Precalculus with Trigonometry Solutions Manual CHAPTER 1 1

2003 Key Curriculum Press

Chapter 1Functions and Mathematical Models
Problem Set 1-1
1. a. 20 m; 17.5 m; it is below the top of the cliff.
b. 0 3 . sec, 3 8 . sec; 5 4 . sec
c. 5 m
d. There is only one altitude for any given
time; some altitudes correspond to more
than one time.
e. Domain: 0 5 3 x ; . range: 30 25 y .
2. a.
200
10
20
V (liters)
T (C)
This graph also shows answers for parts b
and c below.
In parts bg, the function calculated in
part h below was used.
b. Solving the equation in part h for v = 0
gives T 274 C. Absolute zero is 273 C.
c. v = + 9 5 0 0346 400 . . ( ) = 23 36 . liters.
d. v = + 9 5 0 0346 30 . . ( ) liters. The point lies
within the given range of data.
e. Solving the equation in part h for v = 5
gives t 129 8 . C; extrapolation.
f. There is only one volume for a given
temperature; yes, because there is only one
temperature for a given volume.
g. Domain: x 274, or whatever number is
found in part b; range: y 0.
h. Using the extreme points, (0, 9.5) and
(300, 19.9), gives
y x = +

( ) 9 5
19 9 9 5
300 0
0 .
. .
= + 9 5 0 0346 . . x
(Students may come up with slightly
different equations.)
i. Yes, if everything else remains the same.
(The actual relationship is between
temperature, volume, and pressure, so
pressure would have to be kept constant.)
3. a.
B n
0 50000
12 49362
24 48642
36 47832
48 46918
60 45889
72 44729
84 43422
96 41949
108 40290
120 38420
132
36313
144 33938
156 31263
168 28248
180 24851
192 21023
204 16710
216 11849
228 6372.4
240 200.88
b. Changing Tbl to 1, we see that the
balance becomes negative at the end of
month 241, so the balance will become 0
during month 241. In reality, the balance
would be paid off at the end of month 241,
but with a smaller payment, $200.88 rather
than $550.34. (After studying logarithms in
Chapter 7, students will also be able to solve
this equation algebraically.)
B n
235 2862.2
236 2340.5
237 1813.5
238 1281.3
239 743.79
240 200.88
241 347.4
c.
100 200
B
n
50,000
2 CHAPTER 1 Precalculus with Trigonometry Solutions Manual
2003 Key Curriculum Press
d. False
100 200
B
n
50,000
e. Domain: 0 241 x , x an integer; range:
0 50 000 y , . The values are calculated
only at whole-month intervals. (The range
values also jump from one to the next, but
in general they are not integers.)
4. a.
Distance
Speed
b. 0 65 x if you stay within the speed limit.
c. According to the Texas Drivers Handbook,
the distance would be about 240 ft.
d. Police consider the length of the skid marks
the independent variable.
Speed
Distance
5. This graph assumes that the element heats
from a room temperature of 72F to nearly a
maximum temperature of 350F in one
minute.
5 10
200
y
x
Domain: x 0 sec; range: 72 350 < F F. y
6. a. 1: graphically (and verbally);
2: numerically; 3: algebraically;
4: verbally; 5: verbally
b. 1: graphical to numerical; 2: numerical
to graphical, then graphical to numerical
for the extrapolation and interpolation;
3: algebraic to numerical and algebraic
to graphical; 4: verbal to graphical;
5: verbal to graphical
Problem Set 1-2
1. a.
4 8
10
20
x
y
b. 3 23 f x ( )
c. Linear
d. Answers may vary; e.g., the cost (in
thousands of dollars) of manufacturing
x items if each item costs $2000 to
manufacture and there is a $3000 startup.
2. a.
2 4
10
y
x
b. 0 12 8 f x ( ) .
c. Power
d. Answers may vary; e.g., the weight of
an animal based on one of its linear
dimensions.
3. a.
4 8
20
40
y
x
b. g x ( ) . 1 2
c. Inverse variation
d. Answers may vary; e.g., the time it takes to
go 12 mi at x mi/hr.
4. a.
20
40
y
x
4
4
b. 0 3888 64 3 . x .
c. Exponential
Precalculus with Trigonometry Solutions Manual CHAPTER 1 3
2003 Key Curriculum Press
d. Answers will vary; e.g., the number of
bacteria (in millions) left after x days if
5 days ago there were approximately
64.3 million and the death rate from a
drug treatment is 40% per day.
5. a.
4
16
y
x
(2, 16)
b. y-intercept at y 12; the domain-restricted
function has no x-intercepts (the
unrestricted function has intercepts at
x 2 and x 6); no asymptotes
c. 7 16 y
6. a.
4
20
40
(3, 31)
y
x
b. y-intercept at y = ; 40 no x-intercepts; no
asymptotes
c. 40 76 y
7. a.
4
y
x
(4.36, 20.74)
20
20
b. y-intercept at y = ; 12 x-intercepts at x 1,
x 2, and x 6; no asymptotes
c. 20 7453 40 . ... y
8. a.
40
y
x
3 3
b. y-intercept at y = ; 16 the domain-restricted
function has x-intercepts at x 2,

