11
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
Show that the graph of 4
is SWRTO.
4
replacing , by , we get
4
4
Therefore, the graph of 4
is SWRTO.
x y
x y
x y x y
x y
x y
x y
=
=

=
=
=
Example 2.1.11
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
Show that the graph of 4
is SWRTO.
4
replacing , by , we get
4
4
Therefore, the graph of 4
is SWRTO.
x y
x y
x y x y
x y
x y
x y
=
=

=
=
=
Example 2.1.11
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
Show that the graph of 4
is SWRTO.
4
replacing , by , we get
4
4
Therefore, the graph of 4
is SWRTO.
x y
x y
x y x y
x y
x y
x y
=
=

=
=
=
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
5
x
y
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
5
x
y
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
5
x
y
( )
, x y
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
5
x
y
( )
, x y
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
5
x
y
( )
, x y
( )
, x y
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
5
x
y
( )
, x y
( )
, x y
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
5
x
y
( )
, x y
( )
, x y
Example 2.1.11
Example 2.1.11
( )
{ }
( ) ( ) | )
2
2
2
2
Given , 2 1 ,
1. Find the domain and range.
1,
0
2 0
2 1 1
r x y y x
Dom r Rng r
x
x
x
= =
= = +

Example 2.1.11
( )
{ }
( ) ( ) | )
2
2
2
2
Given , 2 1 ,
1. Find the domain and range.
1,
0
2 0
2 1 1
r x y y x
Dom r Rng r
x
x
x
= =
= = +

Example 2.1.11
( )
{ }
( ) ( ) | )
2
2
2
2
Given , 2 1 ,
1. Find the domain and range.
1,
0
2 0
2 1 1
r x y y x
Dom r Rng r
x
x
x
= =
= = +

Example 2.1.11
( )
{ }
( ) ( ) | )
2
2
2
2
Given , 2 1 ,
1. Find the domain and range.
1,
0
2 0
2 1 1
r x y y x
Dom r Rng r
x
x
x
= =
= = +

Example 2.1.11
( )
{ }
( ) ( ) | )
2
2
2
2
Given , 2 1 ,
1. Find the domain and range.
1,
0
2 0
2 1 1
r x y y x
Dom r Rng r
x
x
x
= =
= = +

Example 2.1.11
( )
{ }
( ) ( ) | )
2
2
2
2
Given , 2 1 ,
1. Find the domain and range.
1,
0
2 0
2 1 1
r x y y x
Dom r Rng r
x
x
x
= =
= = +

( )
{ }
2
2
2
2
Given , 2 1 ,
2. Find the intercepts.
2 2
intercept: ,0 , ,0
2 2
if 0, 0 2 1
2 1
1
2
1 2
2
2
r x y y x
x
y x
x
x
x
= =
| | | |

| |
| |
\ . \ .
= =
=
=
= =
( )
{ }
2
2
2
2
Given , 2 1 ,
2. Find the intercepts.
2 2
intercept: ,0 , ,0
2 2
if 0, 0 2 1
2 1
1
2
1 2
2
2
r x y y x
x
y x
x
x
x
= =
| | | |

| |
| |
\ . \ .
= =
=
=
= =
( )
{ }
2
2
2
2
Given , 2 1 ,
2. Find the intercepts.
2 2
intercept: ,0 , ,0
2 2
if 0, 0 2 1
2 1
1
2
1 2
2
2
r x y y x
x
y x
x
x
x
= =
| | | |

| |
| |
\ . \ .
= =
=
=
= =
( )
{ }
2
2
2
2
Given , 2 1 ,
2. Find the intercepts.
2 2
intercept: ,0 , ,0
2 2
if 0, 0 2 1
2 1
1
2
1 2
2
2
r x y y x
x
y x
x
x
x
= =
| | | |

| |
| |
\ . \ .
= =
=
=
= =
( )
{ }
2
2
2
2
Given , 2 1 ,
2. Find the intercepts.
2 2
intercept: ,0 , ,0
2 2
if 0, 0 2 1
2 1
1
2
1 2
2
2
r x y y x
x
y x
x
x
x
= =
| | | |

