HEAT CONDUCTION EQUATION

Prabal Talukdar
Associate Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering IIT Delhi E-mail: prabal@mech.iitd.ac.in p

Heat Transfer
Heat transfer has direction as well as magnitude, and thus it is a vector quantity

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Coordinate System

The various distances and angles involved when describing the location of a point in different coordinate systems systems.
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Fouriers law of heat conduction for one-dimensional heat conduction:

dT & Q cond = kA ( Watt ) dx

If n is the normal of the isothermal surface at point P, the rate of heat conduction at that point can be expressed by Fouriers law as

& = kA T ( Watt ) Q n n

The heat transfer vector is always normal to an isothermal surface and can be resolved into its components like any other vector

r r r r & & & & Qn = Qx i + Q y j + Qzk

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T & Q x = kA x x

& = kA T Q y y y

& = kA T Q z z z

Steady versus Transient Heat Transfer

The term steady y implies p no change with time at any point within the medium, while transient implies variation with time or time dependence. Therefore, the temperature or heat flux remains unchanged with time during steady heat transfer through g a medium at any location, although both quantities may vary from one location to another
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Multidimensional Heat Transfer

Heat transfer p problems are also classified as being g onedimensional, two-dimensional, or three-dimensional, depending on the relative magnitudes of heat transfer rates in different directions and the level of accuracy desired
Ex:1Dheattransfer: Heattransferthroughtheglassofa i d canb id dt window beconsidered tob beone dimensionalsinceheattransferthrough theglasswilloccurpredominantlyinone direction( (thedirectionnormaltothe surfaceoftheglass)andheattransferin otherdirections(fromoneside edgetotheotherandfromthetopedge tothebottom)isnegligible
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Heat Generation
A medium through which heat is conducted may involve the conversion of electrical, electrical nuclear, nuclear or chemical energy into heat (or thermal) energy. In heat conduction analysis, such conversion processes are characterized as heat generation. Heat generation is a volumetric phenomenon. That is, it occurs throughout the body of a medium. Therefore, the rate of heat generation in a medium is usually specified per unit volume whose unit is W/m3

& = g & G dV
V
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Watt

The rate of heat generation in a medium may vary with time as well as position within the medium. When the variation of heat generation with p g position is known, the total rate of heat generation in a medium of volume V can be determined from

1-D Heat Conduction Equation q

Assume the density of the wall is , the specific heat is C, and the area of the wall normal to the direction of heat transfer is A.

An energy balance on this thin element during a small time interval t can be expressed as

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E element & Q & & Q + G = x x + x element t

E element = E t + t E t = mC(Tt + t Tt ) = C.A.x (Tt + t Tt )

& & & G element = gVelement = g.A.x

E element & & & Q x Q x + x + G element = t

(Tt + t Tt ) & & & .A.x = C.A.x Q x Q x + x + g t

Dividing g by y Ax gives

& & Tt + t Tt 1 Q x + x Q x & + g = C A x t

Taking the limit as x 0 and t 0 yields and since from Fouriers Law:

& & & Q Q T x + x Q x = = kA lim x x x x x 0

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1 T T & kA + g = C x t A x

Plane wall: A is constant Variable conductivity:

T T & = C +g k x x t
& 1 T 2 T g + = 2 x k t
where the property k/C is the thermal diffusivity

Constant conductivity:

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Heat Conduction Equation in a L Long C Cylinder li d

Consider C id a thin thi cylindrical li d i l shell h ll element l t of f thickness r in a long cylinder The area of the cylinder y normal to the direction of heat transfer at any location is A = 2rL where r is the value of the radius at that location. Note that the heat transfer area A depends on r in this case case, and thus it varies with location.

E element l & Q & & Q + G = r r + r element t

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E element = E t + t E t = mC(Tt + t Tt ) = C.A.r (Tt + t Tt )

& & & G element = gVelement = g.A.r

(Tt + t Tt ) & Q & & Q + g . A . r = C . A . r r r + r t
dividing by Ar gives

& & Tt + t Tt 1 Q r + r Q r & = C +g A r t

& & & Q Q T r + r Q r = = kA li lim r r r r r 0

1 T T & kA + g = C A r r t
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Different Expressions
Variable conductivity:

1 T T & r . k + g = C . r r r t

Constant Conductivity:

& 1 T 1 T g r + = r r r k t
& 1 d dT g r + = 0 r dr dr k 1 T 1 T = r r r r t d dT =0 r dr dr

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Heat Conduction Eq Eq. in a Sphere

