Political Behavior Chapter 10 Random Digit Dialing: Method for picking people for telephone surveys by randomly generating

g phone numbers Respondent: omeone !ho replies to something" especially one !ho gives information for a survey# ampling: $he group of people picked for a survey or a study# %n the best sampling" the people picked represent the entirety of the public or the targeted group# Demographics: $he statistics of a population# $hese include age" race" religion" etc# Chapter 11 and 1#& Political ideology: Beliefs about !hat the government should do 'ie# conservative" liberat" etc#( )iberal: pro*government intervention 'especially in economic and social situations( Conservative: anti*government intervention" laisse+*faire )eft ,ing: accepts" supports e-uality. Right ,ing: supports social hierarchy. Centrist: moderate )ibertarian: e/treme liberal. tatist: e/treme conservative 0acksonian democracy: Democracy for the common man" as advocated by 1ndre! 0ackson# Main goals included strengthening the e/ecutive and 2udicial branches" !eakening Congress and increasing public participation in government# Political machine: a party organi+ation that bribes voters to vote a certain !ay Delegate: Representative to the party3s national convention# $hey are picked by the people and do most of the !ork at the national conventions# uperdelegate: Representative to the Democratic national convention# $hey are picked by the party" and they give a certain amount of control back to the party# $hese spots are reserved for party officials# 4ational committee: arranges the national convention and coordinates presidential campaigns# %t3s split into national" 5ouse and enate divisions. national !orks on broader topics" !hereas 56 focus on getting more of their party into congressional seats $!o*party system: 1merica3s government# $hough there are more than t!o parties" Republicans and Democrats dominate the scene 'the President has al!ays been a Democrat or Republican(# $herefore" other" minor parties 'ie# 7reen" 1merican %dependent" etc#( are called third parties# Party platform: statement of party3s agenda6goals# Republican: pro*life" laisse+*faire" increase defense spending Democrat: pro*choice" decrease defense spending" advocate for minorities )inkage: 1 negotiating policy !here agreement on one issue is dependent on the progress to!ard another goal# 4i/on tried to use it during the Cold ,ar to emphasi+e the acceptable parameters of international behavior 'e/panding and upsetting the political e-uilibrium !ould be punished( Polari+ation6party sorting: %ncreasingly contradicting and split ideologies bet!een the Democrats and Republicans 8actors affecting party identification: geography" race" gender" age" religion" marital status" etc# Political ociali+ation: influence of social factors on one3s party identification Party realignment: shift in constituent preferences that causes sudden dramatic political changes ecular realignment: demographic shift that causes gradual party rearrangement

