Seismic Code Requirements

CE 243A Behavior & design of RC Elements Prof. J. W.
Wallace
Seismic Code Requirements
John W. Wallace, Ph.D., P.E.

Associate Professor
University of California, Los Angeles
CE243A 1
1971
San Fernando, California
Earthquake
CE243A 2
Fall 04 1
CE 243A Behavior & design of RC Elements Prof. J. W. Wallace
Olive View Hospital Complex
1971 San Fernando Earthquake

CE243A 3
Soft-story

CE243A 4
Fall 04 2

CE243A 5

CE243A 6
Fall 04 3
Confinement
Ties @ 18” o.c. Spiral @ 3” o.c.

CE243A 7
Cal State Northridge
1994 Northridge Earthquake

CE243A 8
Fall 04 4
Cal State Northridge

CE243A 9
Northridge Fashion Mall

CE243A 10
Fall 04 5
Barrington Building

CE243A 11
Holiday Inn – Van Nuys

Barrington Building

CE243A 12
Fall 04 6
z Major failures:
– Steel moment-resisting frames
– Precast concrete parking structures
– Tiltup & masonry buildings with wood
roofs
z Major successes
– retrofitted unreinforced masonry
structures
– retrofitted bridge structures
CE243A 13
z 1997 UBC & NEHRP – stricter detailing for

changes: non-
non-participating
– removal of pre-
pre- elements
qualified steel – deformation
connection details compatibility
– addition of near-
near- requirements
fault factor to base – chords & collectors
shear equation designed for “real”
– prohibition on forces
highly irregular – redundancy factor
structures in near-
near- added to design
fault regions forces
CE243A 14
Fall 04 7
Summary
z Observation of the behavior of real buildings in
real earthquakes have been the single largest
influence on the development of our building
codes
z The lull in earthquakes in populated areas
between approximately 1940 and 1970 gave a
false since of security at a time when the
population of California was expanding rapidly
z Performance of newer buildings and bridges has
generally been good in recent earthquakes;
however, older buildings pose a substantial
hazard.
CE243A 15
Seismic Codes and Source Documents
NEHRP SEAOC
ASCE 7
BOCA National
Standard Building Code Uniform
Building Code Building Code
International Building Code
CE243A 16
Fall 04 8
IBC 2000, 2003

z International Code
Council (ICC),
established in 1994
z Seismic provisions
– ASCE 7-7-02
z Modeling
z Forces
– Material codes
z ACI, ASCE
z IBC 2003 (ASCE 7-7-02,
ACI 318-
318-02)
CE243A 17
Material Codes
International Building Code
MANUAL
OF STEEL ACI 318-02
CONSTRUCTION ACI 318R-02
LOAD &
RESISTANCE
FACTOR Building Code Requirements for
Structural Concrete (ACI 318-02)
DESIGN and Commentary (ACI 318R-02)
An ACI Standard
Volume I
Reported by ACI Committee 318
Structural Members,
Specifications,
& Codes
AISC aci american concrete institute

P.O. BOX 9094
FARMINGTON HILLS, MI 48333
Second Edition
CE243A 18
Fall 04 9
Shake Table Test – Flat Plate
CE243A 19
Earthquake Building Response

F4 = m4a4(t)
F3 = m3a3(t)
F2 = m2a2(t)
F1 = m1a1(t)
Note: Forces generally
Increase with height
V(t) = ∑miai(t) i=1,4
Shaking
Time
CE243A 20
Fall 04 10
Building Response Analysis

z In general, three types of analyses are
done to design buildings subjected to
Shaking
earthquakes
– Response History Analysis
z Linear or nonlinear approach to
calculate time varying responses Time
(P, M, V, δ)
– Response Spectrum Analysis

