Chng 11.

s nhit v b tr ngi nh chnh ca nh my in

11.1. s nhit ca nh my in 11.1.1. s nhit nguyn l S nhit nguyn l ca nh my in th hin qui trnh cng ngh, bin i v s dng nng lng ca mi cht trong nh my in. Trong s nhit nguyn l gm c: L hi, tuabin, my pht, bnh ngng, cc bnh trao i nhit (bnh gia nhit nc ngng, bnh kh kh, bnh bc hi . . . ) ngoi ra cn c cc bm y mi cht nh bm cp, bm ngng, bm nc ng ca cc bnh trao i nhit, v.v. . . . Cc thit b chnh v ph c ni vi nhau bng cc ng ng hi, nc, ph hp vi trnh t chuyn ng ca mi cht. Trn s nhit nguyn l khng th hin cc thit b d phng, khng c cc thit b ph ca ng ng. Thnh lp s nhit nguyn l l mt trong cc giai on quan trng khi thit k nh my in v phi da trn c s yu cu ph ti in, nhit, yu cu v an ton v kinh t ca nh my. Khi thnh lp s nhit nguyn l, cn gii quyt cc vn sau: 1- Chn loi nh my in: ngng hi hay c trch hi cung cp nhit. 2- Chn thng s hi ban u v dng chu trnh. La chn thng s hi ban u v dng chu trnh lin quan ti loi v cng sut n v ca l hi v tuabin. Tuabin ln th phi chn thng s ban u cao hn. 3- Chn loi v cng sut n v ca tuabin. 4- Chn loi l hi tng ng vi thng s ca nh my. 5- Chn s hi nhit hm nc cp. 6- Chn loi v ch ni bnh kh kh v bm nc cp. 7- Chn phng php v s x l nc b sung cho l. 8- Chn s cung cp nhit. 9- Chn s s dng nhit nng ca hi t cc ezect, hi chn ca tuabin, nc x l, nc x ca bnh bc hi. . . Khi thnh lp s nhit nguyn l cng cn phi tnh n cc ch lm vic ca nh my in, nht l ch non ti. bo m cho nh my lm vic bnh thng khi non ti th hi trch cho kh kh, cho bnh bc hi phi ly t cc ca trch c p lc cao hoc ly hi mi cho qua b gim n gim p. S nhit nguyn l ca nh my in c biu din trn hnh 11.1. Thnh lp s nhit nguyn l khi m rng nh my, cn phi gii quyt c cc vn sau: - Chn phng php m rng (t k hay t chng). - M rng s gia nhit hi nhit - Chn s ni cc bnh kh kh mi lin quan n thit b c, chn cch ni bm cp. Sau khi dng xong s nhit nguyn l, tin hnh tnh ton s nhit nguyn l, gii quyt cc vn sau: - Xc nh cc dng hi v dng nc.

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- Hiu chnh thng s ca nhng dng y. - Xc nh cc ch tiu kinh t ca phn nhit.

Hnh 11.1. s nhit nguyn l ca nh my in 1-l hi; 2-ng dn hi; 3-tuc bin; 4-bnh ngng; 5-bm nc ngng; 6-ct kh kh; 7-bnh cha nc kh kh; 8-bnh gia nhit h p; 9-bm nc cp; 10- bnh gia nhit cao p; 11-bm nc ng; 12-bnh lm lnh eject; 13-lm lnh hi chn. tnh ton s nhit nguyn l, trc ht phi xy dng ng biu din qu trnh dn n ca hi trong tuabin trn th i-s, da vo cc s liu thit k tuabin ca nh my ch to ra n, ng thi cn c vo cc s liu vn hnh trong tnh hnh thc t nc ta m iu chnh cho thch hp, sau lp bng thng k nhng thng s ny lm c s tnh ton. Giai on th hai l cn c theo s thit lp, lp v gii cc phng trnh cn bng nhit v cn bng cht cho tt c cc dng hi, dng nc cp, nc b sung, v.v. .