x 1,
and x 2 (the unrestricted function has
an additional intercept at x 4); no
asymptotes
c. 20 70 y
9. a.
4 8
4
8
12
y
x
b. y-intercept at y = ; 0 x-intercept at x 0;
no asymptotes
c. 0 12 y
10. a.
4 8
4
8
y
x
b. y-intercept at y = ; 0 both the domain-
restricted function and the unrestricted
function have an x-intercept at x 0;
no asymptotes
c. 0 8 1 y .
11. a.
4 8
3
y
x
b. y-intercept at y = ; 4 x-intercept at x 5
5
7
;
no asymptotes
c. 3 6 1 y .
12. a.
10
20
y
x
4 4
b. y-intercept at y = ; 6 x-intercept at x 2;
no asymptotes
c. 9 21 y
4 CHAPTER 1 Precalculus with Trigonometry Solutions Manual
2003 Key Curriculum Press
13. a.
4
8
y
x
4 4
b. y-intercept at y = ; 3 no x-intercepts;
asymptote y 0 (the x-axis)
c. 0 8079 11 1387 . ... . ... y
14. a.
50
100
y
x
4 4
b. y-intercept at y = ; 20 no x-intercepts;
asymptote y 0 (the x-axis)
c. 3 3614 118 9980 . ... . ... ( ) y
15. a.
4
10
20
y
x
b. No y-intercept; no x-intercept; asymptotes
y 0 (the x-axis) and x 0 (the y-axis)
c. y > 0
16. a.
4 8
20
40
y
x
b. y-intercept at y = ; 0 x-intercept at x 0;
no asymptotes
c. y 0
17. a.
2 4
y
x
4
4
b. y-intercept at y
1
2
; x-intercept at x 2;
asymptotes x 1 and x 4
c. Range: all real numbers
18. a.
2 4 6
y
x
8
4
4
b. y-intercept at y
2
3
;
x-intercept at x 1 3 0 7320 . ... or
2 7320 . ... ; asymptote x 3
c. Range: all real numbers
19. Exponential
20. Linear
21. Linear
22. Exponential
23. Quadratic (polynomial)
24. Cubic (polynomial)
25. Power
26. Inverse variation
27. Rational
28. Direct variation
29. a. 30. a.
Weight
Length

Time
Temp
b. Power (cubic) b. Exponential
31. a. 32. a.
Cost
sq ft

sec
ft
b. Linear b. Quadratic
33. Function; no x-value has more than one
corresponding y-value.
34. Not a function; some x-values on the left have
two corresponding y-values.
35. Not a function; there is at least one x-value
with more than one corresponding y-value.
36. Function; no x-value has more than one
corresponding y-value.
Precalculus with Trigonometry Solutions Manual CHAPTER 1 5
2003 Key Curriculum Press
37. Not a function; there is at least one x-value
with more than one corresponding y-value.
38. Not a function; the x-value in the middle has
infinitely many corresponding y-values.
39. a. A vertical line through a given x-value
crosses the graph at the y-values that
correspond to that x-value. So, if a vertical
line crosses the graph more than once, it
means that that x-value has more than one
y-value.
b. (Sketch not shown.) In Problem 33, any
vertical line crosses the graph at most once,
but in Problem 35, any vertical line
between the two endpoints crosses the
graph twice.
40. It is all right in a function for different xs to
produce the same y, but a relation is not a
function if the same x produces different ys.
41. x , 2 that is, the number (or the variable
representing it) that is being substituted into f.
42. Student research problem
Problem Set 1-3
Q1. Quadratic Q2. y ax
b

Q3. y a b
x
Q4. x x
2
56 +
Q5. 9 30 25
2
x x + Q6.
y
x
Q7. Q8.
4
6
y
x
Q9. 900 Q10. D
1. a. g x x ( ) 2 9
2
b.
y
x
5 5
5
c. y-dilation of 2
2. a. g x x ( ) = + 3 9
2

b.
y
x
5 5
5
c. y-translation of 3
3. a. g x x ( ) = 9 4
2
( )
b.
y
x
5
5
5
c. x-translation of 4
4. a. g x
x
( )