Sa
z Linear approach to calculate modal
responses (peak values) and
combine modal responses Sd
F4
– Equivalent Lateral Force
F3
z Nonlinear approach used for
rehabilitation (e.g., FEMA 356) F2
z Linear approach – assume F1
response is dominated by first
mode response (very common)
Vbase
CE243A 21
Building Response Analysis

z Response History Analysis
– Analyze structure by applying
Shaking
acceleration history at base of

structure
– Typically requires use of several
records Time
– Elastic or inelastic response
– Time consuming and results can vary
substantially between records
z Response Spectrum Analysis Sa
– Elastic response
– Determine peak responses for each
mode of response
– Combine modal responses (SRSS, T
CQC)
CE243A 22
Fall 04 11
Acceleration Response Spectrum
Maximum
Acceleration
Aground
Structural Period, T M
T = 2π M K
K
Shaking
CE243A Time 23
Displacement Response Spectrum
Maximum
Displacement
Structural Period, T M
T = 2π M K
K
Shaking
CE243A Time 24
Fall 04 12
Modal Analysis
Sd,1
Sd,2
Sd,3
T3 T2 T1
φ nT Mφ n
Tn = 2π
φ nT Kφ n δ max,n = φ n S d ,n
CE243A 25
Dynamic Building Response

MDOF System SDOF Model
δx=4 δx=4
Story Sd,n Sd,n

Forces
δx=2 δx=2
δx=1 δx=1
Base Shear
CE243A 26
Fall 04 13
ADRS Spectrum
z Alternative format for Spectral

response spectrum Acceleration
T = constant
z “Capacity Spectrum”
approach – ATC 40
z Spectrum for a given

earthquake versus
smooth spectrum
Spectral Displacement
CE243A 27
Code Analysis Procedures
z UBC-
UBC-97 and IBC-
IBC-2000
– Equivalent static analysis approach
– Response spectrum approach
– Response (Time) history approach
– Other (Peer review)
z FEMA 273/356 & ATC 40
– Linear Static & Dynamic Procedures (LSP, LDP)
– Nonlinear Static Analysis (NSP) “pushover”
– Nonlinear Dynamic Procedure (NDP)
CE243A 28
Fall 04 14
1997 UBC Design Response Spectrum

2.5CA Control Periods
TS = CV/2.5CA
T0 = 0.2TS
V/W (Acceleration)
CV/T
Long-Period Limits
CA
T0 TS
Period (Seconds)
CE243A 29
UBC-97: Response Spectrum Analysis
Cv I
Vbase = W Eq. (30 - 4)
RT
2.5Ca I
Vbase ≤ W Eq. (30 - 5)
R
Vbase ≥ 0.11Ca IW Eq. (30 - 6)
Ca = Seismic Coefficient (Acceleration)
Cv = Seismic Coefficient (Velocity)
CE243A 30
Fall 04 15
Modal Analysis
z Eigen Analysis
– Requires mass (M) and stiffness (K) matrices
z M is often assumed to be diagonal
z K (e.g., from direct stiffness assembly)
– Frequencies (ω T=2π/ω) and mode shapes (Φ

(ω, T=2π (Φ)
z Mode shapes φ are columns of Φ matrix
(orthogonal property)
z Modal Analysis – solve uncoupled equations
[ M ]{v} + [C ]{v} + [ K ]{v} = { p}(t ); {v} = [Φ ]{ y}
M n = [Φ ] [ M ][Φ ] = {φm } [ M ]{φn }
T T
m=n
M n yn + Cn y n + K n yn = φ p (t )
T
n solve for yn
Combine modal responses (e.g., SRSS, CQC)
CE243A 31
UBC-97 Approach: Response Spectrum

MDOF System Model Equivalent SDOF
δx=4 δx=4
Story Sd,n Sd,n

Forces
δx=2 δx=2
δx=1 δx=1
Base Shear
CE243A 32
Fall 04 16

Peak modal responses – 1st Mode
{δ x=1, 4 }1 = {φ11,φ21,φ31 ,φ41} S d ,1 F1 = M 1Sa ,1
T
T1 = 2π M1
δx=4 K1 Vbase,1 = M 1Sa ,1
F1=M1Sa,1 δx=3 T1 = Ct (hn )3 / 4
2
Sd ,1 = ω1 Sa ,1
Sd,1
δx=2
Acceleration,
V/W (Acce leration)
g
K1 δx=1
T0 T1 TSPeriodPeriod
(Seconds)(sec)
Vbase,1
CE243A 33

