ANSWERS

185

Answers
TOPIC 4: COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORIES 2
Activity 4.1
In an inductive approach, the lesson begins with the presentation of specific examples/applications. Then the students are led to form a generalisation. In the deductive approach, the lesson begins with a generalisation, a rule or a concept. Students are then introduced to specific examples or applications of the generalisation.

Activity 4.4
Phase 1 Presentation of the Advance Organiser Teacher tells students that the lesson is about objects that are attracted to magnets. Teacher writes on the board Magnets are attracted to metals, mostly those that are made of iron and steel. Phase II Presentation of Learning Task or Material Teacher explains all words that he has written on the board and ensures all students understand them. Teacher demonstrates how magnets attract objects that are made of iron and steel. Phase III Strengthening Cognitive Organisation Teacher asks students for other examples of modules that are attracted to magnets. Teacher gives students objects and magnets and asks students to predict which materials will be attracted to magnets.

186

ANSWERS

TOPIC 6: CONSTRUCTIVISM
Activity 6.3
Comparison of roles of traditional science teacher and a constructivist science teacher.
Traditional Science Teacher Teacher provides all science knowledge to students Identifies important information Helps students remember information by giving clear explanations and examples Students are passive learners Teacher keeps students quiet and focused on task Teacher has authority and gives directions Students work alone Constructivist Science Teacher Teacher prepares activities that help students to discover knowledge in science Invites students to identify additional content that interests them Helps students discover knowledge Students play an active role in their learning Teachers encourages students to create their own learning; allows a reasonable amount of noise. Teacher is interactive and negotiates with students Students work in groups

Self-Check 6.1
1. 2. A B

TOPIC 8: TEACHING AND LEARNING METHODS

Activity 8.1
1. A teaching method is a method of instruction based on a learning theory, model or principle. It includes a series of actions or steps taken by the teacher to achieve certain teaching and learning outcomes.

ANSWERS

187

2.

Other teaching methods that can be used to teach science are demonstrations, learning through playing, story telling, problem solving, cooperative learning, etc.

Self-Check 8.1
1. 2. Hypothesis: Different surfaces affect the distance a trolley moves. Manipulated variable: type of surface (glass, sand paper) Responding variable: time taken for trolley to move Constant variable: distance trolley moves, trolley, etc. The data can be presented in the form of a table.

3.

Activity 8.2
Julia can carry out an experiment using the design below: Hypothesis: The expensive fertiliser will make the rose plants grow more healthily.
Manipulated variable Responding variables Constant variables Type of fertiliser (expensive and cheap one) Number of leaves / Height Place planted / Volume of water / etc

Activity 8.6
2. Sometimes a field trip might not achieve the anticipated objectives Weather can be a hindrance It can be costly Extra effort is needed for planning Safety measures must be taken Transportation has to be planned