Amarna

CapitalCityofAncientEgypt
TelElAmarnaisacitylocatedonaflatstretchoflandbesidetheNile Valley.Itmeasuresonly12kilometersfromnorthtosouth,howeverit isoneofthemostinterestingandcaptivatingareasinallofEgypt.

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TableofContents
1 2 3 4 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................... 1 HOWTHECITYBEGAN............................................................................................................................... 5 THEHISTORYOFDISCOVERY...................................................................................................................... 6 DESCRIPTIONOFAMARNACITY................................................................................................................. 7 4.1 THECENTRALCITY............................................................................................................................................ 7 4.1.1 TheTemples............................................................................................................................................. 8 4.1.2 TheGreatTempleoftheAten.................................................................................................................. 8 4.1.3 Bakeries................................................................................................................................................... 9 4.1.4 TheBridge................................................................................................................................................ 9 4.2 THESMALLTEMPLEOFATEN............................................................................................................................ 10 4.3 SOUTHSUBURB.............................................................................................................................................. 10 4.4 NORTHSUBURB.............................................................................................................................................. 11 4.4.1 TheNorthPalace(PalaceofNefertiti)................................................................................................... 11 4.4.2 TheNorthCity........................................................................................................................................ 11 4.4.3 TheDesertAltars................................................................................................................................... 11 4.4.4 TheNecropolises.................................................................................................................................... 12 4.4.5 TheWorkers(orEastern)Village........................................................................................................... 12 4.5 GARDENSOFAMARNA..................................................................................................................................... 12 4.5.1 THEPLACEOFMERIRETHEHIGHPRIEST,ELAMARNA......................................................................... 13 4.5.2 PalaceGardens...................................................................................................................................... 14 4.5.3 MaruAten............................................................................................................................................. 15 4.6 ROYALTOMB................................................................................................................................................. 15 4.7 OTHERRUINS................................................................................................................................................. 16 5 6 7 HOWTHECITYENDED ............................................................................................................................... 17 TOUROFANAMARNAHOME................................................................................................................... 18 AMARNACITYTODAY............................................................................................................................... 19 7.1 8 AMARNAPROJECTSITE.................................................................................................................................... 19

REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................. 22

TableofFigures
FIGURE1:AMARNABYSATELLITE.......................................................................................................................................... 2 FIGURE2:MAPOFAMARNACITY......................................................................................................................................... 3 FIGURE3:DETAILOFCITY.................................................................................................................................................... 4 FIGURE4:LAYOUTOFCENTRALCITY...................................................................................................................................... 9 FIGURE5:GOOGLEEARTHVIEWOFAMARNACITY................................................................................................................. 20 FIGURE6:CLOSERVIEWOFAMARNACITY............................................................................................................................ 21

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ThisdocumentwasdevelopedfortheAMORC classentitledAncientMysterySchoolsPart1
DevelopedwithPeaceandLoveby: ClaudiaAlarcon DianeCulhane ImeegeneAlcantara JimSipe JohnTamagni

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1 Introduction
ThesiteofAmarna(commonlyknownaselAmarnaorincorrectlyasTelelAmarna;seebelow)(Arabic: alamrn)islocatedontheeastbankoftheNileRiverinthemodernEgyptianprovinceof Minya,some58km(38miles)southofthecityofalMinya,312km(194miles)southoftheEgyptian capitalCairoand402km(250miles)northofLuxor.ThesiteofAmarnaincludesseveralmodern villages,chiefofwhichareelTillinthenorthandelHaggQandilinthesouth. TheareacontainsanextensiveEgyptianarchaeologicalsitethatrepresentstheremainsofthecapital citynewlyestablishedandbuiltbythePharaohAkhenatenofthelateEighteenthDynasty(c.1353BC). ThenameforthecityemployedbytheancientEgyptiansiswrittenasAkhetaten(orAkhetaton transliterationsvary)inEnglishtransliteration.Ittranslatesliterallyas"theHorizonoftheAten". Amarnaoccupiesalargebayofalmostflatdeserthemmedinformuchofitsperimeterbycliffsthatrise byapproximately100metrestoahighdesertplateau.Fromthenorthheadlandtothesouthheadland, bothofwhichapproachclosetotheNile,isadistanceof10kms.Thebroadestextent,betweenriver andcliffs,isnearly5kms.Plateauandcliffsarecutbydriedvalleysandtorrentbeds(wadis)thatlead furtherbackintothedesert.Inthesoutheastthecliffsfallbacktoleaveabroadflatvalleyabout3kms widethatbeginsabovealowandveryirregularterraceedgethatcontinuesthelineofthecliffs. Theindividualpartsofthecityoccupythreezones: 1. ThelineofthecliffsismarkedbytwosetsofrockmonumentsoftheAmarnaPeriod.Oneisa seriesofcarvedtabletsandstatues(theBoundaryStelae)bywhichAkhenatenmarkedoutthe limitsofAkhetaten.Theothercomprisestwogroupsofrocktombs(theNorthTombsandSouth Tombs)thatbelongedtoAkhenatenscourtiersandhighofficials.Theyaredecoratedwith carvedandpaintedscenesinthedistinctivestyleofAkhenaten'sreign.Athirdgroupofrockcut tombsliesmuchfurtherback,alongoneofthewadis.Thesewereintendedfortheroyalfamily, andincludetheRoyalTomb.Theuppersurfaceofthedesertplateauwasalsoutilizedforthe extractionoflimestoneneededforroyalbuildingsandforcolumnsanddoorframesinprivate houses.ManyAncientQuarriesarepreserved,mostlytowardsthenorthernendofthesite. 2. ScatteredacrosstheintermediatezoneoflowdesertaretheDesertAltars,thatliebetweenthe NorthSuburbandtheNorthTombs,andtheWorkmensVillageandStoneVillage,whichoccupy locationsontheflanksofalowplateauthatjutsoutintotheAmarnaplainalmostonitsmiddle line. 3. Theancientcityitselflayalongsidetheriver,whichseemstohavefollowedacourseverysimilar toitspresentone.Originallyitprobablyextendeddirectlytotheriverbank,butinlateragesa stripofcultivatedlanddevelopedwhichallbutdestroyedthewesternedgeofthecity.Whatis leftisadiscontinuousstripofruinedbuildingsonthedesertrunningforadistanceof6kms southfromthenorthernheadlandandhavingamaximumwidthnearthecentreof1km.