| |
| |
\ . \ .
= =
=
=
= =
( )
{ }
2
2
2
2
Given , 2 1 ,
2. Find the intercepts.
2 2
intercept: ,0 , ,0
2 2
if 0, 0 2 1
2 1
1
2
1 2
2
2
r x y y x
x
y x
x
x
x
= =
| | | |

| |
| |
\ . \ .
= =
=
=
= =
( )
{ }
2
2
2
2
Given , 2 1 ,
2. Find the intercepts.
2 2
intercept: ,0 , ,0
2 2
if 0, 0 2 1
2 1
1
2
1 2
2
2
r x y y x
x
y x
x
x
x
= =
| | | |

| |
| |
\ . \ .
= =
=
=
= =
( )
{ }
2
2
2
2
Given , 2 1 ,
2. Find the intercepts.
2 2
intercept: ,0 , ,0
2 2
if 0, 0 2 1
2 1
1
2
1 2
2
2
r x y y x
x
y x
x
x
x
= =
| | | |

| |
| |
\ . \ .
= =
=
=
= =
( )
{ }
2
2
2
2
Given , 2 1 ,
2. Find the intercepts.
2 2
intercept: ,0 , ,0
2 2
if 0, 0 2 1
2 1
1
2
1 2
2
2
r x y y x
x
y x
x
x
x
= =
| | | |

| |
| |
\ . \ .
= =
=
=
= =
( )
{ }
2
2
2
2
Given , 2 1 ,
2. Find the intercepts.
2 2
intercept: ,0 , ,0
2 2
if 0, 0 2 1
2 1
1
2
1 2
2
2
r x y y x
x
y x
x
x
x
= =
| | | |

| |
| |
\ . \ .
= =
=
=
= =
( )
{ }
( )
2
Given , 2 1 ,
intercept: 0, 1
if 0: 1
r x y y x
y
x y
= =

= =
( )
{ }
( )
2
Given , 2 1 ,
intercept: 0, 1
if 0: 1
r x y y x
y
x y
= =

= =
( )
{ }
( )
2
Given , 2 1 ,
intercept: 0, 1
if 0: 1
r x y y x
y
x y
= =

= =
( )
{ }
( )
2
Given , 2 1 ,
intercept: 0, 1
if 0: 1
r x y y x
y
x y
= =

= =
( )
{ }
( )
2
Given , 2 1 ,
intercept: 0, 1
if 0: 1
r x y y x
y
x y
= =

= =
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
2
Given , 2 1 ,
3. Identify the symmetries.
SWRTY
2 1
replacing , by ,
2 1
2 1
The graph is SWRTY.
r x y y x
y x
x y x y
y x
y x
= =
=

=
=
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
2
Given , 2 1 ,
3. Identify the symmetries.
SWRTY
2 1
replacing , by ,
2 1
2 1
The graph is SWRTY.
r x y y x
y x
x y x y
y x
y x
= =
=

=
=
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
2
Given , 2 1 ,
3. Identify the symmetries.
SWRTY
2 1
replacing , by ,
2 1
2 1
The graph is SWRTY.
r x y y x
y x
x y x y
y x
y x
= =
=

=
=
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
2
Given , 2 1 ,
3. Identify the symmetries.
SWRTY
2 1
replacing , by ,
2 1
2 1
The graph is SWRTY.
r x y y x
y x
x y x y
y x
y x
= =
=

=
=
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
2
Given , 2 1 ,
3. Identify the symmetries.
SWRTY
2 1
replacing , by ,
2 1
2 1
The graph is SWRTY.
r x y y x
y x
x y x y
y x
y x
= =
=

=
=
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
2
Given , 2 1 ,
3. Identify the symmetries.
SWRTY
2 1
replacing , by ,
2 1
2 1
The graph is SWRTY.
r x y y x
y x
x y x y
y x
y x
= =
=

=
=
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
2
Given , 2 1 ,
3. Identify the symmetries.
SWRTY
2 1
replacing , by ,
2 1
2 1
The graph is SWRTY.
r x y y x
y x
x y x y
y x
y x
= =
=