A = 4 r2

Variable conductivity:

1 2 T T & r . k . + g = C r 2 r t r

Constant Conductivity: CombinedOneDimensional HeatConductionEquation

& 1 T 1 2 T g r + = 2 r r r k t 1 n T T & r . k . g C + = r r n r t

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General Heat Conduction E Equation i

E element l & +Q & +Q & Q & & & & Q Q Q + G = x y z x + x y + y z + z element t

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E element = E t + t E t = mC(Tt + t Tt ) = C.x.y.z.(Tt + t Tt )

& & & G element = gVelement = g.x.y.z
E element & +Q & +Q & Q & & & & + = Q Q Q G x y z x + x y + y z + z element t
Tt + t Tt & +Q & +Q & Q & & & & Q Q Q g . x . y . z C . x . y . z + = x y z x + x y + y z + z t

& & & & & & Q Q Tt + t Tt 1 Q Q 1 1 Q + y y y x + x x z + z Q z & + g = C y.z x x.z y x.y z t

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& & & & & & Q Q Tt + t Tt 1 Q Q 1 1 Q y + y y x + x x z + z Q z & + g = C y.z x x.z y x.y z t
& & & 1 Q 1 Q 1 T x + x Q x x = = = k.y.z x y.z x y.z x x x 0 y.z & & & 1 Q 1 Q 1 T y + y Q y y = = = lim k . x . z y x .z y x.z y y y 0 x.z lim T k x x
T k y y

& & & T 1 Q 1 Q 1 T z + z Q z z lim = = k.x.y = k z z z x.y z z x .y z z 0 x.y

T T T T & k + k + g = C k + x x y t y z z
Under what condition?

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& 1 T 2 T 2 T 2 T g + 2+ 2 + = 2 z k t x y

& 2 T 2 T 2 T g + 2 + 2 + =0 2 x y z k 2 T 2 T 2 T 1 T + 2+ 2 = 2 x y z t 2 T 2 T 2 T + 2 + 2 =0 2 y z x

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Cylindrical and Spherical

1 T 1 T T T & k . r + k . r + k + g = C . z z r r t r r 2

1 2 T 1 1 T T T & k k.r + + r 2 sin k. sin + g = C t r r 2 sin 2 r 2 r

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Boundary and Initial Conditions

The temperature distribution in a medium depends on the conditions at the boundaries of the medium as well as the heat transfer mechanism inside the medium. To describe a heat transfer problem completely, two boundary conditions must be given for each direction of the coordinate system along which heat transfer is significant.
Therefore, Th f we need d to specify if two boundary conditions for one-dimensional problems, four boundary conditions for two dimensional problems, two-dimensional problems and six boundary conditions for three-dimensional problems

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 A condition, diti which hi h is i usually ll specified ifi d at t time ti t = 0, 0 is i called ll d the initial condition, which is a mathematical expression for the temperature distribution of the medium initially.

T( x, y, z,0) = f ( x, y, z)
Note that under steady conditions, the heat conduction equation does not involve any time derivatives, and thus we do not need to specify p y an initial condition
The heat conduction equation is first order in time, and thus the initial condition cannot involve any derivatives (it is limited to a specified temperature). However, the heat conduction equation is second order in space coordinates, and thus a boundary condition may involve first d i ti derivatives at t the th boundaries b d i as well ll as specified ifi d values l of f temperature t t
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Specified Temperature Boundary C di i Condition

The temperature of an exposed surface can usually be measured directly and easily. Therefore, one of the easiest ways y to specify the thermal conditions on a surface is to specify the temperature. For onedimensional heat transfer through a plane wall of thickness L, for example, the specified temperature boundary conditions can be expressed as

T(0, t ) = T1 T(L, t ) = T2
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Specified Heat Flux Boundary C di i Condition

The sign of the specified heat flux is determined by inspection: positive if the heat flux is in the positive direction of the coordinate axis, a is and negative if it is in the opposite direction. Note that it is extremely important to have the correct sign for the specified heat flux since the wrong sign will invert the direction of heat transfer and cause the heat gain to be interpreted as heat loss
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For a plate of thickness L subjected to heat flux of 50 W/m2 into the medium from both sides, for example, the specified heat flux boundary conditions can be expressed as

T(0, t ) = 50 x

and

T(L, t ) = 50 x

Special Case: Insulated Boundary

T(0, t ) =0 x

or

T(0, t ) =0 x

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Another Special Case

Thermal Symmetry
L T , t 2 =0 x

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Example Problem

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Comments

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