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Thecitydividesintoanumberofzones,towhichmodernnameshavebeengiven.TheCentralCitywas hometothemainpalaces,templestothesun,andadministrativebuildings.Runningdirectlysouthwas adenseareaofhouses,theMainCity,withamorethinlydevelopedsouthernextension,theSouth Suburb.TothenorthoftheCentralCity,afteragap,cameanotherareaofhousing,theNorthSuburb. FurthernorthstilllaytheisolatedNorthPalace,andbeyondthis,andnestlingonrisinggroundatthe footofthecliffs,theNorthCity. Figure1isaGoogleEarthviewshowingAmarnaCitywithrespecttheEgyptingeneralanditsothertwo majorcities(AlexandriaandCairo).Figure2isamorefocusedmapshowingthelocationofthecitywith respecttotheNileRiver.Figure3isadetaileddrawingofthecity.
Figure1:AmarnabySatellite

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Figure2:MapofAmarnaCity

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Figure e3:DetailofCity

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2 HowtheCityBegan
AmenhotepIVwasaPharaohofthe18thDynastyofAncientEgypt.AsthesecondsonofAmenhotepIII andQueenTiye,hebecametheheirtothethroneafterhisbrotherdied.Hesucceededhisfatherafter his38yearreignwhenAmenhotepIIIdied.Hereignedfromc.1352BCEto1336BCE.Nefertitiwasone ofhiswivesandKingTutankhamenwaspossiblyoneofhissons.AmenhotepIVchangedhisnameto Akhenaten,whichmeansSpiritoftheSun. ItwassaidthatonedayAkhenatenhadavisionwhereinhesawasundiscbetweentwomountains.He feltthatGodwasguidinghimtomakechange.HewasshowntheGod,Aten,astheSunDisktheLight. HefeltguidedbyAtentobuildacitybetweenthetwomountains.Inessence,hewasacultleader takinghisfollowingintothemountainsanddeserttobuildanewparadise.HehadAkhetaten(Horizon ofAtennowcalledAmarna)builtashisnewcapital,dedicatedtohisnewreligionofworshiptotheAten orSunGod.ConstructionofAkhetatenstartedinc.1346BCE.Thecenterofpowerwasmovedfrom ThebestoAkhetaten. AkhenatenchangedtheEgyptianbeliefsystemfrompolytheistictomonotheisticwithAten,theSun,as theGod.Akhenaten'schoiceofmonotheismwasnotonlymotivatedbyreligiousspeculation,butwas alsoanattempttoincreasethepowerofthePharaohattheexpenseofthelocaltemplesandtheir officials,whichhadbecomebothrichandpoliticallyimportant. ThisreligiousreformationappearstohavebegunwithhisdecisiontocelebrateaSedfestivalinhisthird regnalyearahighlyunusualstep,sinceaSedfestival,asortofroyaljubileeintendedtoreinforcethe Pharaohsdivinepowersofkingship,wastraditionallyheldinthethirtiethyearofaPharaohsreign. Hisyear5markedthebeginningofhisconstructionofanewcapital,Akhetaten(HorizonofAten),at thesiteknowntodayasAmarna.Verysoonafterward,hecentralizedEgyptianreligiouspracticein Akhetaten,thoughconstructionofthecityseemstohavecontinuedforseveralmoreyears.Inhonorof Aten,Akhenatenalsooversawtheconstructionofsomeofthemostmassivetemplecomplexesin ancientEgypt,includingtheoneatKarnak,closetotheoldTempleofAmun.Inthesenewtemples, Atenwasworshippedintheopensunlight,ratherthanindarktempleenclosures,ashadbeenthe previouscustom.AkhetatenisalsobelievedtohavecomposedtheGreatHymntotheAten.1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaten

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3 TheHistoryofDiscovery
ThesitewasunknowntotheEuropeantravelersotherthanitsname,whichwasavillagecalledEtTilel Amarna.Earlyvisitorsmisunderstooditsname,soitbecametobeknownasTellelAmarna,though therearenotasingletell,orgreatmoundmarkingtheancientsite. EventhoughJohnGardnerWilkinsoninitiallyinvestigatedthesitein1824,andsoonreturnedwith JamesBurtontofurtherexaminethetombslocatedatelAmarna,theyhadatthattimenoideaofthe itssignificance.ItwasonlyduringthisgeneralperiodthatChampollionmadehisinitialdiscoverieson Egyptianwriting,andsothetwoearlyexplorerswereunabletoreadthenamesandinscriptionsthey encounteredonthisexpedition.Infact,theyidentifiedthesiteasRomanAlabastronopolisfroma nearbyalabasterquarry. Later,RobertHayinvestigatedthesitenotonlyexaminingalltheopentombs,butalsoclearingothers frombeneathextensivedriftsofsand.However,aswastheworkofWilkinsonandBurtonbeforehim, wasneverpublished.OtherswouldalsocometoelAmarna,andwouldfelltopublishtheirwork, thoughmostoftheireffortsareavailableinvariousmuseumstoday. Nevertheless,duetotheuniquedecorationsinthetombsatelAmarna,manyshowingtheactivitiesof theroyalfamilynotintheformalattitudesofworshiprepeatedsoofteninothertombs,butinintimate andvividdetailashumanbeingsengagedineverydaydomesticaffairs,scholarscontinuedtovisitthe site.Therewasalsoaprevailingmystery.Infact,becauseofthedepictionsthatweknowunderstand representAkhenatenandNefertiti,theseearlyexplorerswonderedwhetherthiswasnotthehomeof twoqueens,becauseofthealmostfemininephysiqueoftheking. EvenastheabilitytoreadhieroglyphicsspreadamongsttheearlyEgyptologists,discoveringthenature ofthissiteremainedelusive.SothoroughlyhadtheancientEgyptians,aidedafterwardsbytheearly Christians,destroyedAmarnathatitwasnoteasytofindanintactcartouchebearingthenameofthe kingorqueenforwhomitwasbuilt.Evenwhentheydidfindcartouches,theywerelargerthanthoseof otherpharaohsandsurroundedbyadoubleborder.Furthermore,thesignswithinthesewerecomplex anddifficulttointerpret,butwereevidentlythesameasthosethataccompaniedarepresentationof theSungod,ReHorakhtyfoundonafewmonumentselsewhere. ItwasfinallyRichardLepsius,adiscipleofChampollionanddoubtless,theforemostEgyptologistsofhis day,whocametoelAmarnatorecordinscriptionsandtakepapersqueezesofthereliefsand afterwards,publishhiswork.Thisworkallowedscholarstofinallymakeadvancesintheir understandingofthecityanditsking,whotheyinitiallyreadasKhuenaten.Now,morethanacentury ofstudyhasgivenusthisking'scorrectname,Akhenaten,aswellasrevealingmanyofthemysteries thatoncesurroundedthesite.

