INTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION (2)

Prabal Talukdar
Associate Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering IIT Delhi E-mail: prabal@mech.iitd.ac.in p

Constant surface heat flux condition di i

In fully developed region: (as h is constant) ( )

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For a fully developed temperature profile,

The shape Th h of f the th temperature t t profile fil remains i unchanged h d in i the th fully f ll developed region of a tube subjected to constant surface heat flux
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Constant temperature boundary condition

From Newton Newtons s law of cooling cooling, the rate of heat transfer to or from a fluid flowing in a tube can be expressed as

In the constant surface temperature (Ts = constant) case, Tave can be expressed approximately by the arithmetic mean temperature difference Tam as

Not N t a good d way!!! !!! As A temperature t t does d not t increase i linearly li l Remedy?
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Constant temperature boundary condition

Energy balance gives:

constant

Integrating from x = 0 to x = L As = pL

Possible to find out temperature at any x by replacing As = px

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Note that the temperature difference between the fluid and the surface decays exponentially in the flow direction, and the rate of decay depends on the magnitude of the exponent hAx /m.Cp

This dimensionless parameter is called the number of transfer units, denoted by NTU, and is a measure of the effectiveness of the heat transfer systems

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Logarithmic mean temperature difference

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is the logarithmic mean temperature difference. Note that Ti = Ts - Ti and Te = Ts - Te are the temperature differences between the surface and the fluid at the inlet and the exit of the tube, respectively. 8

Laminar Flow in Tubes

Energy balance gives,

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Velocity y distribution

Hence, f(r) and g(x)

Solution: B.C.

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Velocity profile for fully developed flow

Mean Velocity

Maximum at r = 0

Pressure drop

p =
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8LVm R2

32LVm D2
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f =

P 2 Vm L D 2

Friction Factor
In practice, it is found convenient to express the pressure drop for all types of internal flows ( (laminar or turbulent flows, , circular or noncircular tubes, smooth or rough surfaces) as

p =

8LVm R2

32LVm D2

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Poiseuilles Law
Pumping Power

Volume flow rate

P i Poiseuilles ill L Law

For a specified flow rate, the pressure drop and thus the required pumping power is proportional to the length of the tube and the viscosity of the fluid but it is inversely proportional to the fourth fluid, power of the radius (or diameter) of the tube
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Moodys Moody s chart

In 1939 to cover the transitionally rough range, Colebrook combined bi d th the smooth th wall ll and df fully ll rough h relations l ti i into t a clever interpolation formula:

This is the accepted design formula for turbulent friction friction. It was plotted in 1944 by Moody into what is now called the Moody chart for pipe friction . The Moody chart is probably the most famous and useful figure in fluid mechanics mechanics. It is accurate to 15 percent for design calculations over the full range
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Temperature profile for a fully developed flow

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Constant Surface Heat Flux

Integrating,

Applying the B.Cs.

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Nu for circular tube

Circular tube, laminar (constant heat flux)

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Circular tube with constant temperature

A similar analysis can be performed for fully developed laminar flow in a circular tube for the case of constant surface temperature Ts. The solution procedure in this case is more complex as it requires iterations, but the Nusselt number relation obtained is equally simple

Circular tube, laminar (Ts = constant):

Nu =

hD = 3.66 k

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Nu and friction factor for non-circular tubes

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Developing region
For a circular tube of length L subjected to constant surface temperature, p , the average g Nusselt number for the thermal entrance region can be determined from (Edwards et al., 1979)

This relation assumes that the flow is hydrodynamically developed when the fluid enters the heating section section, but it can also be used approximately for flow developing hydrodynamically When the difference between the surface and the fluid temperatures is large [Sieder and Tate (1936)]

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 TheaverageNusseltnumberforthethermal entranceregionofflowbetweenisothermal parallelplatesoflengthLisexpressedas (Edwardsetal.,1979)

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Turbulent flow in Tubes

For smooth tubes, , the friction factor in turbulent flow can be determined from the explicit first Petukhov equation [Petukhov (1970)]

The Nusselt number in turbulent flow is related to the friction factor through the ChiltonColburn analogy expressed as

Once the friction factor is available, this equation can be used conveniently to evaluate the Nusselt number for both smooth and rough tubes tubes.
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For fully developed turbulent flow in smooth tubes, a simple relation for the Nusselt number can be obtained by substituting the simple power law relation f = 0.184 Re-0.2 for the friction factor into

The accuracy of this equation can be improved by modifying it as

where n = 0.4 for heating and 0.3 for cooling of the fluid flowing through the tube. This equation is known as the DittusBoelter equation [Dittus and Boelter (1930), ( ),

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