Code: 9A01308

1
(Electrical and Electronics Engineering)

B.Tech II Year I Semester (R09) Regular & Supplementary Examinations December/January 2013/14 FLUID MECHANICS & HYDRAULIC MACHINERY Time: 3 hours Answer any FIVE questions All questions carry equal marks *****
1 (a) (b) Differentiate between: (i) Liquids and gases. (ii) Real fluid and ideal fluids. (iii) Specific weight and specific volume of a fluid. Determine the intensity of shear of an oil having viscosity = 1.2 poise and is used for lubrication in the clearance between a 10 cm diameter shaft and its journal bearing. The clearance is 1.0 mm and shaft rotates at 200 r.p.m. Define stream line, path line and streak line. Derive mathematical expressions for each of these lines. A 75 cm diameter uniform pipe bend turns the directions of flow of gasoline of sp.gr. 0.79 through an angle of 120 in the horizontal plane. The constant pressure and velocity through the bend are 90 KPa and 3 m/s respectively. Find the magnitude and direction of the force to be exerted on the bend to achieve the directional change. Derive an expression for the loss of head due to sudden contraction in a pipe. Sketch the flow pattern and show how the hydraulic gradient and total energy line vary as the flow takes place through the contraction. Two reservoirs whose water surface elevations differ by 100 m are connected by a 25 cm diameter pipe 3000 m long. Another pipe of the same diameter is laid parallel with the first pipe and connected to the middle one-third of its length. Calculate the percent increase in discharge. Assume f = 0.01 for all pipes and neglect minor losses. A jet of water of diameter 50 mm having a velocity of 20 m/sec strikes a curved vane which is moving with a 0 velocity of 10 m/sec in the direction of the jet. The jet leaves the vane at an angle of 60 to the direction of motion of the vane at outlet. Determine: (i) The force exerted by the jet on the vane in the direction of motion and (ii) Work done per second by the jet. Define the terms gross head, net head, hydraulic efficiency and overall efficiency. Discuss with neat sketches the classification of hydroelectric plants based on storage characteristics. A Pelton wheel is required to develop 12,000 KW of power under a head of 400 m. The wheel speed is 720 rpm. Assuming Ku = 0.45, CV = 0.98, o = 86% and approximate jet ratio = 8, design the machine and specify (a) bucket circle diameter, (b) number of buckets and (c) size of each bucket. Give a fully dimensioned sketch of a bucket. Where is servo meter used in governing mechanism of turbines? Explain it in detail. A Kaplan turbine is to develop 2400 KW when running at 240 rpm under a net head of 49 m. In order to predict its performance a model of scale 1:5 is tested under a net head of 25 m. At what speed should the model run and what power would it develop. Determine the discharge in the model and in full scale turbine if the overall efficiency of the model is 85%. What is priming? Why is it necessary? Explain in detail. A centrifugal pump discharges 1200 lit/minute against a head of 16.5 m when the speed is 1500 rpm. The diameter of the impeller is 35 cm and the power required is 6 h.p. A geometrically similar pump of 45 cm is to run at 1750 rpm. Assuming equal efficiencies, find. (i) the head developed (ii) the discharge (iii) power developed by 45 cm pump.

Max Marks: 70

2 (a) (b)

3 (a) (b)

5 (a) (b) 6

7 (a) (b)

8 (a) (b)

*****

Code: 9A01308

2
(Electrical and Electronics Engineering)