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4 DescriptionofAmarnaCity
LocatedontheeasternsideoftheNileRiver,ElAmarna,likeallotherancientEgyptiancapitals,was madeupoftemples,governmentestablishments,utilitarianfacilitiessuchasgrainsilosandbakeries, palacesandcommonmudbrickhomes,severalnecropolises,aswellasanumberofzoos,gardensand otherpublicbuildings.Infact,thescopeofthiscityissomewhatamazingifoneconsidersthatitwas foundedinabout1350BCandabandonedonlysometwentyyearslater.Thepopulationofthecityhas beenestimatedtohavebeenbetweentwentyandfiftythousandinhabitants. Theareaofthecityanditssurroundingpropertywasfixedbycopiesofdecreescarvedonfourteen tabletsembeddedinthecliffsoneithersideoftheriver.Hence,thesestoneslabsareknownby Egyptologistsasboundarystelae.Theynotonlyencompassthecityitself,butalsofieldsandvillageson thewestbank.ThemostimpressiveofthesetodayisStelaU,whichmeasuresabout7.6metersfrom toptobottomandoccupiesalmosttheentireheightofthecliffinalittlebaytothenorthofthe entrancetotheRoyalWadi.AtthebaseofthisStelaonbothsidesaretheremainsofagroupofcarved statuesoftheRoyalFamily. Thesestelaegiveavividaccountoftheking'sselectionanddedicationofthesiteforhiscapital, followinginstructionsfromhisfatherAtenwhenheilluminatedacertainspotonthedesertatsunrise. Muchofthewesternsideofthearea,includinghouses,harborsandthemainpalaceoftheking,was obscuredunderthemoderncultivation.However,therearealargenumberofstructuresthathave beenpreservedinthedeserttotheeast,andingeneral,mostofthelayoutisdiscernablefrom foundations. Theareaisdividedintosuburbs,withthesocalled"centralcity"housingtheRoyalPalaceandTheGreat Temple(ThePerAten),aswellasvariousbuildingsarchaeologistshavelabeledofficial(police,taxes...). Itishereinonesuchbuilding,the'recordsoffice',thattheAmarnaLetterswerefoundbyapeasant woman.ThisareaofAmarnawascompletelyexcavatedinthe1930s.Theotherresidentialareas consistoftheNorthCityorSuburb,theMainorSouthCity,andtheworker'svillage. ThecentralCitywasapparentlycarefullyplanned,whiletheotherresidentialzoneswherenot.Inthese otherareas,thespacesbetweentheearliestlargehouseswasgraduallyfilledupwithsmallerclustersof homes

4.1 TheCentralCity
TherewasanancientroadthatledinfromthenorthtotheCentralCity,whichtookanidenticalpathto themodernroadoftoday.ItisthecentralcitythatthescenesintheNorthTombsdepict,thoughthe layoutofthispartofthearearequirestimeandpatiencetofollownowduetodecay.Withina generationofAkhenaten'sreign,mostofthebuildingmaterialwasremoved,leavingmudbrickwork thatisnowmostlygone. LastSaved:11November2007 Page7

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Thechronologyofthebuildingsherecanbefairlywelldetermined.TheChapelintheGreatTempleand theroyalestatewerebuiltfirst,followedcloselybetweenyearsixandninebythetemenoswallofthe GreatTempleanditssanctuary,replacingtheearlierchapel.Thepalacewasbegunbutnever completed. ThemainstreethereistheRoyalRoadwhichisamodernname.Itcomesfromthesouthandpasses throughtheoldSouthCitymovingintotheCentralCitybetweentheofficialpalaceandtheroyalestate, whereitisspannedbyabridgeandbroadensintoasquareinfrontoftheentrancefacadeoftheGreat Temple.TotheeastrunstheWestRoad,continuingtheHighPriestStreetoftheSouthCityandpassing bytheRecordsOfficeandstoppingatthetemplemagazines. ThecitywasdissectedbytwoeastweststreetsthatmettheWestroad.Thesouthernonestretches betweentheking'shouseandthesmalltempleandthentherecordsofficeandtheclerks'housestothe southandreachesthearmyheadquarters.Thesecondstreetpassestothenorthoftheroyalestate alongthesouthernsideofthemagazines. ThisentiredistrictwasdesertedinthethirdyearofTutankhamun'sreign. 4.1.1 TheTemples

Here,wefindtheGreatAtenTempleaswelltheSmallAtenTemple.TemplesatAmarnaare considerablydifferentthenmostculttemplesofancientEgypt.Theywere,ofcourse,solartemples, withtheessentialelementsconsistingofasmallobeliskonahighbaseandanaltar.Thoughsolar templeshadbeenbuiltduringtheOldKingdom,theworshipoftheAtendidnotrequiretheequipment andarchitecturalelementsfoundintheseolderestablishments,withtheexceptionofthealtar.There wasnoneedforanaosbecausethereisnodeitytobesheltered. However,sometempleelementsareessential.Theseattributesincludeageneralrectangularplan enclosedwithinatremenoswallwhichissymmetricallyaboutalongitudinalaxisandorientationwith thefacadefacingthewest.Therearealsothepylonsasentrancefrontstocourtstogetherwitha circuitousentrancetoconcealtheinteriorfromtheeyesoftheuninitiated.Theremustalsobea slaughtercourt,thealtar,andtreesflankingtheentranceapproach.Mostofthesefeatures,whichhad beencharacteristicofEgyptianTemplessinceArchaicPeriod,couldnoteasilybeabsentevenat Amarna. ThemostbasicelementofanAtentempleisthealtar,towhicharamporstairwayascendsfromthe westinthemiddleofthecourt,surroundedbyatemenoswall.Thealtarplatformcouldoccasionallybe surroundedbyawallandfrontedwithaporch.Somealsocouldbeabuttedbyfourrampsoriented towardthecardinalpoints.Thealtarwasusuallysurroundedbyrowsofofferingtables.Thecourt housingthealtarcouldalsobeprecededbyanothercourtormore. 4.1.2 TheGreatTempleoftheAten

