Comparison of Urban health research reported in Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 2000

to 2013
Course Teacher : Dr.Anil Kumar
GROUP 5 Aditi Lakhwara 003 Amandeep Khurana 005 Madhur Garg Shailesh Patil 025 Smriti Ekka 026

ABOUT JOURNAL OF URBAN HEALTH

Duration of study: 2000-2013 Volumes Studied: 12 Issues : 76 Articles : 1243 The essence of articles was captured in our study. The study is divided in 5periods of 3years each.

PERIOD 2000-02

THEMES 2000-02
Hazards Of The Urban Home Environment Childhood Asthma, Allergies, And Injures Access To And Financing Of Care Social Determinants Of HIV Prevention Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) Prevention Of HIV And Hepatitis B And C Infections Among Injection Drug Users Medicaid Managed Care Urban Bioethics Continuity Of Care From Corrections To Community Epidemiologic Contact Networks Female-initiated Methods For Preventing Transmission Of HIV And Other Sexually Transmitted Infections Urban Environmental Hazards Urban Disaster: A Population Perspective Firearms And Violence.

JOURNAL OF URBAN HEALTH: BULLETIN OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF MEDICINE. VOLUME 77, NUMBER I , MARCH 2000
Theme of the hazards of the urban home environment. The contribution of the home environment to illness has been long appreciated, but interest has been renewed recently, with the focus shifting toward childhood asthma, allergies, and injures. This issue provides discussion not only of hazards but also of innovative interventions. Also focus on issues of access to and financing of care and the impact of the social environment on networks, to neighborhoods, and beyond. Continuity of care, from corrections to communities, is an example. Other topics include the social determinants of HIV prevention activities and novel approaches to substance abuse treatment within communities. In this issue, the Journal has contributions that deal with HIV prevention through syringe exchange and pharmacies, as well as attitudes of family practice and other clinicians toward provision of methadone treatment in office-based practices.

Name of the article

Topic Covered

Injury-producing events among children in low-income communities: The role of community characteristics
Eighty years of public health in New York City Volunteer bias in nonrandomized evaluations of the efficacy of needleexchange programs

Injury Community characteristics

HIV HCV HBV Injection Drug Use Needle-Exchange Program Prevention Study Bias Substance Abuse Syringe-Exchange Program Housing Environmental Exposures Public Health Social Factors

Housing and healthCurrent issues and implications for research and programs

NUMBER 2, JUNE 2000

In this issue of the Journal, the topic is end-of-life and palliative care for patients with AIDS in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Response to these new therapies are variable, relating in part to issues around adherence, drug resistance, and host factors. New information will be needed to learn how these new therapies alter the course and manifestations of HIV infection, the patients' abilities to cope with infection, and the effective management of symptoms in response to the newer therapies. Papers are organized into review, epidemiological, clinical observation, and government perspectives. The New York City Department of Health column provides data relating to the trends in mortality in the era of HAART. Finally, a historical paper from the Bulletin demonstrates that the tension between palliative and curative care has existed in different forms for some time.

Name of the article

Topic Covered

Impact of haart on causes of death of persons with late-stage AIDS

HAART Hepatic Failure Late-Stage AIDS Sepsis

HIV as a chronic disease: Implications for long- AIDS term care at an AIDS-dedicated skilled nursing End-of-Life Care facility Health Services Long-Term Care Palliative Care Skilled Nursing Facilities
Effect of asthma on the quality of life among children and their caregivers in the Atlanta empowerment zone Asthma Health-Related Quality of Life Pediatrics

The difficult, demanding, and demented AIDS patient in long-term care

Ethics Long-term Care Autonomy Accommodatio

NUMBER 3, SEPTEMBER 2000 Focus on prevention of HIV and hepatitis B and C infections among injection drug users. As syringes became more available through pharmacy purchase and as needleexchange programs and drug treatment activities continued--all as infection prevention programs--it is important to recognize that each approach addresses different aspects of the problem
Name of the article Topic Covered

Changes in injection risk behavior associated with participation in the seattle needleexchange program

Behavior Change HBV HCV HIV Injection Drug Use Needle-Exchange Program Prevention Substance Abuse Syringe-Exchange Program

ISSUE 4, DECEMBER 2000

Focus on Medicaid managed care. Other topics, including the social costs of opioid dependence, homelessness among drug injectors by HIV serostatus, disclosure of maternal HIV status to children, and maternal mortality in New York City.