Peak modal responses – 2nd to nth Mode
{δ x =1, 4 }2 = {φ12 ,φ22 ,φ32 ,φ42 } Sd , 2 F2 = M 2 S a , 2
T
T = {T1 , T2 , T3 , T4 }
δx=4 Vbase, 2 = M 2 S a , 2
Mi
Ti = 2π S d , 2 = S a , 2 (T22 / 4π 2 )
Ki
F2=M2Sa,2 δx=3
Sd,2
δx=2
Acceleration,
V/W (Acce leration)
g
K2 δx=1
T2 T0 TSPeriodPeriod
(Seconds)(sec)
Vbase,2
CE243A 34
Fall 04 17

Modal Combinations
z Peak modal responses do not occur at the same

time, that is, the peak roof displacement for mode
one occurs at t1 , whereas the peak displacement
for mode two occurs at t2, and so on. Therefore,
peak modal responses must be combined based
on the correlation between modes.
z Modal Combination Approaches
– SRSS: Square-
Square-root-
root-sum-
sum-squares, works well
for systems with well-
well-separated modes (2D
models)
– CQC: Complete-
Complete-Quadratic-
Quadratic-Combination (3D)
CE243A 35

Mass Participation
z The (force) participation of each mode can be

gauged by the mass participation factor.
{φn }T [ M ]{r = 1}
PFm,n =
{φn }T [ M ]{φn }
z Typical mass participation factors: PFm
– Frame buildings: 1st Mode – 80 to 85%
– Shear wall buildings: 1st Mode – 60 to 70%
– To achieve 100% mass participation, all modes
must be included in the modal analysis
CE243A 36
Fall 04 18

Specific Requirements
z 1631.5.2 - For regular buildings, include sufficient

modes to capture 90% of participating mass. In
general, this is relatively few modes
z 1631.5.3 - Modal combinations – Use appropriate
methods (SRSS, CQC). For 3D models with
closely spaced modes – need CQC.
z 1630.5.4 – R factors and limits on reducing base
shear where response spectrum analysis is used
z 1630.5.5 – Directional effects: consider seismic
forces in any horizontal direction (1630.1)
z 1630.5.6 – Account for torsion
CE243A 37

z Combine response
Dead & Live Loads
spectrum analysis results
with analysis results for
gravity forces
z Load combinations (1612)
– Same as new ACI load
combinations
z Drift limits (1630.10)
– hs = Story height
– ∆s = Displ.
Displ. for code
level forces
∆ m = 0.7 R∆ s
T < 0.7 sec : ∆ m < 0.025hs
T ≥ 0.7 sec : ∆ m < 0.025hs
CE243A 38
Fall 04 19
1997 UBC – Equivalent Static

2.5CA Control Periods
TS = CV/2.5CA
T0 = 0.2TS
V/W (Acceleration)
CV/T
Long-Period Limits
CA
T0 T1 TS
Period (Seconds)
CE243A 39
UBC-97 Base Shear Equations

Equivalent Static Analysis
Cv I
Vbase = W Eq. (30 - 4)
RT
2.5Ca I
Vbase ≤ W Eq. (30 - 5)
R
Vbase ≥ 0.11Ca IW Eq. (30 - 6)
Ca = Seismic Coefficient (Acceleration)
Cv = Seismic Coefficient (Velocity)
CE243A 40
Fall 04 20
UBC-97 Approach: Equivalent Static

Cv = 0.40 N v For Z = 0.4, SB (Table 16 - R)
Ca = 0.40 N a For Z = 0.4, SB (Table 16 - Q)
Z = Seismic Zone Factor (0.075 to 0.4)
S = Soil Profile Type
Nv = Near Source Coefficient (velocity)
Seismic Source A (M > 7.0, SR > 5 mm/yr)
Distance = 5 km Î Nv = 1.6 (Table 16-T)
Na = Near Source Coefficient (acceleration)
Seismic Source A (M > 7.0, SR > 5 mm/yr)
Distance = 5 km Î Na = 1.2 (Table 16-S)
CE243A 41
UBC-97 Equivalent Static Analysis