Chapter 19 :lectorate: Citi+ens !ho are eligible to vote Primaries: tate elections !here people vote on presidential nominees# ;pen: ;utside voters 'but not all. for e/ample" Democrats let %ndependents but not Republicans vote in their California primary( can vote# Closed: ;nly the registered voters from that party can vote# %nitiative: Citi+ens submit legislation for popular vote amongst the electorate# Referendum: tate legislatures submit legislation to the electorate for approval# Caucus $raditionally: Closed meeting of party activists !ho met to choose the Presidental nominee $oday: Participants learn about the party" candidates and can take an educated vote# %t3s more open and people are more encouraged to attend# ,inner*take*all: ,inner !ins everything 'ie the :lectoral College* if the Democratic nominee !ins the popular vote in California" all of California3s electoral votes go to the Democrat( Proportional representation: Candidates given delegate votes in proportion to the popular votes they gained# 8ront*loading: $endency for states to hold caucuses and primaries early# %f they are early" the press hypes them up more and the citi+ens3 votes still matter# %ncumbents: $hose !ho are already in office# ,hy they !in: $hey have access to staff and interns. anything that the staff does !ell reflects on the incumbent" and voters are more supportive# %ncumbents are also !ell*kno!n and people kno! !hat their ideas are# Because incumbents are so po!erful" some challengers !ait until the incumbent's( retire instead of running against them# ,hy they lose: Redistricting can put incumbents at a disadvantage 'same party incumbents might be put in the same district and not everyone can !in. or" another party pushes them out(# candals and the lo! press coverage6 lo! voter turnout of mid*term elections also are reasons !hy incumbents lose# 8actors affecting voter choice: party identification" income6education" ideology" race6ethnicity" gender" religion" different issues ,hite" educated" !ell*off" !omen tend to vote :fficacy: %ndicates ho! much a citi+en trusts the government and ho! much s6he can influence and understand politics# :lectoral College: < electors per state = < 5ouse Reps > < enators from that state# $hey vote directly for the President" as dictated by popular vote# $he :C !as created to protect the government from the stupidity of the people and the danger of factions" and be more efficient# ?oting Rights 1ct of 1@&A: Measures to prevent minorities from voting are banned# Changes in voting procedures must be approved for areas !here minority registration is disproportionate to the racial composition# $he federal government can monitor elections !here discrimination or less than half the public !as unregistered for the 1@&B elections# Bush v. Gore: Bush sued after the 8lorida upreme Court ordered disputed votes to be recounted# $he C upreme Court shot this do!n" saying that though 8 C3s idea may be fair in theory" it !asn3t 2ust in practice# Motor ?oter 1ct: tates must allo! people to register to vote through DM?s" public assistance agencies and the mail# Chapter 1D Campaign staff organi+ation

o Campaign Manager: Coordinates the campaign o 8inance Chair: Coordinates the finances o Communications Director: Creates the media strategy" deals !ith ho! candidate is perceived in the media o Press ecretary: Communicates !ith 2ournalists 'campaign spokesperson( o %nternet $eam: Manages online presence# 1dvocate for the candidate" organi+e ,eb and real meet*ups" keep volunteers engrossed o Campaign Consultant: Person !ho sells resources to the candidate that !ill help candidate get elected# o Pollster: 1 campaign consultant !ho holds public opinion surveys 'help candidate determine !hat issues affect voters the most" ho! candidate measures up to other candidates( o ?olunteers: Dirty !ork* ans!er calls" !ork at candidate booths" copy6distribute ads and solicit votes# $hey voter canvass 'ho! a campaign reaches voters. t!o ma2or methods are door*to*door and calling voters !ith scripted computer messages(# $hey also do 7;$? '7et ;ut the ?ote( to!ards election day# P1C: Political action committee# ;fficially recogni+ed fundraising organi+ation that represents interest groups# 1llo!ed to donate directly to candidates3 campaigns 'but only limited amounts(# uper P1C: P1C created to make e/penditures independent of candidate3s campaign# Can3t give money directly to candidates 6 party committees. can advocate for candidates# 5ave to disclose financial sources" but can accept any amount of money from anyone# 8ederal :lections Commission: $hey regulate federal election finances# %t discloses campaign finance information" enforces relevant la!s" oversees public funding of presidential elections# oft money v# 5ard money: oft money is given to a political party !ithout limits. can3t be used e/plicitly for a candidate# 5ard money is given directly to a candidate" and is sub2ect to 8:C regulations# A01'c( interest groups: Main purpose to raise a!areness of candidate3s stances on issues relevant to the group" not electoral politics# 4o more than half of budget can be spent on campaign politics" but they don3t have to disclose source of donations# A9E political committees: Create to influence electoral outcomes but don3t e/plicitly advocate for a candidate# $he 8:C monitors contributions" but doesn3t cap them# Citizens United v. FEC: Ruled that corporation and union contributions6communications must be protected 'free speech protected under the 8irst 1mendment(. gave rise to uper P1Cs# truck do!n parts of BCR1# 8ederal :lection Campaign 1ct: :stablished 8:C" made disclosure re-uirements more strict# Bipartisan Campaign Reform 1ct '9009( 'McCain*8eingold(: Regulates political advertising and funding# )imited broadcast of issue*based ads !ithin D0 days of a primary and &0 days of a general election" !hile also restricting campaign contributions#

