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Dr. Olaf Lenz Institut fr Angewandte Geowissenschaften Angewandte Sedimentgeologie Technische Universitt Darmstadt
Structure
Basics (3 lectures with exercises)
17.10.2012 24.10.2012 31.10.2012 07.11.2012 14.11.2012 21.11.2012 28.11.2012 05.12.2012 12.12.2012 16.01.2013 23.01.2013 30.01.2013 Introduction on Statistics Data Presentation Requirements of Data for Statistical Analysis
Final exam
PAST Software
Statistics - Definition
Statistics is the science of making effective use of numerical data relating to groups of individuals or experiments. It deals with all aspects of this, including not only the collection, analysis and interpretation of such data, but also the planning of the collection of data, in terms of the design of surveys and experiments. Classical statistical methods are methods which are concerned with the analysis of empirical (i.e. observed, measured) data.
(Dodge 2003: The Oxford Dictionary of Statistical Terms)
Statistics Definition II
We use Statistics to draw conclusions about very large groups of individuals (animate or inanimate) when we can only study small samples of them! The questions we are trying to answer: 1. If I assume that the sample of individuals I have studied is representative of the group they come from, what can I tell about the group as a whole? 2. How confident can I be that the sample of individuals I have studied was like the group as a whole?
Variability
Normal distribution
Frequency distribution
15. Oktober 2012 | Fachbereich 11 | Angewandte Geowissenschaften | Dr. Olaf Lenz | 6
Townend (2002)
Normal distribution
Davis (2002)
Davis (2002)
Mean:
Mode:
The mode is the value that occurs with the greatest frequency.
15. Oktober 2012 | Fachbereich 11 | Angewandte Geowissenschaften | Dr. Olaf Lenz | 9
Davis (2002)
The corrected mean of squared differences is 24/6 = 4.0 Variance The square root of variance Standard deviation
15. Oktober 2012 | Fachbereich 11 | Angewandte Geowissenschaften | Dr. Olaf Lenz | 11
Example: Ants standard deviation = 3 mm, mean length = 10 mm Dogs standard deviation = 20 cm, mean length = 100 cm Are ants or dogs more variable in their length? CVants = 3/10 = 0.3 = 30% CVdogs = 20/100 = 0.2 = 20%
http://www.statistics4u.info/fundstat_eng/cc_skewness.html
15. Oktober 2012 | Fachbereich 11 | Angewandte Geowissenschaften | Dr. Olaf Lenz | 13
http://www.statistics4u.info/fundstat_eng/cc_kurtosis.html
15. Oktober 2012 | Fachbereich 11 | Angewandte Geowissenschaften | Dr. Olaf Lenz | 14
Summary Statistics
Mean Median Mode Quartiles
Measures of location:
location of the center of the distribution location of the other parts of the distribution
Measures of spread:
Measures of shape:
symmetry
population mean
sample mean
Townend (2002)
Townend (2002)
standard error
Townend (2002)
Example:
There is approximately a 68% change that the true population mean lies in the range 9.0 +/- 0.76 = between 8.24 and 9.76
15. Oktober 2012 | Fachbereich 11 | Angewandte Geowissenschaften | Dr. Olaf Lenz | 19
Standard deviation: Standard deviation is a measure of how much deviation there is between individuals in a population.
Standard error: Standard error is a measure of the margin of error involved in estimating the mean of a population.
PAST
Next week
Basics (3 lectures with exercises)
17.10.2012 24.10.2012 31.10.2012 07.11.2012 14.11.2012 21.11.2012 28.11.2012 05.12.2012 12.12.2012 16.01.2013 23.01.2013 30.01.2013 Introduction on Statistics Data Presentation Requirements of Data for Statistical Analysis
Final exam