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TheGreatAtenTempleisonthenorthernedgeoftheCentralCity.Itispartlycoveredoverbythe moderncemeteryofelTill.Theenclosurewallforthistempleextendedbackfromthemodernroadfor some750meters,andisnowrepresentedbyalow,straightridge.Within,thesanctuarywasvery similartothatintheSmallAtenTempleandismarkedbyagroupofisolatedrubbleheapsnearthe back. 4.1.3 Bakeries

Thereisalong,lowmoundtothesouthofthetemplerunningeastwestwithvisiblebrokenpottery. Thispotteryisactuallybrokenbreadmoulds,andthelinemarksthesiteofthecentralbakeries. 4.1.4 TheBridge

AttheendofthisridgearethemassivefoundationsforabridgethatcrossedthesocalledRoyalRoadin frontoftheKing'sHousebymeansofbrickpiers.Thereremainsomeancienttimbersthatoncebound thebrickworktogether.OnthefarsideoftheroadwastheGreatPalace,consistingofacomplexof courtsandhallsofwhichonlyfoundationsremain.

Figure4:LayoutofCentralCity

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4.2 TheSmallTempleofAten
Inrecentyears,someconsolidationandrestorationhasbeencarriedoutattheSmallAtenTemple.This includedtheerectionofareplicacolumn.Aprominentbrickenclosurewallalsoremains,whichwas oncestrengthenedbytowersontheoutside.Therearebrickpylonsattheentranceandotherswhich subdividedtheinteriorofthisbuilding.Inthebackofthetemplestoodthesanctuaryoriginallybuiltof limestoneandsandstone. Thistemplehadafoundationlayerofgypsumthatisnowcoveredoverbysand.However,modern stoneblockshavebeenlaidatopthesandinordertoprovidethebasicoutlinesofthistemple. Acircularwalkbeginningatthemiddleofthenorthsideofthissmalltemple'senclosurewallreveals otherpartsoftheCentralCity.Thereisatallridgeofsandandsomerubblethatrunsnorthwardfrom acrossthestreetthroughthemiddleofasmallpalacebuiltofmudbrick.KnownastheKing'sHouse,it probablyaccommodatedtheRoyalFamilyontheirvisitsfromtheirNorthPalace. BehindtheKing'sHouseandtheSmallAtenTemple(furtherfromtheNileRiver)wereagroupof governmentbuildingsbuiltofmudbrick.ThisiswherethefamousAmarnaLetterswerediscoveredbya peasantwomanin1888.

4.3 SouthSuburb
SouthwardsfromtheSmallAtenTempleisTheMainCity,whichwastheprincipalresidentialareaofthe ancientcitythatransouthtothevicinityofthemodernvillageofelHaggQandil.Itwasthepartofthe cityoccupiedbythemostimportantpeople(otherthantheking),includingthevizierNakht,thehigh priestPanehsy,thepriestPawah,GeneralRamose,thearchitectManekhtawitfandthesculptor Tuthmosis(Thutmose).Probablyconnectedtothisquarterwasarivertemple,stillinuseunder RamessesIIIandevenlaterthroughperhapsthe26thDynasty. ItwasprobablylaidoutjustaftertheCentralCity.Thereisaplatformherebuiltinordertoallow visitorstoviewtheinteriorofoneoftheprivatehousesthathasbeenclearedandrepairedinrecent years.Thoughprobablyaseniorofficial,theownerofthehouseisunknown.Here,therearealsothe ruinsofgrainsilos. Furthersouth,roughlyhalfwaybetweenelHaggQandilandthedesertedgeofthesiteontheedgeof theMainCity,thefamousbustofNefertitiwasdiscoveredinThutmose'sworkshop. Elsewherethecityhasgrownup,ascitieswill,inanirregularhaphazardway,ascitizenserected buildingswheretheyfeltitwasconvenient.SomesuggestAkhenatenlackedtheresourcestocontrol therapidgrowthofhisnewcityandregulateitsplan(otherEgyptiancitiesaremuchmorecarefullylaid out). LastSaved:11November2007 Page10

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4.4 NorthSuburb
TheNorthSuburbisseparatedfromtheCentralCitybyadepression.Itwasapparentlydominantly inhabitedbyessentiallyamiddleclassincludingastrongmercantilecomponent.Itwasnotbegununtil themiddleofAkhenaten'sreignandwasabruptlyabandoned,apparentlyattheendofhisreign. Afterwards,apparentlythehouseswerereinhabitedbythosewhocouldnotaffordtotravelbackto ThebesaftertheendoftheAmarnaPeriod. TherewerelargeestatesbuilthereinitiallybetweentheWestandEastroads,andsubsequentlymiddle classhousesandslumswhichapparentlyevenblockedthestreetswereadded. 4.4.1 TheNorthPalace(PalaceofNefertiti)

StillfurthernorthistheNorthPalacethatthelocalscall"ThePalaceofNefertiti"(KasrNefertiti).This wasaselfcontainedresidencebuiltalongthreesidesofalongopenspace,whichitselfwasdividedbya wallandpylon.Theresidentialparthadgardensandreceptionroomswithcolumnsalongitsrear.In thenortheastcorneristhemostfamouspartofthisresidence,consistingofagardencourt.Acentral chamberonthenorthside,knownasthe"GreenRoom",waspaintedwithacontinuousfrieze representingthenaturallifeofthemarshes.Eachroomhasawindowfromwhichthesunkencentral gardencouldbeviewed.Inrecentyears,thewallshavebeensomewhatrestoredandsomeofthe missingcolumnbaseshavebeenreplacedwithmodernreplicas.Therewereanimalpensfurthertothe westonthenorthsideandalsoacourtcontainingthreesolaraltars,ofwhichnothingnowexitsbut theirfoundations.ThispalacewasprobablyoriginallybuiltforoneofAkhenaten'smajorqueens,but waslaterconvertedforusebyPrincessMeritaten. 4.4.2 TheNorthCity

FarthertothenorthwherethecultivationendsatthecliffsthereisalsoaNorthCity,thiswasaseparate residentialareathatservedamajorpalaceknownastheNorthRiversidePalace.Thepalaceitselfis locatedjustnorthoftheresidentialarea.ThiswasprobablythemainresidenceforAkhenaten'sfamily. Mostofthisisnowgone,butthereisalengthofamassivebrickenclosurewallpiercedbyahuge gatewayatthepalace. 4.4.3 TheDesertAltars

OntheroadtotheNorthTombs,onepassesawatchmen'shouse,andashortdistancetothewestand northofthislietheremainsofthreelargemudbricksolaraltarsintheformofsquareplatformswith rampsthatareknownastheDesertAltars.Thenorthernmostofthesehadfourrampsofwellrammed sandandprobablyanaltarinthecenter.