Name of the article

Topic Covered

Problems with quality monitoring for Medicaid managed care: Perceptions of institutional and private providers in New York City

Institutional providers Medicaid managed care Monitoring Quality

Commercial managed care plans leaving the Medicaid Managed Care Program in New York State: Impact on quality and access

Access to care Managed care Medicaid managed care Quality assessment

VOLUME 78, ISSUE 1, MARCH 2001

Journal made a transition from primarily a publication of proceedings of the Academy to a journal of peer-reviewed, data-driven manuscripts. The field of urban bioethics and, certainly, other fields are relevant in generating discourse on urban health, but do not fit into the traditional format.
Name of the article Topic Covered

Medical ethos and social responsibility in clinical medicine Physician credentials and practices associated with childhood immunization rates: Private practice pediatricians serving poor children in New York City

Access to Care Medical Ethos Social Responsibility Board Certification Immunization Medicaid Preferred Providers Quality of Care

VOLUME 78, ISSUE 2, JUNE 2001

Focus on continuity of care from corrections to community. The second set of articles is related to the experience of West Nile virus in New York City.

Name of the article

Topic Covered

HIV and AIDS surveillance among inmates in Maryland prisons Risk communication, the West Nile virus epidemic, and bioterrorism: responding to the communication challenges posed by the intentional or unintentional release of a pathogen in an urban setting Bioterrorism Risk Communication Risk Perception West Nile Virus

ISSUE 3, SEPTEMBER 2001

Focus on epidemiologic contact networks, transmission patterns of STDs in urban settings

Name of the article

Topic Covered

Case history of the Center for Urban Epidemiologic Studies in New York City

Asthma Community-based participatory research Urban health Substance abuse Contact network Mathematical models Network measures

Methods and measures for the description of epidemiologic contact networks

ISSUE 4, DECEMBER 2001

This issue of the Journal is devoted to research on female-initiated methods for preventing transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. Outside US focus.

Name of the article

Topic Covered

Constraints faced by sex workers in use of female and male condoms for safer sex in urban Zimbabwe

Female condoms HIV/AIDS Sex workers Zimbabwe Acceptability Female condom Reuse South Africa

The acceptability of reuse of the female condom among urban South African women

VOLUME 79, ISSUE 1, MARCH 2002

Special Feature: Firearms and Violence. Focus on current literature affecting urban health.

Name of the article

Topic Covered

Unintentional gun injuries, firearm design, and prevention: What we know, what we need to know, and what can be done Drugs and firearm deaths in New York City, 19901998

Firearm design Unintentional gun injury

Drugs Firearms Law Enforcement

VOLUME 79, ISSUE 2, JUNE 2002

Name of the article

Topic Covered

Survival of breast cancer patients in Connecticut in relation to socioeconomic and health care access indicators

Breast Cancer Medically Underserved Poverty Survival Health Access Homeless Medicaid Managed Care Welfare Reform

Urban homelessness and poverty during economic prosperity and welfare reform: Changes in selfreported comorbidities, insurance, and sources for usual care, 19951997 Power for T-test comparisons of unbalanced cluster exposure studies

VOLUME 79, ISSUE 3, SEPTEMBER 2002

Urban disaster: a population perspective

Name of the article

Topic Covered

Posttraumatic stress disorder in Manhattan, New York City, after the September 11th terrorist attacks Drug use frequency among street-recruited heroin and cocaine users in harlem and the bronx before and after September 11, 2001 Cross-sectional Study Disaster Drug Users Illicit Drug Use Terrorism

December 2002.

Urban environmental hazards

Name of the article

Topic Covered

Is home renovation or repair a risk factor for exposure to lead among children residing in New York City?