_
,
9
3
2
b.
y
x
5 5
5
c. x-dilation of 3
5. a. g x
x
( ) +

_
,
1 9
2
2
b.
y
x
5
5
5
c. x-dilation of 2, y-translation of 1
6. a. g x x ( ) ( ) +
1
2
9 3
2
b.
y
x
5
5
5
6 CHAPTER 1 Precalculus with Trigonometry Solutions Manual
2003 Key Curriculum Press
c. x-translation of 3, y-dilation of
1
2
7. a. y-translation of 7
b. g x f x ( ) = + 7 ( )
8. a. x-translation of 5
b. g x f x ( ) = + ( ) 5
9. a. x-dilation of 3
b. g x f
x
( ) =
3

_
,
10. a. y-dilation of 4
b. g x f x ( ) = 4 ( )
11. a. x-translation of 6, y-dilation of 3
b. g x f x ( ) = 3 6 ( )
12. a. x-dilation of 3, y-translation of 4
b. g x f
x
( ) +

_
,
4
3
13. No. The domain of f x ( ) is x 1, but the
domain of the graph is 3 1 x . That
restriction must be added to the definition
of f x ( ).
14. No. The domain of f x ( ) is x 1, but the
domain of the graph is 3 1 x . That
restriction must be added to the definition
of f x ( ).
15. a.
4
2
y
x
b. y-translation of 9
16. a.
4
2
y
x
b. x-dilation of
1
2
17. a.
4
2
y
x
b. y-dilation of 5
18. a.
4
2
y
x
b. y-translation of 4
19. a.
4
2
y
x
b. y-dilation of 5, x-translation of 9
20. a.
4
2
y
x
b. x-dilation of 2, y-translation of +4
Problem Set 1-4
Q1. y-dilation of 3 Q2. y-translation of +5
Q3. f x + ( ) 4 Q4. f x 5 ( )
Q5. x is the base, not the exponent.
Q6. f x ax bx c ( ) + +
2
Q7. x 5 Q8. x
8
Q9. 120 Q10. C
1. a. R t t ( ) + 5 7
b. R 4 5 7 4 33 ( ) + ( ) = cm;
R 10 5 7 10 75 ( ) + ( ) = cm;
33 3421 1944
2
. ... cm
2
;
75 17 671 4586
2
, . ... cm
2
c. A t A R t ( ) ( ) ( ) + ( ) A t 5 7 + ( ) 5 7
2
t
= 49 79 25
2
t t + +
( )
d. A t t ( ) + ( ) 50 000 5 7 50 000
2
, ,


t
50,000

5
7
17 3080 . ... sec.
The negative answer doesnt fit the context.
Precalculus with Trigonometry Solutions Manual CHAPTER 1 7
2003 Key Curriculum Press
2. a. A 0 9 1 1
0
( ) ( ) . 9 mm ;
2
A 5 9 1 1
5
( ) ( ) . 14 4945 . ... mm ;
2
A 10 9 1 1
10
( ) ( ) . 23 3436 . ... mm ;
2
A A 5 0
5 0
1 0989
( ) ( )

. ... mm
2
/hr;
A A 10 5
10 5
1 7698
( ) ( )

. ... mm
2
/hr.
The area is growing at an increasing rate.
b. R( ) 0 9
2
( ) ( ) R 0
9

1 6925 . ... mm;

R( ) . ... 5 14 4945
2
( )
( ) R 5
14 4945
2 1479
. ...
. ...

mm;
R( ) . ... 10 23 3436
2
( )
( ) R 10
23 3436 . ...

2 7258 . ... mm;

R R 5 0
5 0
0 0910
( ) ( )

. ... mm/hr;
R R 10 5
10 5
0 1155
( ) ( )

. ... mm/hr.
The radius is changing at an increasing
rate.
c. A t A R t ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) R t ( )
2
( )
( )
R t
A t
( )
2

( )
( )
R t
A t

( ) 9 1 1 .
t

Only the positive value makes sense in the

context, so
R t
t
( )
( . )

9 1 1

d. 0 30 ( ) R A t ( )
( )
0
9 1 1
30
.
t

( )
0
9 1 1
900
.
t

( ) 0 9 1 1 900 .
t

0 1 1 100 .
t
. Now 1 1 0 .
t
always, so
1 1 100 .
t
t log . log 1 1 100
+ log log 100 + 2 log
+
t
2
1 1
log
log .