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4.4.4 TheNecropolises

Thenecropolisconsistsofmorethantwentyfivetombsfacingthebaseoftheclifffrontthatislocated ontheeastsideofthedesertplain,whichreachesaheightofabouteightyfivemetersandsouthofthe RoyalWadi.SixtombsarelocatedatthenorthsidenearDarbElMalikandknownastheNorthTombs. Thesewereprobablytombsownedbyhighofficials,whilenineteenmoretombsarelocatedinthesouth andknownastheSouthTombs.Thesesoutherntombswereownedbyamixofofficials. Thesetombsarebuilttobehighlycomplicatedtoensurethattheyareprotectedfromthieves.Mostof themstartwithanopencourtthatleadstothreechambers.Withinthesechambers,therearepapyrus columnsthatmeetintherearend.Thereastatueofthedeadwouldhavebeenplacedlookingtoward theentrance. TheNorthTombswereonceencroacheduponbyanancientCopticChristiansettlement,andgroupsof littlestonehutsonthehillsidebelowthetombsbelongtothesepeople,whoconvertedtombnumber sixintoaChurch.Fromthesetombs,thereisanexcellentviewofthevalleybelow. TheSouthTombsarethelargerofthetwogroupsoftombs.Theyarecutintotheflanksofalow plateauinfrontofamajorbreakinthecliffs,wheretherockisofpoorquality.However,hereonefinds tombnumber25whichwasbuiltforthe"God'sFather",Ay,whowouldlaterbecomepharaoh.Though oftennotasimposingasthetombsinthenorth,theydohavetheircharm,aswellasmorevariety.On theotherhand,manyoftheSouthTombscontainlittleornodecorationandsomehadbarelybeen startedbeforethecitywasabandoned.Someofthesetombswerealsousedforlaterburials,and amongstthemarepotshardsmostlydatingfrombetweenthe25thand30thDynasty. 4.4.5 TheWorkers(orEastern)Village

Totheeastinalittlevalleyonthesouthsideofalowplateauthatrunsoutfromthebaseofthecliffs betweentheRoyalWadiandthesoutherntombsthereisaninterestingsettlementdubbed"the workmen'svillage".Itisawalledenclosureofveryregularhousesalongseveralparallelstreets. Archaeologistsbelievedithousedworkersworkingontherocktombsnearby(which,incidentally, thoughbuiltfortheroyaltyandcourtiers,weremostlyneveroccupied).However,thiswalledtownhad aguardhouseattheonlyexit,anditseemsmorelikelytohavebeentokeeptheworkersinthan anythingout(themaincitywasprotectedbynosuchwall,forthewholesite,includingtheworkmen's village,isenclosedbyhighcliffs).

4.5 GardensofAmarna
AmarnawaslandscapedwithflowersandbeautifulgardensaspartofAkhenaton'slandusescheme. Amarnamayhavebeenthefirstplanned"gardencity".Thetemplesandpersonalchapelsbuilt

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throughoutthecitywereopentotheair.Thisallowedfortheworshipofthesunwhichwascontrasted withtheclosedtemplesofThebes.Officialslaidoutgreatestates,attractivelyincorporatingnature. ThecitywasfoundedasanewroyalcapitalbyPharaohAkhenaten'thehereticking'andwasoccupied onlyforashortperiod.Becauseitwasbuiltoutsidetheagriculturalzone,itsremnantshavesurvivedas themostcompleteexampleofNewKingdomtownplanningingeneralandgardensinparticular.Itwas acomparativelylowdensitysettlementandhadroomforgardens.Infact,eachhomeownerhada gardenwithintheenclosedwallsoftheirestate. Housingareashavebeenexcavatedwithwellsandopencourts.Manyofthecourtshadcircularwells andhorticulturalcropsweregrown. Oneofthehouses,thoughttohavebeenownedbyThutmosethesculptor,istheplacewherethe famouspaintedlimestonebustofAkhenaten'swife,Nefertiti,wasfound.Archaeologyhasnotrevealed tracesofornamentalpoolsandplantinginthehousingareasoccupiedbyscribes,craftsmen,and farmers.Palacesandtempleshaveyieldedtracesandfragmentsofpools,paintedornamental pavementsandplantingpits.Theyprovidearchaeologicalauthenticationforthegardenfeaturesthat aresooftenillustratedonEgyptiantombpaintingsandpapyri. 4.5.1 THEPLACEOFMERIRETHEHIGHPRIEST,ELAMARNA

Templeproperties:theyareallinsidegardengrounds.Evenbetweenthegranaryandthetreasure housethereareplants,floweringinbeautifullydecoratedpots.Theentranceisparticularlycharming withaporchlikeabaldachin,andinthefrontcourt,thereisaprettypavilion. TheEgyptianstilllikes,ashedidatanearlierperiod,tohavespecialpartsseparatedoffbywallsand doors.Therefore,thecourtsarefurthersubdivided,andmostofthemplantedwithrowsoftrees. Singletreeshavealittlewallofearth,andaditchroundthem,toholdthewaterbetter.Thechief gardensiteincludesthecornersattheextremeend.Beforethehouse,amidavenuesoftrees,isa sunkenpondwithstepsleadingdowntoit.Thereisasimilarpondinfrontoftheneighboringhouse, whichshowsnoornamentation.Thegardenhousehasaconcentricform.Thereisacircleoftrees roundthebasin,andtherearepillaredhallsbeyond.Inthemiddlethereappearstobearaised platformwithapathslopingupwardandanaltaronthetop.Inastraightlinebehindthisisthemain garden,separatedfromthehousebyanintermediatecourtanddoublegates. Thecentralpartofthegardenincludesaverylargerectangularsunkpond,andinthemiddlepossibly withaviewtotimesofdroughtisadeepwell,besidewhichstandsashadoof.Roundthebasinare treesofdifferentkinds;thefamiliarsortsofpalm,sycamore,andpomegranateareparticularlyneatly andprettilydrawn.Asecondshadoofstandsonthefartherbank,andinfrontofitamongthetreescan beperceivedyetanotherbuildingthatmaybeasummerhouse,orperhapsasecondaltar. ThewholeornamentationofthepalaceprovesthatAkhenatenwasagreatloverofflowers.His bedroomispaintedallroundwithflowers,mostofthelittlegardensinthecourthavepondswithlovely LastSaved:11November2007 Page13

