SYMBOLS A Ac A0 Aef Af Ag Agf Ag0 Ah An Anb Anc Anf An0 Apb Aq As Asb Atg - Area of cross section - Area

at root of threads; Area of cover plates - Effective cross section area - Reduced effective flange area - Total flange area -Gross section area - Gross section area of flange - Gross section area of outstanding leg of the member - Area of the hole - Net area of total cross section - Net tensile cross sectional area of the bolt - Net cross section area of the connected member of the leg - Net cross section area of each flange - Net cross section area of outstand leg of a member - Nominal bearing bolt on any plate - Cross sectional area of a bearing stiffener in contact with the flange - Tensile stress area - Gross cross section of a bolt at the shank - Gross sectional area in tension from the centre of the hole to the toe of the angle section/ channel section etc. perpendicular to the line of force - Net sectional area in tension from the centre of the hole to the toe of the angle perpendicular to the line of force
1

Atn

Av Avg Avn b b0 bt bw C Cmy, Cmz CD CDe CDi c cb cm cy D d dh d0 E

- Shear area - Gross sectional area in shear along the line of transmitted force - Net cross sectional area in shear along the line of transmitted force - Outstand / width of the element - Width of flange outstand - Width of tension field - Width of outstanding leg - Centre to centre longitudinal distance of batterns - Moment amplification factor about respective axes - Wind pressure coefficient - External wind pressure coefficient - Internal wind pressure coefficient - Spacing of transverse stiffener - Moment amplification factor for braced member - Moment reduction factor for lateral torsional buckling strength calculation - centre of gravity of element from the edge - overall depth/diameter of cross section - Depth of web, nominal diameter -Diameter of bolt/rivet role -Nominal diameter of the pipe column or the dimensions of column in the depth direction of the base plate - Modulus of elasticity for steel

Fd Fn F psd Fq Fqd Fr Fw Fx Fx,Fy fb fbc fbd f0 fce fcd fcr,b fgd fgd fp fpb fpsd fsb

- Factored design load - Nominal force - Bearing capacity of load carrying stiffener - Stiffener force - Stiffener buckling resistance - Resultant shear on the bolt - Design capacity of the web in bearing - External load, force or reaction - Force taken by the bolts in a connection - Actual bending stress a service load - Actual bending stress in compression at service load - Design compression stress corresponding to lateral bucking - Actual axial compressive stress at service load - Elastic buckling stress of a column, Euler buckling stress - Design compressive stress - Extreme fibre compressive stress corresponding elastic lateral buckling moment - Design strength on gross area of cross section - Design strength on net area of cross section - Actual bearing stress at service load - Actual bearing stress in bending at service load - Bearing strength of the stiffeners - Actual shear stress in blot at service load
3

ft fu fub fuw fw fwd fwn fy fyb fyf fyq G g h he hf hL hy I Ifc Ift

- Actual tensile stress at service load - Characteristic ultimate tensile stress - Characteristic ultimate tensile stress of the bolt - Characteristic ultimate tensile stress of the weld - Actual stress of weld at service load - Design stress of weld at service load - Nominal strength of fillet weld - Characteristic yield stress - Characteristic yield stress of bolt - Characteristic yield stress of flange - Characteristic yield stress of stiffener material - Modulus of rigidity - Gauge length between centers of the holes perpendicular to the load direction; Acceleration due to gravity - Depth of the section; Height of building - Effective thickness - Centre to centre distance of the flanges - Height of lip - Distance between shear centre of the two flanges of cross section - Moment of inertia of the compression flange of the beam about the axis parallel to the web; Importance factor - Moment of inertia of the compression flange of the beam about the axis parallel to the web - Moment of inertia of the tension flange of the beam about minor axis
4

Iq It Iw Iy Iz I J Kb Kh Kx,Ky K KL KL/r KL/ry KL/rz

- Moment of inertia of a pair of stiffener about the centre of the web, or a single stiffener about the face of the web - St. Venants torsion constant - Warping constant - Moment of inertia about minor axis of the cross section - Moment of inertia about major axis of the cross section - Warping constant - Torsion constant - Effective stiffness of the beam and column - Reduction factor to account for the high strength grip connection bolts in over sized and slotted holes - Effective length factors in x , y directions - Warping restraint factor - Effective length of the member - Appropriate effective slenderness ratio of the section - Effective slenderness ratio of the section about minor axis of the section - Effective slenderness ratio of the section about major axis of the section - Actual maximum effective slenderness ratio of the laced column - Effective slenderness ratio of the laced column for shear - Multiplication factors for wind velocity

( ) ( )
k1, k2, k3

L Lc

- Actual length, unsupported length, length centre to centre distance of the intersecting members, Cantilever length; Length of weld - Length of end connection in bolted and welded members, taken as the distance between the outermost fasteners in the end connection of the length of the end weld, measured along the length of the member - Effective length for lateral torsional buckling - Length between points of zero moment in the span - Centre to centre length of the supporting member - Distance between prying force and bolt centre line - Grip lengths of bolts in a connection - Length of the join t - Length between points of lateral support to the compression flange in a beam - Distance from bolt centre line to the toe of fillet weld or to half the root radius for a rolled section - Length of the weld - Bending moment - Applied bending moment in z and y directions respectively - Torsional moment - Applied bending moment - Elastic critical moment corresponding to lateral torsional buckling of the beam - Design flexural strength - Design bending strength about the minor axis of the cross section - Design bending strength about the major axis of the cross section
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LLT L0 l lc lg lj ls lv lw M Mz,My M0 Ma Mcr Md Mdy Mdz

