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C
a
A
0
Z(sin c tan c cos c)
(5)
The vertical force (V) becomes
V =
H(cos c tan c sin c)
sin c tan c cos c
(6)
where
Z =
cos c tan c sin c
sin c tan c cos c
cos u tan csin u
sin u tan ccos u
(7)
Fig. 1. Two-dimensional soil failure in front of a tillage tool: (a)
wedge (b) geometrical relationships (Rowe and Barnes, 1961; Gill
and Vandern Berg, 1968) See Table 6 for symbols.
Fig. 2. Free body diagram of the soil tool system for Soehne's
approach (a) 2-D analysis and (b) 3-D analysis. See Table 6 for
symbols.
A.P. Onwualu, K.C. Watts / Soil & Tillage Research 48 (1998) 239253 243
where: c is rake angle of tool, u is failure angle as
shown in Fig. 1(b), C is cohesion, C
a
is adhesion, Wis
weight of soil wedge, F
a
is acceleration force and A
0
,
A
1
, A
2
are cross sectional areas dened below.
The acceleration force (F
a
) is equal to the resistance
required to bring the block of soil initially at rest to a
speed that ensures that it travels over the tool. This
force is a function of the soil bulk density (), tool
width (b), tool depth (d), tool velocity (v), rake angle
(c) and failure angle (u):
F
a
= bdi
2
sin c
sin(c u)
(8)
The weight of the soil wedge is
W = V
0
(9)
where V
0
= bA
2
is the volume of the wedge.The
failure angle is obtained from passive earth pressure
theory as
u = 45
c
2
(10)
From Fig. 1(b), the various areas are obtained as
A
0
=
bd
sin c
(11)
A
1
=
bd
sin u
(12)
A
2
= d
+
L
0
L
1
L
2
2
(13)
d
+
=
d sin(c u)
sin u
(14)
L
o
=
d
sin c
(15)
L
1
=
d cos(c u)
sin u
(16)
L
2
= d
+
tan c (17)
This model as presented is for 3-D analysis for narrow
tool. To use it for wide blade (2-D), N
2
, SF and CF
2
are
set to zero.
The failure wedge for Model 2 which is credited to
Mckyes is shown in Fig. 3 to consist of a plane centre
wedge, anked by two circular crescents (Mckyes and
Ali, 1977; Mckyes, 1985). The forces involved include
the weight of the soil wedge (), surcharge (q), soil
reaction (R
1
), cohesion (C), adhesion (C
a
) and cutting
force (P). The cutting force (P) per unit width of blade
is given in the form of the universal earth moving
equation, UEE (Reece, 1964) with a dynamic term to
account for speed:
P = gd
2
N
CdN
c
QdN
q
C
a
dN
ca
i
2
dN
a
(18)
where the N-factors are given as:
N
=
r,2d 1 (2r,3b)sin , [ [
cos(c c) sin(c c)cot(u c)
(19)
N
c
=
1 cot u cot(u c) 1 (r,b)sin , [ [
cos(c c) sin(c c) cot(u c)
(20)
N
q
=
(r,d) 1 (r,b)sin , [ [
cos(c c) sin(c c) cot(u c)
(21)
N
ca
=
1 cot ccot(u c)
cos(c c) sin(c c) cot(u c)
(22)
N
a
=
[tan u cot(u c)[ 1 (r,b) sin , [ [
[cos(c c) sin(c c)cot(u c)[[tan u cot c[
(23)
The rupture distance r is given as
r = d(cot c cot u) (24)
The cutting force is obtained by solving the
Fig. 3. Three-dimensional soil failure in front of a tillage tool: (a)
failure wedge (b) force analysis (Mckyes, 1985). See Table 6 for
symbols.
244 A.P. Onwualu, K.C. Watts / Soil & Tillage Research 48 (1998) 239253
equation
dN
du
= 0 (25)
to obtain the required failure angle u to minimize the
N-factor for weight N