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flowersgrowinground.Apaintedfloor,broughttolightbyexcavations,showsmostrealisticallythe beautyofsuchapondanditsflowerbeds,outofwhichspringthepillarsofthechamber,likeflower stalks,supportingtheroofofthehall. ProbablyAkhenaten,alsoplantedlargeparklikegardensroundhispalace,toviewiththosehisfather hadlaidoutatThebes.EgyptiansshowtheirwholerelationtoNatureintheirloveforgardensnotan extravagantNature,butonewhodeservesthecareandpainsofman,becauseofhergreatbeauty,her protectingshade,herwonderfulflowers,andhercostlyfruits.TodwellersintheNilevalley,Naturewas thesettingforallthatwasdear:happyftes,poetry,andlove.Allwereboundupwiththegardenand itsproducts,especiallyflowers. Inarchitecture,flowersgavetheformsforcolumns,forthegrowthofcapitals,andallornaments.Inthe house,flowersarethechiefdecoration.Theinsideofaroomoftenshowsnothingbutgreatbunchesof flowersinprettilydecoratedvases,orvotivetablesdeckedwithflowers.However,ifafeastisheldina house,ormadereadyforthegods,everythingisclothedinflowers.Garlandsareonheadandneck,the guestispresentedwithanosegay,oratleastasingleflower,asheenters.Theservantsarenotonly busywithpreparingthedishes,butarealwaysweavingnewwreaths,andwitheachkindof refreshment,newflowersarehandedround.Theguestscarriedthemintheirhandsallthetime,and enjoyedtheirperfume. NaturallythelotuscomesfirstamongtheflowersthatnativeoftheNilevalleywhichinolddays, growingwild,hadcoveredinitssuperabundantwealtheverystream,canal,orlake,andhadchanged thewholecountryinthemonthsofinundationintoanimmensefieldofflowers,whitishblueand shiningred.EverypictureoftheOldPeriodhaslotus,butinthegardendecorationsoftheMiddleand NewPeriods,bothpicturesandinscriptionshaveanumberofotherflowerstoshow:afterforeignplants hadbeenbroughtinfromallthecountriesthatthePharaohsshipscouldreach,thelotusstillheldits own,andalsothepapyrusthatotherwildmarshplantofEgypt:indeed,thesetwobecameasortof symbolforflowersingeneral. Thegenerallayoutofagardenanditsbuildingsfollowsatimehonoredpattern,whichcanstillbeseen todayinthehumblesthomestead,forexample,intheoasisofBahariya.Thepropertyisenclosedwitha wallallround.Insidethegatewayisanunroofedcourtyard,filledwithtrees.Then,thereisanother wallandanotherdoor.Thesecondcourtyardisalsounroofed,andcontainsmoretrees,providing shadeandfruit,andherethereisavegetablepatchandavineshadingaworkarea,ortheentranceto thehouse.ThisarrangementisillustratedinancienttimesatAmarna,andinthetombofNeferronpet. [AlixWilkinsonThegardeninancientEgypt(RubiconPress,London,1998)p.6] 4.5.2 PalaceGardens

Thoughlarger,palacegardenswereusedinasimilarmannertodomesticgardens.Moreisknownof Akhenaten'spalace,inAmarna.ItremainsthebestexampleofEgyptiantownplanningdespitebeing unusualandhavingbeeninhabitedforonly15years.Becausehiscapitalwasonthefringeofthe cultivatedland,inthedesert,morespacewasavailableforgardensandfragmentsofthemudbrick LastSaved:11November2007 Page14

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layoutsurvive.Beingspaciousandunvegetated,thesitewaswellsuitedtosunworship.Akhenaten explainedthelayoutasfollows: IerectAkhetatenfortheAten,myfather,atthisplace.Ibuildthegreattempleforthe Aten,myfather,inAkhetateninthisplace.AndIbuildthesmalltemplefortheAten, myfather,inAkhetateninthisplace.Ibuildthesunshadowchapelforthegreatroyal consortNefertitioftheAten,myfather,inAkhetateninthisplace.Ibuildajubilee templefortheAten,myfather,ontheislandoftheAteninAkhetateninthisplace.I buildformyselfpalacesforthepharaoh,andIbuildaharemfortheroyalconsortin Akhetateninthisplace.IhaveatombbuiltinthemountainofAkhetaten,wherethe sunrises,whereIshallbeburiedafterthemillionsofyearsreign,thattheAten,my father,hasallocatedtome.Tombcomplexesarebuiltforthehighpriestsandforthe heavenlyfathersoftheAtenandfortheservantsoftheAteninthemountainof Akhetaten,wherethesunrises.(DietrichWildungEgyptTaschen2001p121) Templegardenshadnames.Akhenaten'sgardenatAmarnawas'TheSeeingPlaceoftheAten'.Aten wasthesolardisc. The'greattemplefortheAten'wasalignedontheeastwestaxis.The'palacesforthepharaoh'lined the5kmsouthnorthroyalroad,usedforprocessions.Abridgecrossedtheroyalroad,linkingthe pharaoh'spalacetotheharempalace,andwasusedbytheroyalcoupletoappearbeforethecrowd. 4.5.3 MaruAten

TheextensivegroundsoftheMaruAtentemplecomplexatAmarna,areaconcreterepresentationof thepotentialityoftheCreativeAten.Thelayoutoftheeasterngroupofthebuildingsisonanexact northsouthaxiswhiletheeastwestaxisofthelargelakecrossesitinsidethehalloftheMaru,or viewingplaceofthesundisk.Agardenwithaprocessionalalleyfrontsthegrouponthesouth.Here thereisalsoasymbolicislandcarryingakiosk(meaning:opensummerhouseorpavilion)witharoofless centralspace,accessiblefromtheMarubyabridge.Asecondbridgeatthenorthendleadstoanalley flankedwithflowerbedstoawatercourtfeaturingarangeofelevenTshapedwaterbasinsonan interlockingplan.