Children Home renovation Home repair Lead poisoning Infectious diseases Pesticide spraying Risk-risk tradeoffs West Nile virus

Print media coverage of risk-risk tradeoffs associated with West Nile encephalitis and pesticide spraying

PERIOD 2003-05

PRIMARY FOCUS ON HIV & CORRELATES Acupuncture

HEPATITIS C

MENTAL ILLNESS

IDU

HIV
HOMELESSNES

HEPATITIS B

SYRINGE EXCHANGE PROGRAM

MSMs

SYPHILIS POVERTY INFANT MORTALITY

ETHNICITY / RACE STREET CHILDREN MORTALITY PLANNING HEALTHY CITIES

WOMEN
YOUTH HEALTH HAZARDS
FEMALE CONDOMS

CANCER
COLORECTAL CANCER

OTHER ISSUES COVERED

Hospital admissions syndromic surveillance. Residential hazard assessment and control. Use of faith-based social service providers PRIMARY CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM AGEING POPULATION OBESITY EPIDEMIC CHILDREN IN PUBLIC HEALTH INSURANCE UNHEALTHY HOMES AND HEALTH HAZARDS

OVERWEIGHT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK CHILDREN URBAN UNINSURED CHLAMYDIA AND GONORRHEA IN US JAILS MALARIA RESEARCH

PRIVATE PHYSICIANS

WORKPLACE HEALTH AND SAFETY CONCERNS AVAILABILITY OF ANTIBIOTICS WITHOUT PRESCRIPTION. TRAUMA EXPOSURE AND POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER: A STUDY OF YOUTHS IN URBAN AMERICA

JAIL INCARCERATION AND BIRTH OUTCOMES

URBAN TERROR CHLAMYDIA AND GONORRHEA IN US JAILS CHRONIC DISEASE PROGRAMMING HEAT-RELATED MORTALITY

INCREASING BREASTFEEDING RATES AWARENESS OF HEART ATTACK SYMPTOMS COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS

EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICE

CARDIAC EVENTS AFTER THE SEPTEMBER 11, 2001 PTSD AND DEPRESSION AFTER THE WORLD TRADE CENTER ATTACK THE IMPACT OF BAM EARTHQUAKE ON SUBSTANCE USERS IN THE FIRST 2 WEEKS: A RAPID ASSESSMENT HEALTH CARE WORKERS ABILITY AND WILLINGNESS TO REPORT TO DUTY DURING CATASTROPHIC DISASTERS

A NATIONAL PROGRAM FOR INJURY PREVENTION IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: THE INJURY FREE COALITION FOR KIDS

PERIOD 2006-08

Themes 2006-08
HIV and AIDS Respondent-Driven Sampling in Participatory Research Contexts Child and Adolescent Health Neighborhood Influences: Does Geographic Setting Matter Suicidal Behaviour in urban settings Respondent Driven Sampling Social determinants of health in low income countries Intraurban Variations in Adult Mortality in city of Latin American Homelessness and the Response to Emerging Infectious Disease Outbreaks: Lessons from SARS

Name of the article

Topic Covered

Introduction to Special Section of JUH on Consortium Papers

HIV AIDS

Self-Reported Moisture or Mildew in the Homes of Head Start Children with Asthma is Associated with Greater Asthma Morbidity

Asthma: environmental conditions and demographics, associations were found between self-reported presence of moisture or mildew

Promoting Environmental Health Policy case study highlights the evolution, Through Community Based Participatory research, and policy processes and Research: A Case Study from Harlem, New York outcomes of a community based participatory research (CBPR

Name of the article

Topic Covered

Update and Overview of Practical Epidemiologic Aspects of HIV/AIDS among Injection Drug Users in the United States

Factors in addition to syringe sharing contribute to HIV transmission among IDUs: risky sexual behaviors, sharing of drug preparation equipment and drug solutions, and contextual and social factors

Immigration and HIV/AIDS in the New York Metropolitan Area

differences and commonalities, focusing on the social, attitudinal and behavioral factors that contribute to increased HIV/AIDS vulnerability among migrant populations

Name of the article

Topic Covered

Aging and HIV Infection Exploring Barriers to Respondent Driven Sampling in Sex Worker and Drug-Injecting Sex Worker Populations in Eastern Europe

of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) means of assessing the feasibility and appropriateness of RDS in this high risk population: the network characteristics of SWs; the appropriate level of participant incentives; and lack of service contact.