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Cui cng, xc nh cc ch tiu kinh t k thut. 11.1.2. S nhit chi tit Khc vi s nhit nguyn l, trong s ny c v ton b cc thit b nhit, k c nhng thit b d phng, cc ng ng lin lc gia cc thit b, cc loi van ng m v cc thit b iu chnh.

Hnh 11.2. s nhit chi tit ca nh my in S nhit chi tit th hin ton b h thng nhit ca nh my, gip cho ta nm mt cch bao qut ton b vn nhit t nh n ln v cho php ta nhn xt v mc hon thin ca cng trnh thit k, v cch b tr cc thit b v h thng ng ng t nh gi c mc kinh t nhit ca h thng. S nhit chi tit phi lm xong trc khi nghin cu b tr cc thit b ca nh my. S nhit nguyn l ca nh my in c biu din trn hnh 11.2. Trong s nhit chi tit th nhng ng ng sau y c gi l ng ng chnh trong h thng ng ca nh my. - ng hi mi ni t l hi n tuabin k c ng gp. - ng ng qu nhit trung gian (nu c qu nhit trung gian) - ng ng dn nc t bnh kh kh n bm nc cp, t bm nc cp qua cc bnh gia nhit cao p n l hi.

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11.2. b tr ngi nh chnh ca nh my in 11.2.1. Nhng yu cu khi b tr ngi nh chnh Nhng gian nh cha cc thit b chnh v cc trang b ph ca n gi l ngi nh chnh ca nh my in. B tr ngi nh chnh l nghin cu b tr cc thit b mt cch tht hp l chm m bo k thut, m bo vn hnh thun li, m bo quy phm thit k v an ton lao ng. Khi b tr ngi nh chnh cn ch m bo k thut nh : - Phu than ti phi t cao mc, thnh phu phi nghing cho than chy xung d dng. - B cha nc, bnh kh kh phi t cao so vi bm trnh hin tng xm thc (nc c th si ngay trong bm) . v.v. V mt an ton lao ng phi m bo ch lm vic sng sa, thong kh, khng hi n sc khe ca cng nhn v ngn nga c kh nng xy ra tai nn lao ng. Ngoi nhng yu cu ni trn, vic b tr ngi nh chnh cn phi tho mn cc iu kin sau : - Tin li cho vic m rng nh my lc cn thit, ngay t lc thit k phi chun b sn nhng iu kin thun tin cho vic t thm my mi. - Phi bo m tt nhng iu kin phng chy, cha chy . - Than nguyn t kho than phi i ng di mi ln ti bng ti phn phi 7. - Hi qu nhit cng phi i xa mi ti tuc bin . - Nc cp cng phi i xa hn mi ti bao hi. - Gian phu than thiu nh sng t nhin, ban ngy cng phi dng n. Nu than c nhiu cht bc th d chy gy ra ha hon. - Gian tuc bin xa gian l nn cng gy tr ngi khi khi ng tuc bin. 11.2.2. B tr gian phu than y gian phu than nm ngoi nn trnh c nhng khuyt im ca phng n trn, nhng li c nhng khuyt im: - ng khi i xa hn. - Than bt phi i vng pha trc bung la mi ti vi phun, nh vy cn phi tng cng cng sut ca qut ti bt than. Bt than c nhiu kh nng tch t dc ng, lu ngy c th lm nh tit din ng, hoc gy n. - Sau ny mun t nhng l hi ln hn th khng cn kh nng ni rng b ngang ca gian l. - Gian l thiu nh sng t nhin, km thong kh. - Khng th p dng kin trc bn l thin l mt kiu kin trc n gin, tit kim c nguyn vt liu xy dng.

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Khng phn bit phng n no, nh my no cng c mt u hi c nh, c xy dng kin c ngay t u, cn mt u xy dng tm b khi cn ko di nh my c th ph i d dng m khng lng ph (thng gi l u hi pht trin).