4.6 RoyalTomb
TheRoyalTombbuiltforAkhenatenliesinanarrowsidevalleyleadingofftheRoyalWadisomesix kilometersfromitsmouth.Itsbasicdesignandproportionsarenotunlikethoseoftheroyaltombsin theValleyoftheKingsontheWestBankatThebes(modernLuxor).However,itwasintendedfor severalpeople,includingtheking,aprince,andprobablyQueenTiysothereareadditionalburial chambers.Inaddition,anunfinishedannexmayhavebeenintendedforNefertiti. LastSaved:11November2007 Page15

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Here,thequalityoftherockispoor,andsothedecorationsofthetombwerecutintoathinlayerof gypsumplaster.Hence,mostofthedecorationshavenotsurvivedandmostofwhatisleftisinthe chambersofprincessMeketaten.

4.7 OtherRuins
AtKomelNana,southofthemaincityandeastofthemodernvillageofelHaggQandilisanenclosure thoughttohavesurroundedanotherofAkhenaten'ssuntemples.Recentexcavationshaverevealed brickceremonialbuildingsandthefoundationsoftwostoneshrines.Thenorthernsidewasoccupiedby aChristianmonasteryduringthe5thand6thcenturies,AD. ThereisalsofarsouthofthecityanunusualcultcenterknownastheMaruAten.Whileithas completelydisappearedunderthecultivatedland,thisappearstohavebeenaspecialfunctioncult structure.

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5 HowtheCityEnded
AfterAkhenatensdeath,underthereignofhisson,Tutankhamun,thetemplesofAtenwere demolished,andEgyptreturnedtopolytheism.TutankhamunwasoriginallynamedTutankhatenwhich meanslivingimageofAten,butchangedhisnametoTutankhamunwhichmeanslivingimageofAmun. InYear3ofTutankhamunsreign(c.1331BCE),whenhewasstillaboyofaboutelevenandprobably undertheinfluenceoftwoolderadvisors(AkhenatensvizierAyandperhapsNefertiti),thebanonthe oldpantheonofdeitiesandtheirtempleswaslifted,thetraditionalprivilegeswererestoredtotheir priesthoods,andthecapitalwasmovedbacktoThebes.Theyoungpharaohadoptedthename Tutankhamun,changingitfromhisbirthnameofTutankhaten.Becauseofhisageatthetimethese decisionsweremade,itisgenerallythoughtthatmostifnotalltheresponsibilityforthemfallsonhis advisors.Also,KingTutankhamunrestoredallofthetraditionaldeitiesandrestoredordertothechaos thathisrelativehadcaused.ManytemplesdevotedtoAmunRawerebuilt.2 SoonafterhisdeaththefollowersatAmarna,unabletounderstandwhattheirPharaohhadbeen preaching,abandonedthecity,andreturnedtoThebesandthefamiliarGods.Thepriestsbrandedthe nameAkhenaten,asaheretic.ItwaserasedfromthemonumentsofEgypt. Itwashisson,ayoungPharaohnamedTutankhamenwhotheworldwouldgettoknow.KingTut movedthecapitalbacktoThebesandreturnedtotheoldreligion. LaterPharaohsattemptedtoeraseallmemoriesofAkhenatenandhisreligion.Muchofthedistinctive artoftheperiodwasdestroyedandthebuildingsdismantledtobereused.ManyoftheTalitatblocks fromtheAtentemplesinThebeswerereusedasrubbleinfillforlaterpylonswheretheywere rediscoveredduringrestorationworkandreassembled.3

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutankhamun http://www.crystalinks.com/akhenaten.html

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6 TourofanAmarnaHome
TourofanAmarnahome:Amarna(Akhetaten),theefficientandselfsufficientcityofAhkenatenwasa builttobeareligiousUtopia.Likeplannedcommunitiesoftoday,theplacementandarchitectureof personalhousingwasuniforminitsstyle.Exceptfortheworkersvillage,Alleconomicstrataalllivedin similarhousingdifferingprimarliyinsize.Asinourowntime,themoremoneyandstatusanownerhas, thebiggerbutnotanylessequippedthehousewillbe. LetstakealookinsidethetypicalhomeofAmarna.Eachhousewassituatedonlargewalledgrounds sportingbeautifulgardens.ThecourtyardofanAmarnahomewouldhousethekitchen,servants quartersandstablesorsilos. Asweapproach,weseethenameofthehomeowneronthecarvedinlimestonedoorframe.Asavisitor wewouldbereceivedinthepublicareaofthehome.Thislivingroomwouldopenintoabroadroofed openarcadealongthesideorfrontofthehouse.Insomehomes,anentrancevestibulewasadded,in othersthereweretwobroadhalls.Basically,housingdifferedfortherich,middleclassandpoorinthat theyhadtwo,oneornobroadhalls.Thehomewearevisitingisofawealthyfamily.Thereceptionarea hashigherwallsthanelsewhereinthehouse,theceilingissupportedbypaintedwoodencolumns. Otherroomssurroundthisareaandprovideinsulationagainsttheheatofthesummerandthecool eveningsofwinter.Doorwaysopeningoffthischamberareconstructedaccordingtoastrictpatternof symmetryandniches.Nichesintheshapeofdoorwaysaresetoppositeorsymmetricalwithactual doorways.PerhapsthesenicheshousedomesticshrinestooneandtrueGodtheAten. Letussitdownnowandenjoythehospitalityofourhost.Alongwithchairsforustositon,cushions havebeenplacedonthebuiltindivanalongtherearwall.Abraziercontainerissunkintotheplastered floor,andalustrationslabisalsopresent.Thewallsareartisticallydecoratedwithafriezeofnature, painteddoorwaysandcolumnsandofcoursearichblueceiling. Ourhostsprivatequarterstypicallyconsistofasquarehall,themasterbedroom,smallerroomsanda bathroomandlatrine.Inthebathroom,wefindaslightlyinclinedstoneslabfloorandwallslinedup aboutahalfmeterwithstonebatteredstoneslabstoprotectagainstdampnessandsplashing. Wastewaterisdrainedbydrainagechannelsrunningthroughtheouterwallintoavesselorstraightinto thedesertsand.Thelatrineisanearthclosetequippedwitharemovablevesselplacedunderaslitina brickorwoodenseat. Windowsarelocatedalongthetopwallstoletinplentyoflightandprovideventilation.Thishomeeven hasasecondfloorandroofterracetoenjoyaneveningunderthestars. Asweleaveourhostandwalkthroughthewalledingroundsweseetheservantsquarters,silos,wells, stablesandevenapersonaltemplefortheuseofthehousehold.Itisanoutdoorandindoorparadise fortruebelievers. Page18