B.Tech II Year I Semester (R09) Regular & Supplementary Examinations December/January 2013/14 FLUID MECHANICS & HYDRAULIC MACHINERY Time: 3 hours Answer any FIVE questions All questions carry equal marks *****
1 (a) (b) What is meant by vapour pressure? Explain its importance in liquid flow systems. A mist droplet is of 0.06 mm diameter. The atmospheric pressure is 101.04 KPa and the surface tension of water is 0.0736 N/m. Estimate the absolute pressure within the droplet. Derive Eulers equation of motion along a stream line for an ideal fluid stating clearly the assumptions. 3 A pipe of 20 cm diameter conveying 0.20 m /sec of water has a right angled bend in a horizontal plane. Find the resultant force exerted on the bend if the pressure at inlet and outlet of the bend are 22.563 2 2 N/cm and 21.582 N/cm respectively. Define an orifice-meter. Derive an expression for the discharge through an orifice-meter. A horizontal venturimeter with inlet diameter 30 cm and throat diameter 15 cm is used to measure the flow of oil of specific gravity 0.8. The discharge of oil through venturimeter is 50 litres/s, find the reading of the oil-mercury differential manometer. Take Cd= 0.98. Show that in case of jet striking the flat plates mounted on wheels, the efficiency will be maximum when the tangential velocity of wheel is half that of the jet. A jet of water having a velocity of 45 m/s impinges without shock on a series of vanes moving at 15 m/s. 0 The direction of motion of the vanes is inclined at 20 to that of the jet, the relative velocity at outlet is 0.9 times that at inlet, and the absolute velocity of the water at exit is to be normal to the motion of vanes. Find: (i) Vane angles at entrance and exit. (ii) Work done on vanes per unit weight of water supplied by the jet and (iii) Hydraulic efficiency. Describe different aspects that are to be studied in respect of underground power houses. 6 A hydropower plant has an installed capacity of 50 MW. The yearly output of the plant is 25010 KWhr. If the peak load is 40000 KW. Determine: (i) annual load factor (ii) Plant use factor and (iii) Capacity factor. A Kaplan turbine develops 60,000 KW of power under a head of 25 m with overall efficiency of 90%. Taking the value of flow ratio = 0.5, speed ratio = 1.6, the hub diameter as 0.35 times the diameter of the runner, find: (i) the diameter of the runner (ii) the speed of the turbine (iii) the specific speed of the turbine. Define the specific speed of a turbine. Derive an expression for the specific speed. What is the significance of the specific speed? An inward flow reaction turbine has external and internal diameters as 1.2 m and 0.6 m respectively. The velocity of flow through the runner is constant and is equal to 1.8 m/s. Determine: (i) Discharge through the runner, and (ii) Width at outlet if the width at inlet = 200 mm. Discuss the detailed classification of pumps. What precautions are to be taken while starting and closing the pump?

Max Marks: 70

2 (a) (b)

3 (a) (b)

4 (a) (b)

5 (a) (b)

7 (a) (b)

8 (a) (b)

*****

Code: 9A01308

3
(Electrical and Electronics Engineering)

B.Tech II Year I Semester (R09) Regular & Supplementary Examinations December/January 2013/14 FLUID MECHANICS & HYDRAULIC MACHINERY Time: 3 hours Answer any FIVE questions All questions carry equal marks *****
1 (a) (b) 2 (a) (b) Distinguish between: (i) Standard and local atmospheric pressures. (ii) Barometric pressure and absolute pressure and (iii) Absolute pressure and gauge pressure. Explain the working of a Bourdon pressure gauge. Derive Bernoullis equation for the flow of an incompressible frictionless fluid from consideration of momentum. A 45 reducing bend is connected in a pipe line, the diameters at the inlet and outlet of the bend being 40 cm and 20 cm respectively. Find the force exerted by water on the bend if the intensity of pressure at inlet of bend is 2 21.58 N/cm . The rate of flow of water is 500 litres/s. Explain how the following flow problems are analyzed: (i) series pipe connection and (ii) parallel pipe connection. Kerosene of specific gravity 0.8 flows upwards through a 30 cm diameter by 15 cm diameter vertical venturimeter. The height of the converging cone is 50 cm. A mercury differential manometer connected between the inlet and throat shows deflection of 68 cm in mercury levels. Assuming C = 0.985, calculate the rate of flow. If the inlet pressure is 1.6 bars, what is the throat pressure? Derive an expression for the force exerted by a jet of water on a moving inclined plate in the direction of the jet. A jet of water of 60 mm diameter strikes a curved vane at its center with a velocity of 18 m/s. The curved vane is 0 moving with a velocity of 6 m/s in the direction of the jet. The jet is deflected through an angle of 165 . Assuming the plate to be smooth find: (i) Thrust on the plate in the direction of jet. (ii) Power of the jet, and (iii) Efficiency of the jet. Write short on the: (i) Necessity of storage and pondage and (ii) Stream flow data requirement in hydropower plants. 5 4 The designed capacity of a hydropower plant is 1.32 x 10 KW. If the power generated in the plant is 9 x 10 KW, find the efficiency of the plant. If the peak discharge is 1.5 times the normal discharge, determine the plant capacity, plant factor and total energy produced in a year. What is a draft tube? Why is it used in a reaction turbine? Describe with sketches, two different types of draft tubes. A reaction turbine works at 500 r.p.m. under a head of 100 m. The diameter of turbine at inlet is 100 cm and flow 2 area is 0.35 m . The angles made by absolute and relative velocities at inlet are 15 and 60 respectively with the tangential velocity. Determine: (i) The volume flow rate. (ii) The power developed and (iii) Efficiency. Assume whirl at outlet to be zero. Explain the difference between Kaplan turbine and propeller turbine. Define cavitation. What are the effects of cavitation? Give the necessary precautions against cavitation. Sketch the velocity triangles at the inlet and outlet of a centrifugal pump identifying the various velocity components. A centrifugal pump has an impeller 45 cms in diameter running at 450 rpm. The discharge at inlet is entirely 0 radial. The velocity of flow at outlet is 1.2 m/s. The vanes are curved backwards at outlet at 30 to the wheel tangent. If the discharge of the pump is 0.15 cumec, calculate the impeller horse power and the torque on the shaft.