,
or 0 60 3282 t . ... hr, since we already
have t 0.
3. a.
4 8
4
y
x
g
f
g f
f g
b. f g f ( ) ( ) 3 3 2 ( ) + ( ) ( ) f 5 9 5 4 =
3 5
4
5
y
x
g
f
c. 6 is not in the domain of g, so g x ( ) is
undefined. g( ) ( ) 1 1 2 3 + = , but 3 is not in
the domain of f.
d. f g x f x ( ) ( ) + ( ) 2 + ( ) 9 2 x 7 x
e. Domain of

f g : 4 8 ( ) g x
+ 4 2 8 x 2 6 x ; the
intersection of this with the domain of g,
1 5 x , gives 2 5 x .
Domain of

g f : 1 5 ( ) f x
1 9 5 x 8 4 x
4 8 x ; the intersection of this
with the domain of f, coincidentally
also 4 8 x , gives 4 8 x . Both
match the graph.
f. f g f ( ) ( ) 2 2 2 ( ) + ( ) ( ) f 4 ( ) 9 4 5 = ;
f g f ( ) ( ) 5 5 2 ( ) + ( ) ( ) f 7 ( ) 9 7 2 = .
The range of f g is 2 5 ( ) f g x ( ) . This
agrees with the graph.
g. f f f ( ) 5 9 5 ( ) ( ) ( ) f 4 9 4 5 = .
g 5 5 2 7 ( ) + = , and 7 is not in the domain
of g.
4. a.
2 4
5
10
y
x
f
g
f g
b. f g f ( ) 3 5 3 ( ) ( ) ( ) + ( ) 2 8 2 4 8
2
= ;
g f g ( ) ( ) ( ) 3 3 8 3 4
2
( ) +
( )
( ) g 11 , but 11
is not in the domain of g, so g f ( ) 3 ( ) is
undefined.
c. 1 6 ( ) g x 1 5 6 x 4 1 x
1 4 x ; the intersection of this with
the domain of g, 0 7 x , is 0 4 x ,
which agrees with the graph.
d. f g x f x ( ) ( ) ( ) 5 ( ) + ( ) 5 8 5 4
2
x x
+ + x x
2
2 11. The graph coincides with
the graph in part a.
8 CHAPTER 1 Precalculus with Trigonometry Solutions Manual
2003 Key Curriculum Press
5. a. Yes
b. For 3 4 x to be a real number,
x 4 0 x 4.
c.
8
10
y
x
f
g
f g
8 4
d. f g x f x ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 ( ) 3 2 4 x
3 2 x ; g x ( ) 4 2 4 x x 2
x 2
e. g f x g x ( ) ( )
( )
3 4 2 3 4 x .
Because g has an unrestricted domain, the
domain is the same as that of f, x 4.
6. a.
4
y
g
x
f
f g
f g
4 8 4
b. f has domain x 5 (so that f x ( ) will be a
real number); g x ( ) 5 x
2
4 5
x
2
9 x 3 x 3 or x 3.
c. f g f ( ) ( ) 4 4 4
2
( )
( )
( ) f 12 ( ) 12 5
7; f g f ( ) ( ) 1 1 4
2
( )
( )
( ) f 3 , but 3
is not in the domain of f.
d. g f g ( ) ( ) 6 6 5 ( )
( )

( )
g 1 ( ) g 1
( ) 1 4
2
3; 3 is not in the domain of f,
so f ( ) 3 is not defined, so g f ( ( )) 3 is not
defined.
e.
4 12
4
y
x
g
f
g f
f. g f x g x ( ) ( )
( )
5
( )
x 5 4
2
x 9,
which is a straight line. Also, because g has
unrestricted domain, the domain is that of f,
x 5, which matches the graph.
7. a. f g f ( ) 3 3 ( )
( )

( )
3 3
2
=
f g f ( ) 7 7 ( )
( )

( )
7 7
2
=
g f g ( ) ( ) 5 5
2
( )
( )
( ) g 25 25 5 =
g f g ( ) ( ) 8 8
2
( )
( )
( ) g 64 64 8 =
Conjecture: For all values of x,
f g x g f x x ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) = .
b. 9 is not in the domain of g, so g( ) 9 is
undefined, so f g ( ( )) 9 is undefined.
g f ( ( )) 9 g(( ) ) 9
2
g( ) 81 81 9 9.
No.
c.
2
4
y
x
f
g
f g
2 2
f g x f x ( ) ( )
( )

( )
x x
2
= , but g is
defined only for nonnegative x, so f g is
defined only for nonnegative x.
d.
2
4
y
x
g
f
g f
g f
2 2
e. g f x g x ( ) ( )
( )
2
x
2