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7 AmarnaCityToday
Inthelatterpartofthetwentiethcentury,amajoragriculturaldevelopmentturnedthesouthernpartof theAmarnaplainintofarmland.Inthecourseofthis,anisolatedgardentempleoftheAmarnaPeriod, MaruAten,wascompletelydestroyed.Asecondsimilarbuilding,KomelNanathathadbeenpartly builtoverinearlyChristiantimesbyamonastery,stillsurvivesasanislandofdesertwithinthefields. Thecityis,forthemostpart,coveredwithsandorbadlyeroded.Noneofthestoneworkoftemplesor palacessurvives,forthiswasremovedaftertheendoftheAmarnaPeriod.Whatwasleftbehindwere thewallsofsundriedmudbrick(adobe)fromwhichthehousesandlargepartsofthepalaceshadbeen constructed.Thesehavebeenreducedtoruinsbywind,occasionalrain,andhumanreuseofbuilding materials,andarenowlargelysandedover.Acontinuingprogramofcleaningandrepairisgradually makingmoreofthecityaccessible. ArchaeologicalexcavationhasbeenconductedatAmarnabyaseriesofBritishandGermanexcavation teamssince1891.Theseeffortswereprecededinthemid19thcenturybythesurveyworkofKarl RichardLepsiusandhisteamofepigraphers,whocopiedwallillustrations,transcribedinscriptionsand tookpapersqueezesofreliefs.The19thcenturyrecordsmadebytheseteamsareofimmense importancesincemanyoftheseremainswerelatervandalizedbythelocalsinangeragainstthe EgyptianAntiquitiesService. Thecurrentinvestigationshavebeeninannualoperationsincethelate1970s,directedbyDrBarry Kemp(ReaderinEgyptology,UniversityofCambridge,England)undertheauspicesoftheEgypt ExplorationSociety(EES).

7.1 AmarnaProjectSite
Thewebsite:http://www.amarnaproject.com/isatreasureofinformationrelatedtothecurrent archaeologicaleffortsatthesiteofAmarnaCity.Thisresearchpaperwillnotattempttoduplicatewhat isonthissite,butwillcapturesnippetsofinformation. Intheautumnof1999,amajorexhibitionoftheartoftheAmarnaPeriodopenedinthe MuseumofFineArts,Boston;thebrainchildofDrRitaE.Freed,theNormaJeanCalderwood CuratorofAncientEgyptian,Nubian,andNearEasternArt.FromBostontheexhibitionmoved totheLosAngelesCountyMuseumofArt,theArtInstituteofChicago,andtheRijksmuseumvan Oudheden,Leiden.TocomplementtheexhibitionamodelofpartofthecityofAmarnawas commissioned.Itwasmadeoverthesummerof1999,bythefirmofarchitecturalmodel makers,Tetra(AndyInghamAssociates),inClapham,London(UK),todesignsbyMichael MallinsonofMallinsonArchitects.BarryKempandDrKateSpenceactedasadvisers.The startingpointwasthesetofmapsheetspreparedbytheAmarnaSurveyoftheTheEgypt ExplorationSociety.ThesearepublishedinthebookbyB.J.KempandS.Garfi,Asurveyofthe ancientcityofEl'Amarna(London,TheEgyptExplorationSociety1993).ISBN0856981222. Page19

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RecentExcavationAlthoughAmarnaisaoneperiodsite,themainareasofoccupationoften haveasurprisinglycomplicatedstratigraphy,representingbothchangesofuseduringthe AmarnaPeriodandtheeventsthecollapseofwalls,theaccumulationofsand,thediggingof holesbyanimalsandhumansthattransformedtheancientcityintothearchaeologicalsite thatweseetoday.Whenexcavated,thesitealsoproducesanabundanceoffinds.Muchofitis relativelycommonplace,butsinceoneaimofmodernarchaeologyistoseekpatternsinallkinds ofevidence,itisneedfultomakeascarefulandcompletearecordaspossible.Thedecisionto excavateisnotthereforetakenlightly. PreservationThesurvivingbuildingsatAmarnaarepredominantlymadefromsundriedmud bricks.Theyincludethepalacesandtheenclosurewallsandpylonsofthetwomaintemples. Afterthecitywasabandoned,thewallseitherfelldowninsectionsorbegantocrumbleaway. Inbothcases,therubbleformedembankmentsatthebaseofthewallsandsohelpedtoprotect them.Eventually,withtheadditionoffreshsandblowninbythewind,thesiteasawhole stabilized,thepositionsofwallsandbuildingsmarkedbyslightswellingsinarelativelysmooth thoughundulatingsurface.Excavationremovestheprotectiveembankmentsandsoexposes whatisleftatthebottomofthewallstofresherosion.

ForlocatingtheCentralCityonmapsandonsatelliteimages(e.g.GoogleEarth)thegeographicco ordinatesare:273852.87Nand305356.97E.Figure5andFigure6arefromGoogleEarth.
Figure5:GoogleEarthViewofAmarnaCity

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Figure6:CloserViewofAmarnaCity

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8 References
ThefollowingwebsitesprovideawealthofinformationonAmarnaCity: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaten http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna http://lexicorient.com/e.o/akhenat.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutankhamun http://www.crystalinks.com/akhenaten.html http://touregypt.net/featurestories/amarna.htm http://www.amarna.co.uk/ http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/sites/africa/telelamarna.html http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/exhibits/amarna/about2.shtml http://www.amarnaproject.com/ http://www.ees.ac.uk/fieldwork/amarna.htm http://www.amarna3d.com/ http://freepages.history.rootsweb.com/~rgrosser/amarna/

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