Chapter 1B 5o! people get their ne!s: mass media" ne!s media Muckraking: focused on e/posing government6business scandals. Fello! 2ournalism: sensationali+ed stories 4arro!casting: $argeting programming to!ard a certain population# %t risks further polari+ing vie!ers" and leads vie!ers to rely on ne!s that fit their previous beliefs# Regulations on media

o 0ournalistic tandards: on the record: %nformation given to a 2ournalist that can be released !ith recognition of the source off the record: %nformation that !onGt be released to the public at all on background: %nformation given to a 2ournalist. source not named deep background: completely unsourced information 'no hint of source(

o ne!spapers hire people to criti-ue internally Media Bias: $he media presents a bias to s!ay the public# $hey then set the national agenda on !hat people talk about# $he media also has interests6 is affiliated !ithin other parts of business" and thus reports favorably on those sub2ects# 8airness Doctrine: $he 8airness Doctrine !as a policy introduced by the 8CC in 1@B@ that re-uired the broadcast license holders to present controversial issues of public importance in a !ay that !as honest and balanced# $he Doctrine !as eliminated in 1@HE# 8ederal Communications Commission: Regulates programming New York Times v. U.S: $he government canGt forbid NYTCGs publication of the Pentagon Pa ers. other!ise" itGd be a 8irst 1mendment violation# FCC v. Pa!i"i!a: %t defined the 8CC3s po!er over indecent material as applied to broadcasting# $he 8CC had the authority to prohibit potentially offensive broadcasts during hours !hen children !ere likely to !atch" and gave the 8CC broad lee!ay to determine !hat constituted indecency# $elecommunications 1ct: %t deregulated electronic media to attempt to e-uali+e corporation interests" consumer needs and innovation# %nstead" it helped lead to multimedia companies and media consolidation# ;P1 and P%P1: ;P1 ' top ;nline Piracy 1ct( and P%P1 'PR;$:C$ %P 1ct( !ere supported by content producers and opposed by !ebsites and other content distributors# $he la!s !ould have given the government the right to shut do!n entire !ebsites if they thought copyright infringements !ere occurring# ;pponents feared ho! much po!er the government !ould gain#

Chapter 1A Pluralist theory: Political po!er is divided bet!een many different" competing interest groups# Disturbance theory: Political changes lead to interest groups. one !ave of groups dissolves after another" contradictory !ave is established# Cnions as interest groups: )abor union membership increased throughout the 7reat Depression# $hey supported mainly Democratic candidates# $hey lobbied to better labor rights and !ork conditions# 5o!ever" unions have lost po!er as 1merica has turned from farming to !hite* collar 2obs" so less laborers !ork in 1merica# 1lso" 18)*C%; has semi*split and three of its biggest unions separated from 18)*C%;# )obbying I !here the money goes: )obbyists are representatives !ho try to convince politicians to support their groupGs agenda# $hey testify" use constituentsG emails" contribute to campaigns" or pay for votes to help influence Congress# Banks v# )abor Cnions: $hey have similar campaign funding 'both very high(" but have different party priorities 'banking P1Cs support Republicans" labor P1Cs support Democrats(# 5onest )eadership I ;pen 7overnment 1ct of 900E: strengthened lobbying6funding disclosure re-uirements" restricted gifts to Congress and demanded disclosure of earmarks in e/penditure

bills# Cse of ami!us !uriae briefs by %nterest 7roups: $he group files an ami!us !uriae brief !ith the group is interested in a case" but isn3t directly sponsoring it# %t3s a !ay for interest groups to hint to the Court about their policy preferences# P#anned Parenthood v. Case$: Pennsylvania passed la!s re-uiring !omen to let certain others kno! about impending abortions# $he Court upheld most of the amendments" but also reaffirmed %oe v. &ade# $he Court put in place a ne! standard: if an abortion la! places an Jundue burdenK on the !omen 'made it harder for her to get an abortion(" then the la! is illegal#