=
=
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
2
2
2
Given , 2 1 ,
SWRTX
2 1
replacing , by ,
2 1
The graph is not SWRTX.
r x y y x
y x
x y x y
y x
= =
=

=
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
2
2
2
Given , 2 1 ,
SWRTX
2 1
replacing , by ,
2 1
The graph is not SWRTX.
r x y y x
y x
x y x y
y x
= =
=

=
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
2
2
2
Given , 2 1 ,
SWRTX
2 1
replacing , by ,
2 1
The graph is not SWRTX.
r x y y x
y x
x y x y
y x
= =
=

=
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
2
2
2
Given , 2 1 ,
SWRTX
2 1
replacing , by ,
2 1
The graph is not SWRTX.
r x y y x
y x
x y x y
y x
= =
=

=
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
2
2
2
Given , 2 1 ,
SWRTX
2 1
replacing , by ,
2 1
The graph is not SWRTX.
r x y y x
y x
x y x y
y x
= =
=

=
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
2
2
2
Given , 2 1 ,
SWRTX
2 1
replacing , by ,
2 1
The graph is not SWRTX.
r x y y x
y x
x y x y
y x
= =
=

=
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
2
Given , 2 1 ,
SWRTO
2 1
replacing , by ,
2 1
2 1
The graph is not SWRTO.
r x y y x
y x
x y x y
y x
y x
= =
=

=
=
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
2
Given , 2 1 ,
SWRTO
2 1
replacing , by ,
2 1
2 1
The graph is not SWRTO.
r x y y x
y x
x y x y
y x
y x
= =
=

=
=
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
2
Given , 2 1 ,
SWRTO
2 1
replacing , by ,
2 1
2 1
The graph is not SWRTO.
r x y y x
y x
x y x y
y x
y x
= =
=

=
=
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
2
Given , 2 1 ,
SWRTO
2 1
replacing , by ,
2 1
2 1
The graph is not SWRTO.
r x y y x
y x
x y x y
y x
y x
= =
=

=
=
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
2
Given , 2 1 ,
SWRTO
2 1
replacing , by ,
2 1
2 1
The graph is not SWRTO.
r x y y x
y x
x y x y
y x
y x
= =
=

=
=
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
2
Given , 2 1 ,
SWRTO
2 1
replacing , by ,
2 1
2 1
The graph is not SWRTO.
r x y y x
y x
x y x y
y x
y x
= =
=

=
=
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
2
Given , 2 1 ,
SWRTO
2 1
replacing , by ,
2 1
2 1
The graph is not SWRTO.
r x y y x
y x
x y x y
y x
y x
= =
=

=
=
( )
{ }
( )
( ) | )
( )
2
Given , 2 1 ,
1,
Symmetry: SWRTY
Intercepts:
2 2
: ,0 , ,0
2 2
: 0, 1
r x y y x
Dom r
Rng r
x
y
= =
=
= +
| | | |

| |
| |
\ . \ .

( )
{ }
( )
( ) | )
( )
2
Given , 2 1 ,
1,
Symmetry: SWRTY
Intercepts:
2 2
: ,0 , ,0
2 2
: 0, 1
r x y y x
Dom r
Rng r
x
y
= =
=
= +
| | | |

| |
| |
\ . \ .

( )
{ }
( )
( ) | )
( )
2
Given , 2 1 ,
1,
Symmetry: SWRTY
Intercepts:
2 2
: ,0 , ,0
2 2
: 0, 1
r x y y x
Dom r
Rng r
x
y
= =
=
= +
| | | |

| |
| |
\ . \ .

( )
{ }
( )
( ) | )
( )
2
Given , 2 1 ,
1,
Symmetry: SWRTY
Intercepts:
2 2
: ,0 , ,0
2 2
: 0, 1
r x y y x
Dom r
Rng r
x
y
= =
=
= +
| | | |

| |
| |
\ . \ .