Max Marks: 70

3 (a) (b)

4 (a) (b)

5 (a) (b)

6 (a) (b)

7 (a) (b) 8 (a) (b)

*****

Code: 9A01308

4
(Electrical and Electronics Engineering)

B.Tech II Year I Semester (R09) Regular & Supplementary Examinations December/January 2013/14 FLUID MECHANICS & HYDRAULIC MACHINERY Time: 3 hours Answer any FIVE questions All questions carry equal marks *****
1 (a) (b) Distinguish between manometers and mechanical gauges. What are the different types of mechanical pressure gauges? A simple manometer is used to measure the pressure of oil (sp.gr. = 0.8) flowing in a pipe line. Its right limb is open to the atmosphere and left limb is connected to the pipe. The centre of the pipe is 9 cm below the level of mercury (sp.gr.13.6) in the right limb. If the difference of mercury level in the two limbs is 15 cm, determine the 2 absolute pressure of the oil in the pipe in Ncm . Define the following: (i) Steady flow. (ii) Non-uniform flow. (iii) Laminar flow and (iv) Two-dimensional flow. The water is flowing through a taper pipe of length 50 m having diameters 40 cm at the upper end and 20 cm at the lower end, at the rate of 60 litres/s. The pipe has a slope of 1 in 40. Find the pressure at the lower end if the 2 pressure at the higher level is 24.525 N/cm . What do you mean by equivalent pipe? Obtain an expression for equivalent pipe. A pipe of diameter 300 mm and length 1000 m connects two reservoirs, having difference of water levels as 15 m. Determine the discharge through the pipe. If an additional pipe of diameter 300 mm and length 600 m is attached to the last 600 m length of the existing pipe, find the increase in the discharge. Take f = 0.02 and neglect minor losses. A jet of water moving at 12 m/sec impinges on vane shaped to deflect the jet through 120 when stationary. If the vane is moving at 5 m/sec, find the angle of the jet so that there is no shock at inlet. What is the absolute velocity of the jet at exit in magnitude and direction and the work done per second? Assume that the vane is smooth. Explain the location and function of the following in a hydroelectric power plant. (i) Intake structure. (ii) Pen stock. (iii) Anchor block. Two turbo generators each of capacity 22,000 KW have been installed at a hydel power station. During a certain period the load on the hydel plant varies from 20,000 to 30,000 KW. Calculate: (i) Total installed capacity (ii) Load factor (iii) Plant factor and (iv) Utilization factor. The following data is given for a Francis turbine: Net head = 70 m, speed = 600 r.p.m., shaft power = 367.875 KW, o = 85%, h = 95%, flow ratio = 0.25, breadth ratio = 0.1, outer diameter of the runner = 2 x inner diameter of runner. The thickness of vanes occupy 10% of the circumferential area of the runner. Velocity of flow is constant at inlet and outlet and discharge is radial at outlet. Determine: (i) Guide blade angle. (ii) Runner vane angles at inlet and outlet. (iii) Diameters of runner at inlet and outlet and (iv) Width of wheel at inlet. Describe different types of surge tanks with neat sketches. A Kaplan turbine model built to a reduced scale of 1:10 develops 25 MHP when run at 400 rpm under a head of 6 m. If its overall efficiency is 85%, what flow rate should be supplied to the model? If the prototype machine works under a head of 40 m, compute the speed, power output and discharge of the machine. Assume the same overall efficiency for the model and prototype. Draw a typical layout and explain the working of centrifugal pump. Also indicate various components. Explain the method of selection of centrifugal pumps with the aid of characteristic curves.
0

Max Marks: 70

2 (a) (b)

3 (a) (b)

5 (a) (b)

7 (a) (b)

8 (a) (b)

*****