Meff Mnd Mndy,Mndz Mp Mpb Mpd Mq Mr My Myq Mz N Nd n nn ns P Pcc Pd

- Reduced effective moment - Design bending strength under combined axial force and uniaxial moment - Design bending strength under combined axial force and uniaxial moment acting alone - Plastic moment capacity of the section - Moment in the beam at the intersection of the beam and column centre lines - Plastic design strength - Applied moment on the stiffener - Moment of resistance of the bolts - Factored applied moment about the minor axis of the cross section - Moment capacity of the stiffener based on its elastic modulus - Factored applied moment about the major axis of the cross section - Number of parallel planes of battens - design strength in tension or in compression - Number of bolts in bolt group/critical section - Number of shear planes with threads intercepting the shear plane in bolted connection - Number of shear planes without threads intercepting the shear plane in bolted connection - Factored applied axial force -Elastic buckling load - Design axial compressive strength

Pdy,Pdz Pe Py p ps pd pz Qd Qck qu R r rl rvv ry rz ryy rzz rm

- Design compression strength as governed by flexural buckling about the respective axis - Elastic Euler buckling load - Yield strength of the cross section under axial compression - Pitch length between centers of holes parallel to the direction of the load - Staggered pitch length along the direction of he load between lines of bolt lines - Design wind pressure - Wind pressure at height z - Design load - Characteristic dead, imposed or wind load - Nominal shear strength of weld - Ratio of the mean compressive stress in the web to yield stress of the web, reaction of the beam at support; Response reduction factor - Appropriate radius of gyration - Minimum radius of gyration of individual element being laced together - Radius of gyration about minor axis (v-v) of angle section - Radius of gyration about minor axis - Radius of gyration about major axis - Radius of gyration of built up member about minor axis - Radius of gyration of built up member about major axis - Perpendicular lever arm distance

S Sa Sd T Tb Tef Td Tdg Tdn Tdb Te Tf Tnb Tnd Tndf Tnf t tf tp tpk ts

- Minimum transverse distance between the centroid of the rivet or bolt group or weld group - Spectral acceleration - Design strength - Temperature in degree Celsius; Factored tension ; Undamped natural period of vibration in secs - Applied tension in bolt - Thickness of compression flange -Design strength under axial tension - Yielding strength of gross section under axial tension - Rupture strength of net section under axial tension - Design strength of bolt under axial tension; Block shear strength at end connection - Externally applied tension - Factored tension force of friction type of bolt - Nominal strength of bolt under axial tension - Design tension capacity - Design tension capacity of friction type bolt - Nominal tensile strength of friction type bolt - Thickness of element/angle - Thickness of flange - Thickness of plate - Thickness of packing - Thickness of base slab
9

tt tw V Vb Vbf Vcr Vd Vdb Vnb Vnbf Vp Vn Vnpb Vnsb Vnsf Vs Vsb Vsd Vsdf Vsf Vt Vtf

- Effective throat thickness of welds - Thickness of webs - Factored applied shear force - Shear in batten plate; regional basic wind speed - Factored frictional shear force in friction type connection - Critical shear strength corresponding to web buckling - Design shear strength - Block shear strength - Nominal shear strength of bolt - Bearing capacity of bolt for friction type connection - Plastic shear resistance under pure shear - Nominal shear strength - Nominal bearing strength of bolt - Nominal shear capacity of bolt - Nominal shear capacity of bolt as governed by slip in friction type connection - Transverse shear at service load -Factored shear force in the bolt - Design shear capacity - Design shear strength in friction type bolt - Factored design shear force f friction bolts - applied transverse shear - Shear resistance in tension field
10

Vz W wtf w Z Ze Zeo Ze1 Zp Zv yg ys

- Design wind velocity at height z - Total load - Width of tension field - throat thickness of weld - Zone factor - Elastic section modulus - Elastic section modulus of the member with respect to extreme compression fibre - Elastic section modulus of the member with respect to extreme tension fibre - Plastic section modulus - Contribution to plastic section modulus of the total shear area of the cross section - Distance between point of application of the load and shear centre of the cross section - Co-ordinate of the shear centre in respect to centroid - Distance of centre of gravity of area - Imperfection factor for buckling strength in columns and beams - Ratio of smaller to the larger bending moment at the ends of a beam column - Equivalent uniform factor for flexural buckling for y-y and z-z axes respectively - Equivalent uniform moment factor for lateral torsional buckling -Number of surfaces in contact - Strength reduction factor to account for buckling under compression
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M My, Mx MLT e

m LT f m m0 m1 mb mf m mft mv mw cr e LT

- Strength reduction factor at fym - Strength reduction factor to account for lateral torsional buckling of beams - Deflection - Inclination of the tension field stress in web - Unit weight of steel - Partial safety factor for load - Partial safety factor for material - Partial safety factor against yield stress and buckling - Partial safety factor against ultimate stress - Partial safety factor for bolted connection with bearing type bolts - Partial safety factor for bolted connection with High Strength Friction Grip bolts - Partial safety factor for fatigue load - Partial safety factor for fatigue strength - Partial safety factor against shear failure - Partial safety factor for strength of weld - Yield stress ratio (250/fy)1/2 - Non- dimensional slenderness ratio - Elastic buckling load factor - Equivalent slenderness ratio - Non- dimensional slenderness ratio in lateral bending - Poissons ratio

12

c f r

- Correction factor - Coefficient of friction - Capacity reduction factor - Ratio of rotation at hinge point to the relative elastic rotation of far end of the beam segment containing plastic hinge ; Angle of inclination of lattice ; Angle of inclination of roof - Unit mass of steel - Buckling shear stress - Permissible shear stress at service load - Elastic critical shear stress - Actual shear stress at service load - Ratio of the moments at the ends of laterally unsupported length of a beam - Frame buckling load factor

b ab cr.e v

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