<

x x
x x
if
if
0
0
x
8. a. f g f ( ) . ( ) 6 1 5 6 3 ( ) + ( ) ( ) f 12 ( )
2
3
12 2
= ; 6 f g f ( ) . ( ) ( ) + ( ) 15 1 5 15 3
( ) f 19 5 . ( )
2
3
19 5 2 . 15;
g f g ( ) ( ) 10
2
3
10 2 ( )

_
,

( )
g 4
2
3

( )
+ 1 5 4 3 10
2
3
. = ;
g f g ( ) ( ) ( )

_
,
8
2
3
8 2
( )
g 7
1
3

( )
+ 1 5 7 3 .
1
3
8. f g x g f x ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) x
Precalculus with Trigonometry Solutions Manual CHAPTER 1 9
2003 Key Curriculum Press
b.
y
x
f
g
f g = g f
4
4
4
f g x ( ) ( ) and g f x ( ) ( ) coincide with each
other, and with the line y x . f x ( ) and
g x ( ) are each others reflections across
that line.
c. f g x f x ( ) . ( ) + ( ) 1 5 3 + ( )
2
3
1 5 3 2 . x
+
2
3
3
2
2
3
3 2 x + x 2 2 x;
g f x g x ( ) ( )

_
,
2
3
2

_
,
+ 1 5
2
3
2 3 . x
+ ( ) +
3
2
2
3
3
2
2 3 x + x 3 3 x
d. We want to find j x ( ) such that h j x x ( ) ( )
( ) 5 7 j x x ( ) 5 7 j x
( )
+
j x
x 7
5
+
1
5
7
5
x .
Check: h j x h x ( ) ( ) +

_
,
1
5
7
5
+

_
,
5
1
5
7
5
7 x + x 7 7 x, and
j h x j x ( ) ( ) ( ) 5 7 ( ) +
1
5
5 7
7
5
x
+ x
7
5
7
5
x.
9. If the dotted graph is f x ( ), 1 5 x , then the
solid graph is f x ( ), 5 1 x . In terms of
composition of functions, the solid graph is
f g x ( ( )), where g x x ( ) .
10. If the dotted graph is f x ( ), 1 5 x , then the
solid graph is f x ( ), 1 5 x . In terms of
composition of functions, the solid graph is
g f x ( ( )), where g x x ( ) .
11. a. Translation 3 units to the right.
b. Horizontal dilation by a factor of 2.
c.
3
y
x
f
f g f h
3 3
Yes
Problem Set 1-5
Q1. Inside Q2. Outside
Q3.

m d x ( )( ) Q4. 8
Q5. 5 Q6. 4
Q7. 2 Q8. Exponential
Q9. 1 Q10. g x
x
( )
+
2
3
1. Function
y
x
2. Not a function
y
x
3. Not a function
y
x
4. Not a function
y
x
10 CHAPTER 1 Precalculus with Trigonometry Solutions Manual
2003 Key Curriculum Press
5. Function
y
x
4
4
4 4
6. Function
y
x
4 4
4
4
7. Not a function
y
x
4 4
4
4
8. Not a function
y
x
4
4
4
4
9. Function
y
x
4
4
4
4
10. Function
y
x
4
4
4
4
11. Function
y
x
4
4
4
4
12. Function
y
x
4
4
4
8
13. Function
y
x
4
4
4
4
14. Function
y
x
f
f
f
1
f
1
4
4
4
4
15. Function
y
x
4
4
4
4
16. Not a function
y
x
4
4
4
4
Precalculus with Trigonometry Solutions Manual CHAPTER 1 11
2003 Key Curriculum Press
17. x y y x + 2 6 2 6
+

y f x x
1
1
2
3 ( )
y
x
f
f
1
4
4
4
4
The inverse relation is a function.
18. x y y x y f x + ( )

0 4 4 0 4 4
1
. .