Hnh 11-1. B tr gian phu than ra ngoi. 11.2.3.B tr gian tuc bin Gian tuc bin cn gi l gian my. Vic b tr tuc bin v my pht in nh th no m bo vn hnh tt v tit kim c chi ph xy lp. C 2 phng n t tuc bin: Phng n t ngang v phng n t dc. 11.2.3.1. Phng n t ngang Khi gian my b tr ngang th gian my phi lm rng b ngang, v mt kin trc th chi ph xy dng nh rng tn hn xy dng nh di. Phng n t ngang khng thng thong bng phng n t dc, n ch thch hp nht i vi nh my kiu khi, thng s cao v c qu nhit trung gian. Bi v t ngang th mi ng ng u ngn, nh: ng ng dn hi mi, ng hi qu nhit trung gian, ng ng nc ngng, nc cp v.v. . . u ngn hn. Ngoi ra t ngang rt tin trong vic a in t my pht ra trm phn phi chnh. Nu tuc bin t ngang th cc thit b ph nh bnh gia nhit, bm tun hon . . . phi t xen k vo khong cch gia cc tuc bin, m tuc bin th t cao hn cc thit b ny nn cng nhn vn hnh khng th nhn bao qut c tt c cc thit b .

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Hnh. 11.2. B tr tuc bin t ngang 11.2.3.2. Phng n t dc u im ca phng n ny l: - Gian my c th xy hp b ngang v cu trc cng ngn theo, do gi thnh gim. - Tuc bin k lin thng hng vi my pht in sut chiu dc gian my. Cc bnh gia nhit ca tuc bin no vn ng gn tuc bin y, nhng nhn chung ton gian my th chng c xp thnh hng thng song song vi hng tuc bin trng gn v p mt. Bm nc cp, bm tun hon cng xp thnh hng thng tng di. Nh vy phng n ny trng c v m quan hn v tm mt ca ngi trc ca khng ch mi thit b c d dng. - V gian my hp chiu ngang nn nh sng ban ngy c th vo c rt su. Gian my c 2 tng: Tng trn gi l tng tuc bin - my pht, cao cch mt t 78m, y t tuc bin, my pht in, bng iu khin. Tng di t bnh ngng v cc thit b khc nh: bnh gia nhit, bm nc ngng, bnh lm mt du, v.v. . . Gian my no cng c sn tho lp b tr tng di gn u hi pht trin, khi cn lp my mi th khng tr ngi n cc my c. Chiu di ca gian tuc bin khng nht thit phi bng chiu di gian l, di hay ngn phi xut pht t nhu cu cng tc. Pha u ca mi tuc bin phi cha ch lm sn phc v. Pha cui trc my pht cng cn ch c th rt c rto ra khi stato khi cn.

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Hnh. 11.2. B tr tuc bin t dc Chiu rng ca gian tuc bin phi tu nhng iu kin c th m quy nh. Tm tuc bin phi cch xa tng nh khi gy tr ngi khi cn rt b ng bnh ngng hay b ng lm lnh khng kh t trong b my pht. 11.2.4. B tr gian l hi Khi ni n b tr gian l th khng nn quan nim tch ring gian l v gian phu than v vic b tr thit b 2 gian ny lin quan cht ch vi nhau. Vic b tr gian l thay i tu theo loi than s dng v mi loi than i hi mt loi my nghin thch hp. Loi my nghin bi thng t trong gian phu than, loi ging nghin t ngay trong gian l. Nu nh my dng than antraxit th trong gian phu than c nhng thit b nh phu than ti, phu than bt, my nghin bi, qut ti bt than, my cp than ti vo my nghin, my cp than bt vo ng dn. Ngoi ra cn mt vi thit b cng thuc h thng nghin than nh thit b phn ly than kh, phn ly than mn th t trn mi nh, l thin, nh th va trng r va khng nguy him i vi nh my khi xy ra n chy. Gian phu than c 3 tng: tng di cng (ct 0m) t my nghin bi, qut ti bt than; tng 2 (8 mt) t phu than ti v phu than bt; tng 3 (11 mt) t bng ti than.

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