Cv I
Vbase = W Eq. (30 - 4)
RT
I = Importance Factor (1.0 to 1.25; Table 16-K)
W= Building Seismic Dead Load
R = Force Reduction Coefficient (Table 16-N)
T = Fundamental Structural Period
T = Ct (hn ) 3 / 4 = 0.02(48 ft )3 / 4 = 0.37 sec
Ct = Coefficient (e.g., 0.02 for rc walls)
hn = Building height (feet)
CE243A 42
Fall 04 21
Equivalent Static Lateral Forces

Dead & Live Loads
Ft F4
(Vbase − Ft ) wx hx
F3 Fx = n
∑ wi hi
i =1
F2
Ft = 0.07TV T > 0.7 sec
F1 Ft = 0.0 T < 0.7 sec
Vbase
CE243A 43
Lateral Force Resisting System

LFRS “Gravity” System
CE243A 44
Fall 04 22
Details of a
building in
Emeryville
CE243A 45
“Non-Participating” System
z Also referred to as: “Gravity” System
z Flat plate floor systems (Gravity loads)
– Efficient and economical
– Easy to form, low story heights
– Strong column – weak beam concept
CE243A 46
Fall 04 23
Perimeter LFRS and Interior “GFRS”
CE243A 47
UBC-97: LFRS Design

Equivalent Static or Response Spectrum
12 ft
LFRS
Model 12 ft
100 ft
12 ft
12 ft
50 ft
Floor Plan Elevation View LFRS
Note: Neglecting torsion
CE243A 48
Fall 04 24

Cv I 0.4(1.6)(1.0)
Vbase = W= W
RT 3/ 4
R (T = Ct hn )
W4 = (100' x 50' )(100 psf) = 500 kips
W3 = (100' x 50' )(100 psf) = 500 kips
W2 = (100' x 50' )(100 psf) = 500 kips
W1 = (100' x 50' )(100 psf) = 500 kips
W = 500 kips (4 floors) = 2000 kips
CE243A 49

Cv I 0.4(1.6)(1.0)
Vbase = W= (W = 2000 kips)
RT 3/ 4
R (T = Ct hn )
R = Force Reduction Coefficient (Table 16-N)
Accounts for nonlinear response of building
(Building strength, ductility, damping)
R = 1 is associated with elastic response
Typical Values:
R = 8.5 for a rc special moment frame
R = 5.5 for a rc wall building
CE243A 50
Fall 04 25

Cv I 0.4(1.6)(1.0)
Vbase = W= W
RT R (0.63)
0.64 1.73 1.73 g
Vbase = W= W= M
R (0.37) R R
2.5Ca I 2.5(0.4)(1.2) 1. 2 g
Vbase ≤ W= W= M
R R R
Vbase = 1.2(2000) / R = 1 = 2400 kips (elastic)
Vbase = 2400 /( R = 5.5) = 435 kips (design)
R > 1.0 requires inelastic response
Structure must be specially detailed to
control inelastic behavior
CE243A 51
1997 UBC Seismic Criteria

(Seismic Zone 4, Soil Type SB, Na =Nv =1)
1.5
Response Spectrum
1.25 Design Spectrum (CN)
Design Force - R/I = 4.5
V/W (Acceleration)
1
Design Force - R/I = 8.5
0.75
0.5
0.25
0
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2
Period (Seconds)
CE243A 52
Fall 04 26
Confinement
Ties @ 18” o.c. Spiral @ 3” o.c.

CE243A 53

F4
(Vbase − Ft ) wx hx
F3
Fx = n
∑ wi hi
i =1
F2
Ft = 0.07TV T > 0.7 sec
F1 Ft = 0.0 T < 0.7 sec
Base Shear Vbase = 435 kips
CE243A 54
Fall 04 27

n
F4 ∑ wi hi = (500 kips)(12'+24'+36'+48' )
i =1
= 60,000 kip - ft
F3
(435 − 0)(500 k )(48' )
Fx = 4 = = 0.4V = 174 k
60,000 ft − k
F2 (435 − 0)(500 k )(36' )
Fx =3 = = 0.3V = 131k
60,000 ft − k
F1 (435 − 0)(500 k )(24' )
Fx = 2 = = 0.2V = 87 k
60,000 ft − k
(435 − 0)(500 k )(12' )
Fx =1 = = 0.1V = 43k
60,000 ft − k
4
∑ Fx = 174 + 131 + 87 + 43 = 435 kips
Base Shear x =1
Vbase = 435 kips