+
x
x
4
0 4
2 5 10
.
.
8
x
y
f
f
1
4 8
The inverse relation is a function.
19. x y y
x
y x
+

0 5 2
2
0 5
2 4
2 2
.
.
5
5
y
x
1
f
f
The inverse relation is not a function.
20. x y y
x
+

0 4 3
3
0 4
2 2
.
.
y x 2 5 7 5 . .
5
5
y
x
f
f
1
The inverse relation is not a function.
21. f f x
f x x
x, ( )
/
( )
( )

( )

1 1
1
x 0
22. f f x f x x x ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) for all x.
23. a. c 1000 550 ( ) . If you drive 1000 mi in a
month, your monthly cost is $550.
b. c x x

1
4 1200 ( ) . c x

( )
1
is a function
because no input produces more than one
output. c

( ) ( )
1
437 4 437 1200 548 = . You
would have a monthly cost of $437 if you
drove 548 mi in a month.
c.
400 800
400
800
c(x)
c (x)
1
y
x
24. a. A 50 5 4288 ( ) . ... ; A 100 8 6177 ( ) . ... ;
A 150 11 2924 ( ) . .... Deer that weigh 50, 100,
and 150 lb have hides of areas
approximately 5.43, 8.62, and 11.29 ft
2
,
respectively.
b. False. A A 100 2 50 ( ) ( ).
c. y x x
y

_
,
0 4
0 4
2 3
3 2
.
.
/
/
( ) 2 5
1 5
.
.
y ( )

A x x
1 1 5
2 5 ( ) .
.
d.
100 200
100
200
y
x
A (x)
1
A(x)
25. a. x y y
x
0 057
0 057
2 2
.
.

y d x
x 1
0 057
( )
.
. Because the
domain of d is x 0, the range of d
1
is
d x

( )
1
0 .
b. d

( ) =
1
200 59 234 . .... This means that a
200-ft skid mark is caused by a car moving
at a speed of about 59 mi/hr.
c.
50
50
d(x)
x
12 CHAPTER 1 Precalculus with Trigonometry Solutions Manual
2003 Key Curriculum Press
d. Because the domain of d now contains
negative numbers, the range of d
1
contains negative numbers. Now,
because the range of d
1
contains
negative numbers, d
x
=
1
0 057 .
,
which is not a function.
26. No y-value comes from more than one x-
value. Also, no horizontal line passes through
more than one point of the function.
27. No. The value y = 2000 comes from both
x = 60 and x = 80.
28.
x
y

x
y
Invertible Not invertible
Problem Set 1-6
Q1.
1
2
x Q2. x + 3
Q3.
x + 3
2
Q4. y x =
Q5. There are two y-values for every x-value.
Q6. 3 Q7. Invertible
Q8. A function for which each y-value
corresponds to only one x-value in the range.
Q9. 5 Q10. 5
1. a.
y
x
5 5
5
5
b.
y
x
5 5
5
5
c.
y
x
5 5
5
5
d.
y
x
5 5
5
5
2. a.
y
x
5
5
5
5
b.
y
x
5
5
5
5
c.
y
x
5 5
5
5
d.
y
x
5
5
5
5
Precalculus with Trigonometry Solutions Manual CHAPTER 1 13
2003 Key Curriculum Press
3. a.
y
x
6 4
50
50
b.
y
x
6 4
50
50
c.
y
x
6 4
50
50
d.
y
x
6 4
50
50
4. a.
y
x
5 5
5
5
b.
y
x
5 5
5
5
c.
y
x
5 5
5
5
d.
y
x
5
5
5
5
5. The graphs match.
6. The graphs match.
7. a.
y
x
5
5
5
5
This transformation reflected all the points
on the graph below the x-axis across the
x-axis.
b.
y
x
5
5
5
5
This transformation reflects f (x) for
positive values of x, across the y-axis.
c. f ( ) . ( ) . 3 0 5 3 2 4 5 4 4 = = = ;
f ( ) = ( ) 3 0 5 3 2 4 5 . .
= = 0 5 3 2 4 5 4 . ( ) .
d.
5 5
5
5
y
x
14 CHAPTER 1 Precalculus with Trigonometry Solutions Manual
2003 Key Curriculum Press
5 5
5
5
y
x
8. a.
40 80 120
y
x
100
200
b. f 10 140 ( ) = m; f 40 70 ( ) = m. At time
x =10, he is 140 meters before (behind or
below) the gas station.
c. 140 m and 70 m, respectively. The answers
are positive because distance is always
positive.
d.
40 80 120
100
200
y
x
e. x = . ... seconds 93 1662
9. a.
y
x
3 3
4
4
A negative number raised to an even power
is equal to the absolute value of that
number raised to the same power. So, for
x, the same corresponding y-value
occurs, and therefore f x f x ( ) = ( ).
b.
y
x
4
3
4
3
A negative number raised to an odd power
is equal to the opposite of the absolute
value of that number raised to the same
power. Because each term in g(x) has x
raised to an odd power, g(x) has the same
effect on g(x) as g(x).
c. Graph h is odd. Graph j is even.
d.
y
x
5
5
5
5
The function e(x) is neither odd nor even.
e x e x ( ) ( )
10.
y
x
The function f is an even function.
f x x x f x ( ) ( ) = = =
11. a. The graphs match.
b. g x
x
x
( ) =

