Derivationofnumberofstanding wavesperunit i volume l in i radiation di i cavity y

Standing waves
Cavity y surface is FULL with oscillators Cavity is filled with standing waves Number b of f standing di waves is i different diff for different wavelengths
L

Number of modes? Number of standing waves one can form in a given area (2D case) or volume (3D case) with varying orientation

Modes in 1Dimentional

nx

=L

where nx is integer

2L Number of modes between and +d: N() d = n x = 2 d

Number of modes in 2D
B

2
M A

y
2
O

2 2 f( t) f(x, ) =C sin i (kx (k t) ) ; k= ; kx = x

kx and d ky are x and d y components of f the h wave vector k. k

x
2

For forming a standing wave the amplitude of the wave must be zero at x=L
nx

x
2

OM=/2 OA=x/2 OB=y/2

cos = /x ; cos = /y; cos = /z ;

= L = ny

y
2

2L 2L nx = = cos x
2L 2L ny = = cos y n
z

2L 2L = cos y

Number of modes in 2D
B

2
M A

y
2
O

Condition for formation of Standing wave i 2D space in

2 4L 2 + n2 n x y = 2

(Qcos 2 + cos 2 = 1)

x
2

To know the number of modes of a given wavelength in 2D : Consider number space and draw a circle with radius of 2L/ . All points lying on the circle will satisfy the condition for standing wave

radius

2L

ny
radius 2L + d

Numberofmodesin3Dcavity
Each unit volume represents a mode. mode The number of modes between and +d. =The volume of spherical shell We have to consider only +ve integers ONLY 1 8 of the volume represents possible modes

nx

Volume of the spherical shell (4 r 2 dr) 2L =4

2

Volume contributing to modes 4 L3 1 8L3 = 4 4 d = 4 d 8

8L3 2L d = 4 4 d 2

Polarization : There are TWO polarizations for each EM wave

Total number of

4 L3 modes = 2 4 d

Number of modes between and +d per unit volume are:

8 N( )d = 4 d

Number of modes in 2D
B

2
M A

y
2
O

2 2 f( t) f(x, ) =C sin i (kx (k t) ) ; k= ; kx = x

kx and d ky are x and d y components of f the h wavevector k. k

x
2

For forming a standing wave the amplitude of the wave must be zero at x=L
nx

x
2

OM=/2 OA=x/2 OB=y/2

cos = /x ; cos = /y; cos = /z ;

= L = ny

y
2

2L 2L nx = = cos x
2L 2L ny = = cos y n
z

2L 2L = cos y

Numberofmodesin2Dcavity
ny Each c dot do represents ep ese s d different e e mode ode of o different or of same : Dot 1: =2L, wave moving along x-axis Dot 2: =L, , wave moving g along g x-axis Dot 3: =2L/3 wave moving along x-axis Dot 4: =0.5L wave moving along x-axis Dot 5: =L wave moving along y-axis Dots 2 & 5: two modes of =L Dots 6 & 7: two modes of = 4 / 5

5 6 7 1 2 3 4

nx

Degeneracy

What happens Practical cavities have dimensions of cm or m & We are considering in micrometers. if the cavity is The number of nodes in any direction are : >104. of micron size
The number of points will be almost continuously spread in chosen space All will form SW

Numberofmodesin2Dcavity
radius 2L

ny

2L radius + d

Each ac unit u area e represents ep ese s a mode. ode. The number of modes between and +d. = The area between two rings We have to consider only +ve integers area ONLY represents possible modes

nx

Area betwen two rings (2 r dr) 2L 2L 4L2 =2 d = 2 3 d 2

Area contributing to modes 2 L2 1 4L2 = 2 3 d = 3 d 4

Polarization : There are TWO polarizations for each EM wave Number of modes get doubled Number of modes between and +d : N()d = 4 d per unit area are: 3

radius

2L

ny
radius

Numberofmodesin3Dcavity
2L + d

Each unit volume represents a mode. The number of modes between and +d. =The volume of spherical shell We have to consider only +ve integers ONLY 1 8 of the volume represents possible modes

nx

Volume of the spherical shell (4 r 2 dr) 2L =4

2

Volume contributing to modes 4 L3 1 8L3 = 4 4 d = 4 d 8

8L 2L d = 4 d 2 4

Polarization : There are TWO polarizations for each EM wave

Total

number

of

4 L3 modes = 2 4 d

Number of modes between and +d per unit volume are:

8 N( )d = 4 d

Blackbodyradiation:Ultravioletcatastrophe
8 Total numberof modes per unit volum e in 3D case are : 4 d
Average energy of the mode : kT Energy gy density y inside the 3D cavity y:
Why radiation is less at longer wavelengths? : there jjust isnt enough g room in the box to fit many standing wave of longer wavelengths
There is no limit to the number of short l length th modes d th that t can exist i ti in th the b box, and d so we predict the Ultraviolet catastrophe At short wavelengths the classical curve is disagrees completely with experiment.
T2