CE243A 55

Dead & Live Loads z Load Combinations
F4 UBC-
UBC-97 - S16.12.2.1
– U = 1.2D + 0.5L + 1.0E
F3 – U = 0.9D +/-
+/- 1.0E
– Where: E = ρEh+ Ev
F2 Ev=0.5CaID = 0.24D
z U = 0.9D +/- 1.0(ρEh+ Ev)
+/- 1.0(ρ
F1
U = (0.9+/- +/- ρEh
(0.9+/-0.24)D +/-
ρ = redundancy factor ≥1.0
z Conduct static analysis
e.g., use SAP2000
Base Shear = ρEh
CE243A 56
Fall 04 28

Dead & Live Loads z Load Combinations
F4
UBC-
UBC-97 - S16.12.2.1
– U = 1.2D + 0.5L + 1.0E
F3
– U = 0.9D +/-
+/- 1.0E
F2 – Where: E = ρEh+ Ev
Ev=0.5CaID = 0.24D
F1 z U = 0.9D +/- 1.0(ρEh+ Ev)
+/- 1.0(ρ
U = (0.9+/- +/- ρEh
(0.9+/-0.24)D +/-
ρ = redundancy factor ≥1.0
z Conduct static analysis
Vbase e.g., use SAP2000
CE243A 57
UBC-97: Drift & Drift Limits
z 1630.9 – Drift for all analysis Code level

is defined Design forces:
(e.g., R=8.5) Story Displ.: ∆s
– Defines drift for
Maximum Inelastic ∆ s,x=4
Response Displacement
(∆M ) and for Design ∆ s,x=3
Seismic Forces (∆S ): ∆M
= 0.7R∆S ∆ s,x=2
z 1630.10 – Drift limits defined ∆ s,x=1
– Drift < 0.025 times story
height if T < 0.7 sec
– Drift < 0.02 times story
height if T ≥ 0.7 sec Elevation View
CE243A 58
Fall 04 29
UBC-97 Requirements
z 1633 – Detailed systems design requirements

z 1633.1 General:
– Only the elements of the designated LFRS
shall be used to resist design forces
– Consider both seismic and gravity (D, L, S)
– For some structures (irregular), must consider
orthogonal effects: 100% of seismic forces in
one direction, 30% in the perpendicular
direction
CE243A 59
UBC-97 Requirements
z 16333.2 Structural Framing Systems

z 1633.2.1 General:
– Defined by the types of vertical elements used
z 1633.2.2 For structures with multiple systems,
must use requirements for more restrictive
system
z 1633.2.3 Connections – if resisting seismic
forces, then must be on drawings
z 1633.2.4 Deformation compatibility
CE243A 60
Fall 04 30
LFRS and Deformation Compatibility

LFRS “Gravity” System
CE243A 61
LFRS and Deformation Compatibility

Code level ∆s,x=4
Design forces:
(e.g., R=8.5) Story Displ.: ∆s
∆ s,x=4
∆ s,x=3
∆ s,x=2
∆ s,x=1
diaphragm
Elevation View Plan View: Roof

Rigid diaphragm
Flexible diaphragm
CE243A 62
Fall 04 31
UBC-97 Requirements
z 1633.2.4 – Deformation compatibility