+ 2
1
1
3
c. f x x
x
x
( ) ( ) =

3 2
5
5
2
The graphs match.
12. a.
3
3
y
x
f f f ( . ) = , ( ) = , ( . ) = 2 9 2 3 3 3 1 3
b.
1 2 3 4
40
80
Weight (oz)
Price (cents)
c. Dilated by a factor of 23; translated by
34 cents;
y
x
x x
=
=
+ [ ] +

0 0
23 1 34
,
,

> 0
The graphs match.
Precalculus with Trigonometry Solutions Manual CHAPTER 1 15
2003 Key Curriculum Press
d. + [ ] + 23 1 34 325 x
+ [ ] + [ ] 23 1 291 1 12 x x
[ ] [ ] x x 13 13
So oz. 0 13 x
13. a. a = 4000 150 = a
150
4000
0 0375 = . ;
b
4000
150
2
= = b 150 4000
2
= , , , 2 400 000 000
b. y x x x
1
0 0375 0 4000 = ( ) . / and ;
y x x
2
2
2 400 000 000 4000 = ( ) , , , / /
4000 8000
50
100
150
y
x
c. y 3000 0 0375 3000 112 5 ( ) = ( ) . = . lb;
y 5000
2 400 000 000
5000
96
2
( ) =
, , ,
= lb
d. y x x
1
0 0375 50 ( ) = = . = x
50
0.0375
=1333 3 . miles; y x
x
2
2
2 400 000 000
50 ( ) = =
, , ,
= x
2 400 000 000
50
, , ,
= 6928 2032 . ... mi
Problem Set 1-7
1. Answers will vary.
Problem Set 1-8
Review Problems
R1. a. 17 15 . psi; 5.4 min
b.
x y
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
35
24.5
17.15
12.005
8.4035
5.8825
4.1177
c. The graph intersects the line y = 5 psi

at
approximately x = 5 5 . min.
Domain: 0 5 5 x . . Range: 5 35 y .
d. Asymptote
e.
Stress
Time
R2. a. Linear
b. Polynomial (cubic)
c. Exponential
d. Power
e. Rational
f. Answers will vary; e.g., number of items
manufactured and total manufacturing
cost.
g. 13 37 ( ) f x
h.
y
x
A quadratic (with a negative
x
2
-coefficient) fits this pattern.
i. 1-8b: exponential; 1-8c: polynomial
(probably quadratic); 1-8d: power (possibly
quadratic)
j. Figure 1-8e passes the vertical line test: no
vertical line intersects the graph more than
once, so no x-value corresponds to more
than one y-value. Figure 1-8f fails the
vertical line test: there is at least one
vertical line that intersects the graph
more than once, so more than one
y-value corresponds to the same
x-value.
R3. a. Horizontal dilation by a factor of 3, vertical
translation by 5;
g x
x
( ) =

4
3
5
2
b. Horizontal translation by +4, vertical
dilation by a factor of 3.
5
5
x
y
f
g
16 CHAPTER 1 Precalculus with Trigonometry Solutions Manual
2003 Key Curriculum Press
R4. a. h t t ( ) = + 3 20
b. h 5 3 5 20 35 ( ) = ( ) + = in.
W h( ) .
.
5 0 004 35
2 5
( ) = ( ) 29 lb
c.
8
40
x
y
d. No; the graph is curved.
e. 0 6 x
f.
5
5
y
x
f
g
f g
g. f g f f ( ) ( ) 4 2 4 3 5 5 2 3 ( ) = ( ) = ( ) = ( ) =
h. f g f f ( ) ( ) 3 2 3 3 3 ( ) = ( ) = ( ), which is
undefined, since 2 is not in the domain of f.
i. 4 8 4 2 3 8 ( ) g x x
7
2
11
2
x .
The intersection of this with the domain
of g, 2 6 x , is
7
2
11
2
x , which
agrees with the graph.
R5. a. The inverse does not pass the vertical line
test.
y
x
4
4
5 5
b.
y
x
5
4
5
4
The domain of f corresponds to the range
of f
1
. The range of f corresponds to the
domain of f
1
.
c. x y y x = + =
2
1 1. The reveals that
there are two different y-values for some
x-values.
d.
5 5
5
5
y
x
It passes the vertical line test; asymptotes.
e. V 5
4
3
5
3
( ) = ( ) =
500
3