8 ( ) d = 4 d kT
Ultraviolet catastrophe T2 T2> T1

OUT OF LINE SolutionbyPlanck

Oscillator energies E = nh, n = 0,1,2; 012 ; h (Plancks constant) = 6.62x10-34 Js Oscillator scillators s energy can only change by discrete amounts, (Oscillators can absorb or emit energy in small packets quanta; Eq quantum = h ONLY
8 = 4 d E osc hc E osc = hc/kT e 1

Average energy of oscillators is derived assuming that oscillator energies g can vary y only y specific p values E = 0, , h, 2h, 3h, & using g Boltzmann factor n(E) = e-E/kT When Planck was deriving the formula even he did not know what to make of his assumption, but it was the first hint of quanta quanta and Universal constant h

Planck called his theory an act of desperation.

Number of modes or Density of states between and +d 1D case per unit length 2 d 2 2D case per unit area 4 d 3 3D case per unit volume 8 d 4
ny

Density of states in term of frequency 2D Case: Density of states and +d per unit area are:
Area betwen two rings (2 r dr) , where r = 2L 2L 4 L2 1 = (2) 2 d = d 2 4 c c c 2L 2L = c
nx

Polarization factor

Only +ve integers contribute

Total number of oscillators with natural frequency are No

State Ground 1st excited 2nd excited 3rd excited Energy E0=0 E1=h E2=2h E3=3h Number of oscillators in the given state Energy total Average energy

N1 = A exp( E 0 /kT) E0N1 N 2 = A exp(E1/kT) E1N2 N 3 = A exp(E 2 /kT) E2N3

E osc =

h e h/kT 1
hc e hc/ kT 1

N 4 = A exp(E 3 /kT) E3N4

OR E osc =

hc 8 ( )d = 4 d hc/kT 1 e

Number of modes or Density of states between and +d 1D case per unit length 2 d 2 2D case per unit area 4 d 3 3D case per unit volume 8 d 4
ny

Density of states in term of frequency 2D Case: Density of states and +d per unit area are:
Area betwen two rings (2 r dr) , where r = 2L 2L 4 L2 1 = (2) 2 d = d 2 4 c c c 2L 2L = c
nx

Polarization factor

Only +ve integers contribute

Density of states between and +d : in 3D case

ny
Volume of the shell betwen two spheres (4 r 2 dr) , where r = 1 2L = (2) 4 8 c
2

2L 2L = c

2L 8 L3 2 d = d 3 c c

nx

Polarization factor

Only +ve integers contribute

1D case per unit length 2 d c

2D case per unit area

4 d 2 c

3D case per unit volume 8 2 d 3 c

Number of modes or Density of states between k and k+dk 2D Case: C

Area betwen two rings (2 r dr) , where r = 1 Lk L L2 k = (2) 2 dk = dk 4 2L 2Lk = 2
nx ny

Polarization factor

Only +ve integers contribute

Density of states between k and k+dk : in 3D case

Volume of the shell betwen two spheres (4 r 2 dr) , where r = 1 Lk = (2) 4 8
2

2L 2Lk = 2

Ldk L3 k 2 dk = 2

1D :unit length

2D : unit area

3D :unit volume

1 dk

k dk

k2 dk 2

Number of modes or Density of states between p and p+dp 2D Case: C

Area betwen two rings (2 r dr) , where r = 2Lp 2L 4 L2 p 1 dp = (2) 2 dp = 2 h h h 4 2L 2Lp = h
nx ny

Polarization factor

Only +ve integers contribute

Density of states between p and p+dp : in 3D case

Volume of the shell betwen two spheres (4 r 2 dr) , where r = 1 2Lp = (2) 4 8 h
2

2L 2Lp = h

2Ldp 8 L3 p 2 dp = 2 h h

1D :unit length

2D : unit area

3D :unit volume

2 dp h

4 p = 2 dp h

8 p 2 = 3 dp h

Number of modes or Density of states between E and E+dE 2D Case: C

Area betwen two rings (2 r dr) , where r = 2L 2L 2mE = h
nx ny

1 2L 2mE 2L 1 2m 4 L2 m = (2) 2 dE = dE 2 h 4 h h 2 E

Polarization factor

Only +ve integers contribute

Density of states between E and E+dE : in 3D case

Volume of the shell betwen two spheres (4 r 2 dr) , where r = 1 = (2) 4 8 2L 2mE h
2

2L 2L 2mE = h

3 2L 1 2m 8 m 2 L3 E dE dE = h 2 E h3

1D :unit length

2D : unit area

3D :unit volume

2m dE E

4 m = dE 2 h

8 2m 2 E = dE 3 h