Wind Power and Wind Energy Plant

Wind power is one of the fastest growing energy sources in the world.
By 2012, when we consider rated power capacity for wind, China is in the first place with 75 GW,
U.S.A. is second with 60 GW and Germany is third with 31 GW. Rest of the list goes as Spain with
22 GW, India with 18,4 GW, England and Italy with 8 GW.
At the end of 2012, total wind power capacity in the world is 282 GW which was 3,5 GW at 1994
and 47 GW at 2004.
Turkeys total wind power capacity is 2,3 GW at the end of 2012 and 500 MW of this capacity has
installed in 2012 year.
Converting the moving airs kinetic energy into mechanical energy and then from mechanical
energy to electrical energy at the output of the wind turbines.
For this purpose, rotor blades are used to convert kinetic energy into mechanical energy and
generator are also used to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.






Gear box is a component which often used in wind turbines for increasing the slow speed of blade
rotor shaft up to a sufficient value which drives generator.
It also be preferred connecting a transformer to the generators output for complying with grid
codes.
Wind Power Conversion
Gear Box
(Optional) Wind Power
Blades
Transformer
ENERGY
CONVERSION AND
CONTROL
POWER
TRANSMISSION
Power Converter
(Optional)
ENERGY
CONVERSION AND
CONTROL
Grid
GRID CONNECTION AND
TRANSMISSION
MECHANICAL POWER ELECTRICAL POWER
Generator
1 ) Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines

2 ) Vertical Axis Wind Turbines

Wind Turbine Structure and Types
There are two types of wind turbines :
HORIZONTAL AXIS

R
O
T
O
R

D
I
A
M
E
T
E
RTOWER
ROTOR
BLADE
GEAR
BOX
ELECTRIC
GENERATOR
R
O
T
O
R

H
E
I
G
H
T
VERTICAL AXIS
DL
KUTUSU
ELECTRIC
GENERATOR
R
O
T
O
R

H
E
I
G
H
T
ROTOR DIAMETER
ROTOR
BLADE
Basic Components of a Wind Turbine:
Tower
Wind Turbine with 2 or 3 blades
Yaw Mechanism (According to the wind direction,
rotates the Nacelle)
Gearbox
Generator
Speed sensors and speed control unit
Power electronics unit and its control
Battery
Transformer, transmission line and circuit breaker for local grid connected system

3 Phase
AC Output
Gear
Box
TOWER
Blade
B
r
a
k
e
Generator
Brushes
Yaw Mechanism
Rotor Hub
Fiberglass
Nacelle
Anemometer
(Device which measures wind speed and
direction)
Wind Turbine Structure and Types
An object of mass m moving at velocity v has
a kinetic energy, which is equal to:


W = P.t multiplying power by time equals to
energy. To find power, take the derivative
(multiply this formula by 1/d
t
);
=

1
2

2
=
1
2

2



Flowing mass per time = olsun.
m =
Flowing mass which can
be seen in the
figure, is considered
as an ideal cylinder volume.
So, the volume is (hieght x area)
Thus, the mass ; m = . A .

= . A .

=

Kinetic energy of wind is obtained as

=
1
2

3


Relation Between Wind Speed and Power
] [ . .
2
1
2
joule v m W
KE
=
2
). (
2
1
v ktle akan zamanda Birim P =
A
m
v
In this

=
1
2

3
formula

P : Power of wind [Watt];
: Air density[ kg/m
3
] ;
A : Rotor blades swept area[m
2
] ;
v : Wind speed [m/sn] .
To obtain power density, power is divided by
rotor area :

=
1
2

3
[W/ m
2
]
This is also known as specific power.

Relation Between Wind Speed and Power
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
0 4 8 12 16 20
P
w

[
W
/
m
2
]

v [m/s]
Relation Between Wind Speed and Power
Rotor swept area for vertical axis wind
turbines can approximately be computed as
below:

=

4
.
2
( D : Rotor Diameter)

By inserting A into the wind power formula, we
can obtain ;

=
1
2

4
.
2

3


It can be seen in this formula, relation
between wind power and rotor diameter is
quadratic, relation between wind power and
wind speed is cubic.
EXAMPLE: Under 0 C and 1 atm pressure
( = = 1.293 /
3
)

Several wind conditions are stated in below. For
each of the following case, compute the amount of
captured energy for 1 m
2
rotor area.

a) If the wind speed is 8 m/s and operating time is
200 hours, compute the energy.
b) If the wind speed is 4 m/s for 100 hours operaing
time and wind speed is 12 m/s for 100 hours
operating time, compute the energy.
(In other words, average wind speed is 8 m/s
through 200 hours) compute captured energy.
1 ) Temperature effect on Air Density
When wind speed data is considered, air density is given as 1,225 kg/m
3
. In this case temperature is
15 C and pressure is 1 atm. When air density is computed for other air conditions, the ideal gas
law should be used.