( )
{ }
( )
( ) | )
( )
2
Given , 2 1 ,
1,
Symmetry: SWRTY
Intercepts:
2 2
: ,0 , ,0
2 2
: 0, 1
r x y y x
Dom r
Rng r
x
y
= =
=
= +
| | | |

| |
| |
\ . \ .

( )
{ }
( )
( ) | )
( )
2
Given , 2 1 ,
1,
Symmetry: SWRTY
Intercepts:
2 2
: ,0 , ,0
2 2
: 0, 1
r x y y x
Dom r
Rng r
x
y
= =
=
= +
| | | |

| |
| |
\ . \ .

x 1
y 1
( )
{ }
( )
( ) | )
( )
2
Given , 2 1 ,
1,
Symmetry: SWRTY
Intercepts:
2 2
: ,0 , ,0
2 2
: 0, 1
r x y y x
Dom r
Rng r
x
y
= =
=
= +
| | | |

| |
| |
\ . \ .

x 1
y 1
( )
{ }
( )
( ) | )
( )
2
Given , 2 1 ,
1,
Symmetry: SWRTY
Intercepts:
2 2
: ,0 , ,0
2 2
: 0, 1
r x y y x
Dom r
Rng r
x
y
= =
=
= +
| | | |

| |
| |
\ . \ .

x 1
y 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
5
x
y
( )
{ }
( )
( ) | )
( )
2
Given , 2 1 ,
1,
Symmetry: SWRTY
Intercepts:
2 2
: ,0 , ,0
2 2
: 0, 1
r x y y x
Dom r
Rng r
x
y
= =
=
= +
| | | |

| |
| |
\ . \ .

x 1
y 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
5
x
y
( )
{ }
( )
( ) | )
( )
2
Given , 2 1 ,
1,
Symmetry: SWRTY
Intercepts:
2 2
: ,0 , ,0
2 2
: 0, 1
r x y y x
Dom r
Rng r
x
y
= =
=
= +
| | | |

| |
| |
\ . \ .

x 1
y 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
5
x
y
( )
{ }
( )
( ) | )
( )
2
Given , 2 1 ,
1,
Symmetry: SWRTY
Intercepts:
2 2
: ,0 , ,0
2 2
: 0, 1
r x y y x
Dom r
Rng r
x
y
= =
=
= +
| | | |

| |
| |
\ . \ .

x 1
y 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
5
x
y
( )
{ }
( )
( ) | )
( )
2
Given , 2 1 ,
1,
Symmetry: SWRTY
Intercepts:
2 2
: ,0 , ,0
2 2
: 0, 1
r x y y x
Dom r
Rng r
x
y
= =
=
= +
| | | |

| |
| |
\ . \ .

x 1
y 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
5
x
y
( )
{ }
( )
( ) | )
( )
2
Given , 2 1 ,
1,
Symmetry: SWRTY
Intercepts:
2 2
: ,0 , ,0
2 2
: 0, 1
r x y y x
Dom r
Rng r
x
y
= =
=
= +
| | | |

| |
| |
\ . \ .

x 1
y 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
5
x
y
( )
{ }
( )
( ) | )
( )
2
Given , 2 1 ,
1,
Symmetry: SWRTY
Intercepts:
2 2
: ,0 , ,0
2 2
: 0, 1
r x y y x
Dom r
Rng r
x
y
= =
=
= +
| | | |

| |
| |
\ . \ .

x 1
y 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
5
x
y
( )
{ }
( )
( ) | )
( )
2
Given , 2 1 ,
1,
Symmetry: SWRTY
Intercepts:
2 2
: ,0 , ,0
2 2
: 0, 1
r x y y x
Dom r
Rng r
x
y
= =
=
= +
| | | |

| |
| |
\ . \ .

x 1
y 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
5
x
y
( )
{ }
( )
( ) | )
( )
2
Given , 2 1 ,
1,
Symmetry: SWRTY
Intercepts:
2 2
: ,0 , ,0
2 2
: 0, 1
r x y y x
Dom r
Rng r
x
y
= =
=
= +
| | | |

| |
| |
\ . \ .

x 1
y 1