– Requires that non-
non-participating structural
elements be designed to ensure compatibility
of deformations with lateral force resisting
system
– Non-
Non-participating elements must be capable of
maintaining support for gravity loads at
deformations expected due to seismic forces
– Design of LFRS:
z Model LFRS and apply design seismic forces
z Neglect lateral stiffness and strength of non-
non-
participating elements
CE243A 63
UBC-97 Requirements
Code level
z 1633.2.4 – Deformation Design forces:
compatibility (e.g., R=8.5) Story Displ.: ∆s
– For LFRS ∆ s,x=4
z ∆M = 0.7R∆S for
lateral frame at each ∆ s,x=3
story
z That is, compute ∆ s,x=2
story displacements
for design seismic ∆ s,x=1
forces applied to the
LFRS, then multiple
by them by 0.7R
Elevation View
CE243A 64
Fall 04 32
UBC-97 Requirements
z 1633.2.4 – Deformation compatibility
– Non-participating frame
z Model the system (linear - element stiffness)
– Shear and flexural stiffness limited to ½ gross

section values
– Must consider flexibility of diaphragm and
foundation
z Impose story displacements on the model of non-
participating frame
– The imposed displacements produce element
forces, consider these to be ultimate
– check stability (support for gravity loads)
– Detailing requirements: 21.11 in ACI 318-02
CE243A 65
UBC-97 Requirements
z Other items of interest

– Collectors (1633.2.6)
z Must provide collectors to transfer seismic
forces originating in other portions of the
structure to the element providing the
resistance to these forces
– Diaphragms (1633.2.9)
z Deflection of diaphragm limited by the
permissible deflection of the attached elements
z Design forces specified in (33-1)
CE243A 66
Fall 04 33
Reinforced Concrete: ACI 318-02

Chapter 21 – Seismic Provisions
z Provide transverse steel
- Confinement, buckling
- Maintain gravity loads
z Strong-
Strong-column, weak-weak-beam
- Beam flexural yielding
z Capacity design
- Beam & column shear
- Joint regions
z Prescriptive requirements
- Little flexibility
- Quick, easy, and usually
conservative
CE243A 67
Fall 04 34

Seismic Code Requirements

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Seismic Code Requirements

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CE 243A Behavior & design of RC Elements Prof. J. W.

Seismic Code Requirements

John W. Wallace, Ph.D., P.E.

Olive View Hospital Complex

1971 San Fernando Earthquake

1971 San Fernando Earthquake

1971 San Fernando Earthquake

1971 San Fernando Earthquake

Ties @ 18” o.c. Spiral @ 3” o.c.

1971 San Fernando Earthquake

Cal State Northridge

1994 Northridge Earthquake

Cal State Northridge

1994 Northridge Earthquake

Northridge Fashion Mall

1994 Northridge Earthquake

1994 Northridge Earthquake

Holiday Inn – Van Nuys

1994 Northridge Earthquake

1994 Northridge Earthquake

1994 Northridge Earthquake

z 1997 UBC & NEHRP – stricter detailing for

Seismic Codes and Source Documents

International Building Code

IBC 2000, 2003

AISC aci american concrete institute

Shake Table Test – Flat Plate

Earthquake Building Response

Building Response Analysis

– Response Spectrum Analysis

Building Response Analysis

acceleration history at base of

Acceleration Response Spectrum

Displacement Response Spectrum

Dynamic Building Response

Story Sd,n Sd,n

z Alternative format for Spectral

z Spectrum for a given

Code Analysis Procedures

1997 UBC Design Response Spectrum

UBC-97: Response Spectrum Analysis

z K (e.g., from direct stiffness assembly)

– Frequencies (ω T=2π/ω) and mode shapes (Φ

UBC-97 Approach: Response Spectrum

Story Sd,n Sd,n

UBC-97 Approach: Response Spectrum

UBC-97 Approach: Response Spectrum

UBC-97 Approach: Response Spectrum

z Peak modal responses do not occur at the same

UBC-97 Approach: Response Spectrum

z The (force) participation of each mode can be

UBC-97 Approach: Response Spectrum

z 1631.5.2 - For regular buildings, include sufficient

UBC-97 Approach: Response Spectrum

1997 UBC – Equivalent Static

UBC-97 Base Shear Equations

UBC-97 Approach: Equivalent Static

UBC-97 Equivalent Static Analysis

Equivalent Static Lateral Forces

Lateral Force Resisting System

Perimeter LFRS and Interior “GFRS”

UBC-97: LFRS Design

UBC-97 Equivalent Static Analysis

W3 = (100' x 50' )(100 psf) = 500 kips