Herein : Air Density [ kg/m
3
], P : Pressure [atm ], MA : Molecular Weight of Gas [ g/mol],
R = Ideal Gas Constant= 8,2056.10-5 [ m
3
. atm / Kelvin. mol ] ve T : Keivin Scale [Kelvin]
Kelvin = K = C + 273,15





The Effect of Atmospheric Conditions on Wind Power
RT
MA P
3
10

=
EXAMPLE: Compute air density under 1 atm pressure and 0 C.
SOLUTION:



The Effect of Atmospheric Conditions on Wind Power

Temperature
(C)

Air Density
(kg/m3)
-21 1,400
-18 1,384
-15 1,368
-12 1,352
-9 1,337
-6 1,322
-3 1,307
0 1,293
3 1,278
6 1,265
9 1,251
12 1,238
15 1,225
18 1,213
21 1,200
24 1,188
27 1,176
30 1,165
33 1,153
36 1,142
39 1,131
42 1,120
Variation of air density versus air
temperature, under 1 atm pressure
2 ) Altitude Effect on Air Density
Air density and consequently wind power depend on pressure and temperature. When wind power is
estimated in regions higher than sea level, a correction factor should be used. Because air pressure is a
function of altitude.

P=

.
1,18575 .10
4
.
= (1 atm) .
1,18575 .10
4
.

Herein

is referance pressure [ 1 atm ] and H is height [ meter ].

EXAMPLE: Compute the air pressure for the conditions which are stated in below.
a) 15 C(288,15K) ve 1000m,
b) Air temperature is -5 C and altitude is 1000m.

The Effect of Atmospheric Conditions on Wind Power
Altitude
(m)
Pressure
(atm)
Air Density
(kg/m3)
0 1,000 1,225
100 0,988 1,211
200 0,977 1,197
300 0,965 1,182
400 0,954 1,168
500 0,942 1,155
600 0,931 1,141
700 0,920 1,128
800 0,910 1,114
900 0,899 1,101
1000 0,888 1,088
1100 0,878 1,075
1200 0,867 1,063
1300 0,857 1,050
1400 0,847 1,038
1500 0,837 1,026
1600 0,827 1,014
1700 0,817 1,002
1800 0,808 0,990
1900 0,798 0,978
2000 0,789 0,967
2100 0,780 0,955
EXAMPLE: Compute the wind power density (W/m
2
)
when altitude is 1000m and air temperature is -6 C .
SOLUTION:

The Effect of Atmospheric Conditions on Wind Power
Table. Change in air pressure and
density versus altitude when
temperature is 15 C

0,7
0,8
0,9
1
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000
Altitude (m)
Basn, (atm) Hava Younluu, (kg/m3)
Fig. Change in air pressure and
density versus altitude when
temperature is 15 C
3 ) Effect of Tower Height
Change in wind speed effects kinetic energy of wind significantly, because there are a cubic
relation between them.
Wind flow more powerful at higher altitudes. Because friction related geographic condition
decreases.
Capturing more wind power from same point is available with higher wind towers.




The Effect of Atmospheric Conditions on Wind Power
o
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
r r
H
H
v
v
In this formula, v wind speed which is searched at the Height, H;

is wind speed at
reference height (

); H is height which is searched for the Height, H;

is reference
height and is the surface friction factor.
Surface Characteristic Friction Factor
Smooth, hard soil, stagnant water
Long grassy area at ground level
Long Crop Which is higher than ground level
Rural forest areas, many trees
Wooded small towns
Bigger Cities with Long Buildings,
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,40
Table. Surface Friction Factor for Several Surfaces
The formula which is stated in below is generally
used in Europe for the same condition :

The Effect of Atmospheric Conditions on Wind Power
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
z
H
z
H
v
v
r r
ln
ln
Herein z is the roughness length.
Roughness
Class
Definition
Roughness
Length (m)
0 Water Surface 0,0002
1

Open and Wide Areas (Less
Rough)
0,03
2

Farms (There are wind
blocker in every 1 km)
0,1
3

Farm or town with many
wind blocker
0,4
4
Intensive settlement or
Forest
1,6
Relation between roughness class and length

60

60

It is used to estimate a site wind speed based on a near
field data.
In this formula, 60 m is the reference height. Because
this height is accepted as the Height where there is no
effect on wind speed due to land surface characteristics.
EXAMPLE: The annual average wind statistics is needed to do feasibility studies for a region of
which roughness length is 0.4 m. However, there is no available data for this point and a nearby
field wind data is going to be used. One of the nearby points roughness length is 0.05 m and
measurement height is 15 m. Related stations annual average wind speed is measured as 6.4
m/s. Compute the annual average wind speed of target point for 50 m.
SOLUTION:

The Effect of Atmospheric Conditions on Wind Power
ekil . Relation between wind speed and power ratios for several height based on
The Effect of Atmospheric Conditions on Wind Power
1,257 1,6 2,0
Wind Speed
Ratio, V/Vo
Heigth, m
10
100
o

=

0
,
2
o

=

0
,
1
o

=

0
,
3
2 4 8,0
Wind Power
Ratio, P/Po
Heigth, m
10
100
o

=

0
,
2
o

=

0
,
1
o
=
0
,3
EXAMPLE: An anemometer (is a device that
measures wind speed and direction) measures
wind speed as 6 m/s at at a hight of 15 m above
ground where friction factor is 0,30. For same
region estimate the wind speed and specific power.
(Temperature=15 C and Pressure =1 atm)

SOLUTION:
Wind power has a cubic relation with wind speed thats because it can be written as ;
The Effect of Atmospheric Conditions on Wind
Power
o o

3 3
3
3
3
3
. .
2
1
. .
2
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
r r r r r
r
r
H
H
v
v
P
P
H
H
v
v
v A
v A
P
P
SOLUTION: For the wind turbine which is depicted in figure(right side) please compute
the maximum and minimum specific power which rotor blades are exposed to.
SOLUTION:

Pmax=P70
Pmin=P40
4
0

m
5
5

m
7
0

m
o = 0.15