Sex Worker Assessment of Respondent Driven Sampling for Recruiting Female Sex Workers in Two Vietnamese Cities: Reaching the Unseen

HIV biological and behavioral surveillance survey to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of RDS to sample FSWs, to determine if RDS can reach otherwise inaccessible FSWs in Vietnam

Name of the article

Topic Covered

Do Drug Treatment Facilities Increase Clients Exposure to Potential Neighborhood-Level Triggers for Relapse? A Small-Area Assessment of a Large, Public Treatment System

choice and construction of small-area measures relevant to the drug treatment context, including drug activity, disadvantage, and violence

Defining Urban and Rural Areas in U.S. Epidemiologic Studies

reviews some available definitions of urban and rural for American geographic subunits and their respective strengths and weaknesses

Name of the article

Topic Covered

Predictors of Lower Endoscopy Use Among Patients at Three Inner-City Neighborhood Health Centers

Understanding the predictors of CRC screening (Colorectal Cancer)

The College Health and Wellness Study: Baseline Correlates of Overweight among African Americans

to identify factors associated with the development of obesity during young adulthood.

Cultural Capital and Self-Rated Health in Low Income Women: Evidence from the Urban Health Study, Beirut, Lebanon

Cultural capital had significant associations with self-perceived general and mental health status net of the effects of social capital, SES, demographics, community and health risk factors.

Name of the article

Topic Covered

Suicidal Behaviour on Subway Systems: A Review of the Epidemiology

objective was to analyze studies of suicide on subway systems, develop a profile of characteristics that are suggestive of association with suicides or attempts,

Prevalence of Indoor Allergen Exposures among study describes indoor dust allergen levels New Orleans Children with Asthma in the homes of asthmatic children explores regional variability in dust allergen exposure

Experiences of Social Stigma and Implications For Healthcare Among a Diverse Population of HIV Positive Adults

groups to identify the most salient domains of stigma and the coping strategies that may be common to a group of diverse, lowincome women and men living with HIV in Los Angeles

Name of the article

Topic Covered

Quality of Water the Slum Dwellers Use: The Case of a Kenyan Slum

to assess sanitary practices of residents of a Kenyan urban slum and fecal contamination of their domestic water sources

Lets Not Ignore a Growing HIV Problem for Asians and Pacific Islanders in the U.S.

among all racial groups in the U.S., Asians and Pacific Islanders (APIs) had the only statistically significant increases in HIV/AIDS diagnosis rates

Cross-boundary Substance Uses Among Hong Kong Chinese Young Adults

characteristics of Hong Kong residents who used substances compared with those using substances elsewhere.

Name of the article

Topic Covered

Community Engagement in Urban Health Research

involving communities to enhance research by improving the quality, relevance, and impact of research in the community

Buying and Selling Looses in Baltimore: The Informal Exchange of Cigarettes in the Community Context

explore community factors contributing to high young adult smoking prevalence

Exploring Wine Shops as a Venue for HIV Prevention Interventions in Urban India

explore community-based alcohol outlets or wine shops potential venues

Urbanization and Stroke Prevalence in Taiwan

to explore the prevalence of strokes among individuals and the association with urbanization level

Intraurban Variations in Adult Mortality in a Large Latin American City

to investigate spatial variation in total, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, and neoplasm adult mortality

Homelessness and the Response to Emerging Infectious Disease Outbreaks: Lessons from SARS

The Toronto SARS experience provided insights that are relevant to response planning for future outbreaks in cities with substantial numbers of homeless individuals

An Overview of 9/11 Experiences and Respiratory and Mental Health Conditions among World Trade Center Health Registry Enrollees

overview of the World Trade Center Health Registry (WTCHR) enrollees, their exposures, and their respiratory and mental health outcomes

Preparing for Disaster: Response Matrices in the USA and UK

Experiences of Traumatic Events and Associations with PTSD and Depression Development in Urban Health Care-seeking Women

PTSD was very prevalent in urban health careseeking women. Assaultive violence was most predictive of PTSD development and also non remittance

Smoking and All-Cause Mortality among a Cohort of Urban Transit Operators

assesses the contribution of smoking to allcause mortality among a primarily minority cohort of urban transit operators

Coming to Town: The Impact of Urbanity, Cigarette Advertising, and Network Norms on the Smoking Attitudes of Black Women

to examine the effect of urban living on smoking attitudes among black African women

Social Determinants, Suboptimal Health Behavior, and Morbidity in Urban Slum Population

social determinants of health approach to understand morbidity outcomes for people residing in the slums

Summary of this Period

Social determinants of health (SDH) are important, generally, yet can have different effects in different settings from urban to rural, between countries, between cities, and within cities. Failure to acknowledge, and more importantly, to understand the role of SDH in health and access to health and social services will hamper any effort to improve the health of the population.