in.
3
= 523 598 . ... in. ;
3
4
3
100
300
4
3 3

x x = =
=

= x
300
4
2 879
1 3

/
. ... in.;
x y =
4
3
3
= ( )

y V x
1
=

3
4
1 3
x

/
;
V x ( ) has the third power of x and
V x
x
( ) =
1
1 3
3
4
/
has the one-third power of
x. V
1
would be more useful if you were
trying to find the radius for different
volumes of spheres.
f. Since no y corresponds to more than one x
in the original function, no x corresponds to
more than one y in the inverse relation, so
the inverse relation is a function.
y
x
R6. a.
5 5
5
5
y
x
y = f(x)
Precalculus with Trigonometry Solutions Manual CHAPTER 1 17
2003 Key Curriculum Press
5 5
5
5
y
x
y = f(x)
5 5
5
5
y
x
y = |f(x)|
5 5
5
5
y
x
y = f(|x|)
b. The graph agrees with Figure 1-8k; each of
the graphs agrees with those in part a.
c. Because power functions with odd powers
satisfy the property f x f x ( ) ( ) and
power functions with even powers satisfy
the property f x f x ( ) = ( ).
d.
6
4 4
y
x
Discontinuity
Concept Problems
C1. Horizontal dilation by 3 (width from 4 units
to 12 units), vertical dilation by 2 (height
from 4 units to 8 units), horizontal
translation by +3, vertical translation by 5;
g x f x ( )

_
,
2
1
3
3 5 ( )

_
,
2
3
3
5
2

x
C2. a. Answers will vary. The function repeats
itself periodically.
b. 2
c. Odd. It is its own reflection through the
origin, so f x f x ( ) ( ).
d.
10 10
5
5
y
x
y x ( ) 5sin
e. Horizontal translation +2, vertical
translation +3 [(0, 0) moves to (2, 3)];
y x ( ) + sin 2 3.
f. Horizontal dilation by 2.
y
x
f
g

1
Chapter Test
T1. Exponential
T2. Linear
T3. Polynomial (quadratic)
T4. Power
T5. All except T3. They are invertible, that is, their
inverses are also functions.
T6. Answers will vary.
Time
Temperature
or
Time
Temperature
T7. Odd
T8. Neither
T9. Horizontal dilation by 2; g x f
x
( )
( )
2
18 CHAPTER 1 Precalculus with Trigonometry Solutions Manual
2003 Key Curriculum Press
T10. Horizontal translation by 1, vertical
translation by +5; g x f x ( ) ( ) + + 1 5
T11. Horizontal translation by + 6, vertical dilation
by 2; g x f x ( ) ( ) 2 6
T12. Domain 2 7 x , range 4 9 y
T13. Vertical dilation by
1
2
5
5
y
x
T14. Horizontal dilation by
3
2
5
5
y
x
T15. Horizontal translation by 3, vertical
translation by 4
5
5
y
x
T16. Reflection through the line y x
5
5
y
x
T17. The graph fails the vertical line test. (The
pre-image graph fails the horizontal line
testit is not one-to-one.)
T18. f g f ( ) ( ) 3 3 4
2
( )
( )
( ) f 5 5;
g f g ( ) 3 3 ( )
( )

( )
3 4
2
1;
f g f ( ) ( ) 1 1 4
2
( )
( )
( ) f 3 , which is not
defined, because 3 is not in the domain of f.
T19. Horizontal translation by +4, vertical
translation by +5, and vertical dilation by 3 of
x
x
; y
x
x

+ 3
4
4
5
T20. L x ( ) varies proportionately to the 0.52 power
of x. Power function.
T21. L 150 3 2 150
0 52
( ) ( ) .
.
= 43.3288.... If there are
150 wild oat plants per square meter of land,
the percentage loss to the wheat crop will be
about 43%.
T22. 60% of the crop means a 40% crop loss.
Solve 40 3 2
0 52
.
.
x to get
x

_
,

= . ...
40
3 2
128 6596
1
0 52
.
.
About 129 plants per square meter.
T23. x y 3 2
0 52
.
.
y
x
3 2
1
0 52
.
.

_
,
If you know the percentage loss and want to
find the number of wild oat plants per square
meter.
T24. L

( )

_
,

1
1
0 52
100
100
3 2
749 3963
.
.
= . ...
If the crop loss is 100% (i.e., the total crop is
lost), there must have been about 750 wild oat
plants per square meter.
T25. 0 750 x , 0 100 y
T26.
500
500
x
y
L (x)
L(x)
1
T27. It passes the vertical line test. (The original
function passes the horizontal line testit is
one-to-one.)
T28. Answers will vary.