The concepts presented here are broadly applicable to a variety of settings: developed and developing countries, slum areas, inner cities, middle income neighborhoods, and even higher income neighborhoods. However, our focus will be on some of the more vulnerable urban populations who are most profoundly affected by SDH.

 First, the marked sprawl of cities in the developing world will make access to care more difficult. Second, increasing motor vehicles and the likelihood of inadequate infrastructure will make air pollution and accidents in road traffic more common than in the past. Third, impoverished urban populations have already shown a propensity toward undernourishment, and its obverse, obesity, is already emerging as a major risk. Also, the large projected increase in slums suggests that violence and homicide will become a more important burden of health, and very large hazards will be created by fire-prone, insubstantial dwellings that will house nearly two billion people by 2030

PERIOD 2009-11

2009
THEMES Adolescent and Child Health Factors related to Undiagnosed asthma in urban adolescents Food intake of adolescents from 15 to 25 years of age in the city of BeloHorizonte, Brazil, according to anthropometric profile and the Index of Health Vulnerability. Oral health and healthy cities: An analysis of intra-urban differentials in oral health outcomes in relation to healthy cities policies in Curitiba Preventing childhood obesity: Socioeconomic, family, and cultural influences on healthy nutrition for disadvantaged youths Scaling up: Sexual and reproductive health services for urban young people in developing country public sector Smoking among adolescents in an urban setting: Effect of neighbourhood on adolescent psychosocial adjustment Trends in vaccine-induced immunity to hepatitis B among Canadian street involved youth.

2009
Issue is devoted to HIV/AIDS among Youth in Urban area. Adolescent and child health Childhood injury Dietary patterns of urban children of India Traffic injuries among children and adolescents in urban areas. HIV/STD risk and substance use in a cohort of Bronx youth Teenage pregnancy in Stevenage Initial gynaecological health care experiences of urban African American adolescent girls. Vulnerability of street children to sexually transmitted diseases and HIV infection.

2010
Link between transportation and Urban health Housing and neighbourhood conditions and its impact on Health Womens reproductive health FSWs, IDUs, MSM at risk of HIV/AIDS Access to sterile syringe for IDUs Stress and depression affecting health The Contribution of Urban Food ways to Health Disparities

Link between transportation and Urban health

Speed Kills: The Complex Links Between Transport, Lack of Time and Urban Health Characterizing Urban Traffic Exposures Using Transportation Planning Tools

Housing And Neighbourhood Conditions And Its Impact on Health

Years off Your Life? The Effects of Homicide on Life Expectancy by Neighbourhood and Race/Ethnicity in Los Angeles County Neighbourhood and Individual-Level Violence and Unintended Pregnancy Adverse Housing and Neighbourhood Conditions and Inflammatory Markers among Middle-Aged African Americans The Role of Housing Type and Housing Quality in Urban Children with Asthma Neighbourhood Socioeconomic Environment and Sexual Network Position

Neighbourhood Factors Affecting Rates of Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Chicago

Reproductive Health
Trends in Inequalities in Induced Abortion According to Educational Level among Urban Women Untreated Reproductive Morbidities among Ever Married Women of Slums: The Role of Class, Distance, Provider Attitudes, and Perceived Quality of Care Womens Reproductive Health in Slum Populations

Pregnancy Risk among Black, White, and Hispanic Teen Girls in New York City Public Schools

FSWs, IDUs, MSM at Risk Of HIV/AIDS

Evaluating Recruitment among Female Sex Workers and Injecting Drug Users at Risk for HIV Exploring Factors That Underlie Racial/Ethnic Disparities in HIV Risk among Young Men Who Have Sex with Men Sexual Partnering and HIV Risk among Black Men Who Have Sex with Men

Crystal Methamphetamine Use and Sexual Risk Behaviours among HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative Men Who Have Sex with Men

Access to Sterile Syringe For IDUs

Evaluating a State-wide Pilot Syringe Access Program for Injection Drug Users through Pharmacies Access to Sterile Syringes through San Francisco Pharmacies and the Association with HIV Risk Behaviour among Injection Drug Users Pharmacy Participation in Non-Prescription Syringe Sales

Non-prescription Syringe Sales in California: A Qualitative Examination of Practices among 12 Local Health Jurisdictions

2011
Physical Inactivity in Urban slums Social network and its influence on sexual behaviour (Afro Americans) Health issues in migrants (IDUs and Cancer) Environmental changes like Noise pollution, allergens and related morbidities
Urbanization, Poverty, and Health Dynamics in subSaharan Africa: Insights from Nairobi Slum Settlements

Neighbourhood and Violence

Neighbourhood Effects and Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Alcohol Outlets, Neighbourhood Characteristics, and Intimate Partner Violence Neighbourhood-Level Factors Associated with Physical Dating Violence Perpetration Perceptions of Prominent Neighbourhood Individuals Regarding Neighbourhood Factors and Intimate Partner Violence

The Controlling Asthma in American Cities Project: It Takes A Community

Assessing Community-Based Approaches to Asthma Control Conceptual Framework of the Controlling Asthma in American Cities Project Considerations and Challenges for Planning a Public Health Approach to Asthma Evaluation of a Practice-Based Intervention to Improve the Management of Paediatric Asthma A Community-Based Strategy for Improving Asthma Management and Outcomes for Preschoolers

Urbanization, Poverty, and Health Dynamics in subSaharan Africa: Insights from Nairobi Slum Settlements
Overview of migration, poverty and health dynamics in Nairobi City's slum settlements Monitoring of Health and Demographic Outcomes in Poor Urban Settlements Hunger and Food Insecurity in Nairobis Slums Fatal Injuries in the Slums of Nairobi and their Risk Factors Adolescent Problem Behaviour in Nairobi's Informal Settlements Menstrual Pattern, Sexual Behaviours, and Contraceptive Use among Postpartum Women

PERIOD 2012-13

2012-13
Gun Violence Social stability characteristics Homeless people with mental disorder Gang violence and teenage pregnancy Diseases in prison inmates Multiperson sex in USA Obesity; High Blood Pressure; Physical Activity; Hearing Loss Suicide attempts at subway stations Injectable drug use

Urban Life Style Related Studies

Neighbourhood Walkability and Active Travel (Walking and Cycling) in New York City Mass Transit Ridership and Self-Reported Hearing problems in an Urban Population The Effect of Religious Service Attendance on Race Differences in Depression Health and Safety Strategies of Urban Taxi Drivers Trade-Offs Between Commuting Time and Health-Related Activities Predictors of Suicide and Suicide Attempt in Subway Stations Environmental Audits of Friendliness toward Physical Activity in Three Income Levels

 The Effectiveness of a Community Playground Intervention Neighbourhood Urban Form, Social Environment, and Depression in USA Permanent Hearing Loss among Professional Spice Grinders in an Urban Community in Southwest Nigeria Cognitive Interviewing Methods for Questionnaire Pre-Testing in Homeless Persons with Mental Disorders in Canada Social Stability and Health: Exploring Multidimensional Social Disadvantage

Drug Abuse & Violence

Syringe Acquisition Experiences and Attitudes among Injection Drug Users in Rhode Islands The Prevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV, and HIV-Related Risk-Taking Behaviours among Palestinian Injecting Drug Users Spatial Access to Sterile Syringes and the Odds of Injecting with an Unsterile Syringe among Injectors Correlates of Susceptibility to Hepatitis B among People Who Inject Drugs in Sydney The Syndemic Effects of Intimate Partner Violence, HIV/AIDS, and Substance Abuse on Depression among Low-Income Urban Women

 Exposure to Partner, Family, and Community Violence: Gang-Affiliated Latina Women and Risk of Unintended Pregnancy:

Urban Food Culture

Engaging Youth in Food Activism in New York City Food Availability en Route to School and Anthropometric Change in Urban Children The HungerObesity Paradox: Obesity in the Homeless Calorie Postings in Chain Restaurants in a LowIncome Urban Neighbourhood Prioritizing Obesity in the City

Substance Abuse
Changes in Smoking Prevalence and Number of Cigarettes Smoked Per Day Following the Implementation of a Comprehensive Tobacco Control Plan in New York City Small Area Estimates Reveal High Cigarette Smoking Prevalence in Low-Income Cities of Los Angeles County Pregnancy and Drinking among Women Offenders under Community Supervision in the United States

NCD Related Studies

The Influence of Place on Weight Gain during Early Childhood Adherence to Chronic Disease Medications among New York City Significance of Increasing Poverty Levels for Determining Late-Stage Breast Cancer Diagnosis Association of Suboptimal Health Status and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Urban Chinese Workers Evaluation of a Mindfulness-Based Intervention Program to Decrease Blood Pressure in Low-Income African-American Older Adults

 Awareness of Sickle Cell among People of Reproductive Age: Dominicans and African Americans in Northern Manhattan :

Urban Safety
Pattern of Pedestrian Injuries in the City of Nairobi: Implications for Urban Safety Lessons from Hurricane Sandy: a Community Response in Brooklyn, New York Intersect oral Planning for City Health Development: The concept of CHDP (City Health Development Planning) combines elements from three theoretical domains: (a) health development, (b) city governance, and (c) urban planning

LGBT Issues
Epidemiology, Sexual Risk Behaviour, and HIV Prevention Practices of Men who Have Sex with Men Los Angeles Substance Use and HIV Risk Behaviour among Men Who Have Sex with Men: The Role of Sexual Compulsivity HIV Sexual Risk Behaviour among Black Men Who Meet Other Men on the Internet for Sex Application of Syndemic Theory to Black Men Who Have Sex with Men in the Multicentre AIDS Cohort Study

Gun Violence
Interpreting the Empirical Evidence on Illegal Gun Market Dynamics Temporal Association between Federal Gun Laws and the Diversion of Guns to Criminals in Milwaukee

Prisons
Health Disparities and the Criminal Justice System: An Agenda for Further Research and Action Prevalence and Correlates of HCV, HVB, and HIV Infection among Prison Inmates and Staff, Hungary

Communicable Diseases in Urban Areas

Mapping Urban Malaria and Diarrheal Mortality in Accra, Ghana

FINDINGS

REGIONAL FOCUS OF ARTICLES GLOBAL SNAPSHOT

REGIONAL FOCUS OF ARTICLES GLOBAL SNAPSHOT

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
BANGKOK THAILAND MEXICO ZAMBIA ZIMBABWE LEBANON INDIA PAKISTAN IRAN NIGERIA SURAT, INDIA KENYA TAIWAN BRAZIL HO CHI MIN VIETNAM DOMINIC REPUBLIC LEBANON SOUTH AFRICA

DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
PHILADELPHIA BALTIMORE EASTERN EUROPE

SAN FRANCISCO
NEW YORK CHICAGO

VS

LOS ANGELES
CANADA NEW ORLEANS MISSISIPI SYDNEY MASACHUSETTES HARLEM CONNECTICUT PENSYLVANIA ATLANTA SEATTLE OAKLAND HUNGARY

METHODOLOGICAL TOOLS COMMONLY USED IN URBAN RESEARCH

METHODOLOGY USED
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

METHODOLOGY
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

RESEARCH GAP
Future research should include formative and observational studies should be done. There should be more qualitative research to get an in-depth knowledge about the emerging urban health issues. More focus should be on developing countries where the rate of urbanization is significantly increasing. Data dependability should be reduced and wherever possible primary data collection should be done. Communicable diseases, particularly HIV/AIDs, will continue to be the most important killers among the poor. However, new risks will emerge for several reasons. Data is sparse regarding the comorbidities of hepatitis B virus (HBV), HCV, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), all of which may complicate the management of HCV. Patterns of future urban growth, combined with advances in the treatment of traditional scourges of communicable diseases, will cause a shift in the burden of disease toward category 2 (NCD) and 3 (injury) conditions over the next 30 years. So there should a shift in the paradigm of urban health research.