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Review of Analog Signal Analysis
Chapter Intended Learning Outcomes: (i) Review of Fourier series which is used to analyze continuous-time periodic signals (ii) Review of Fourier transform which is used to analyze continuous-time aperiodic signals (iii) Review of analog linear time-invariant system
H. C. So
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Semester B, 2013-2014
Fourier series and Fourier transform are the tools for analyzing analog signals. Basically, they are used for signal conversion between time and frequency domains: (2.1) Fourier Series For analysis of continuous-time periodic signals Express periodic signals using sinusoids with frequencies called the fundamental frequency In the frequency domain, harmonically related where is
only takes discrete values at
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time domain
frequency domain
...
...
...
...
continuous and periodic
discrete and aperiodic
Fig.2.1: Illustration of Fourier series

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A continuous-time function exists such that
is said to be periodic if there (2.2)
The smallest for fundamental period
which
(2.2)
holds
is
called
the
The fundamental frequency is related to
as: (2.3)
Every periodic function can be expanded into a Fourier series as

(2.4) where , (2.5)
are called Fourier series coefficients is characterized by , the Fourier series coefficients in fact correspond to the frequency representation of . Generally, is complex and we use magnitude and phase for its representation
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and
(2.6) (2.7)
Example 2.1 Find the
Fourier .
series
coefficients
for
It is clear that the fundamental frequency of is . According to (2.3), the fundamental period is thus equal to , which is validated as follows:
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With the use of Euler formulas: and we can express as:
and using while all coefficients are equal to zero

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By
inspection
(2.4), we other Fourier
have series
Example 2.2 Find the
Fourier
series
coefficients
for
Can we use (2.5)? Why? With the use of Euler formulas, can be written as:
Using (2.4), we have:

To plot
, we need to compute
and
for all , e.g.,
and
Example 2.3 Find the Fourier series coefficients for , which is a periodic continuous-time signal of fundamental period and in each period. Over the is a pulse with a width of specific period from to , is:
with is
. According to (2.3), the fundamental frequency . Using (2.5), we get:
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For
For
and is to The reason of separating the cases of facilitate the computation of , whose value is not straightforwardly obtained from the general expression which involves 0/0. Nevertheless, using s rule:
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In summary, if a signal periodic, we can write:
is continuous in time and
(2.4) The basic steps for finding the Fourier series coefficients are: 1. Determine the fundamental period frequency and fundamental
2. For all , multiply by , then integrate with respect to for one period, finally divide the result by . Usually we separate the calculation into two cases: and
Fourier Transform For analysis of continuous-time aperiodic signals Defined on a continuous range of The Fourier transform of an aperiodic and continuous-time is: signal (2.8) which is also called spectrum. The inverse transform is given by (2.9)
time domain
frequency domain
continuous and aperiodic
continuous and aperiodic
Fig.2.2: Illustration of Fourier transform

The delta function
has the following characteristics: (2.10) (2.11)
and where is a continuous-time signal.
(2.12)
(2.10) and (2.11) indicate that has a very large value or . That is, is not well defined at impulse at (2.12) is known as the sifting property
Fig.2.3: Representation of The unit step function has the form of: (2.13) As there is a sudden change from 0 to 1 at well defined
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is not
Example 2.4 Find the Fourier transform of pulse of the form:
which is a rectangular
Note that the signal is of finite length and corresponds to one period of the periodic function in Example 2.3. Applying (2.8) on yields:
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Define the sinc function as:
It is seen that
is a scaled sinc function because
Fig.2.4: Fourier transform pair for rectangular pulse of

Example 2.5 Find the inverse Fourier transform of rectangular pulse of the form:
which is a
Using (2.9), we get:
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Fig.2.5: Fourier transform pair for rectangular pulse of From Examples 2.4 and 2.5, we observe the duality property of Fourier transform Example 2.6 Find the Fourier transform of Employing the property of
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with
in (2.13) and (2.8), we get:

Note that when
and
Fig.2.6: Magnitude and phase plots for

Example 2.7 Find the Fourier transform of the delta function Using (2.11) and (2.12) with and
. , we get:
Spectrum of
has unit amplitude at all frequencies
Based on , Fourier transform can be used to represent continuous-time periodic signals. Consider (2.14)
Taking the inverse Fourier transform of Example 2.7, is computed as:
and employing
(2.15)
As a result, the Fourier transform pair is: (2.16) From (2.4) and (2.16), the Fourier transform pair for a continuous-time periodic signal is: (2.17)
Example 2.8 Find the Fourier transform of called an impulse train.
which is
Clearly, is a periodic signal with a period of . Using (2.5) and Example 2.7, the Fourier series coefficients are:
with
. According to (2.17), the Fourier transform is:
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...
...
...
...
Fig.2.7: Fourier transform pair for impulse train Fourier transform can be derived from Fourier series: Consider and :
...
Fig.2.8: Constructing
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...
from
is constructed as a periodic version of
, with period are: (2.18)
According to (2.5), the Fourier series coefficients of
where
for
. Noting that for , (2.18) can be expressed as:
and
(2.19)
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According to (2.8), we can express
as: (2.20)
The Fourier series expansion for
is thus: (2.21)
Considering as or and as the area of a rectangle whose height is width corresponds to the interval of
and , we obtain (2.22)
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Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) System

Linearity: if pairs, then Time-Invariance: if and , then for a LTI system is are two input-output
The input-output relationship characterized by convolution:
(2.23) where , and response, respectively are input, output and impulse
Convolution in time domain corresponds to multiplication in Fourier transform domain, i.e., (2.24)
Proof: The Fourier transform of is
(2.25) This suggests that Fourier transform of

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can be computed from inverse .

Page 29 Semester B, 2013-2014

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Review of Analog Signal Analysis

only takes discrete values at

continuous and periodic

discrete and aperiodic

Fig.2.1: Illustration of Fourier series

A continuous-time function exists such that

is said to be periodic if there (2.2)

The smallest for fundamental period

The fundamental frequency is related to

Every periodic function can be expanded into a Fourier series as

(2.4) where , (2.5)

Example 2.1 Find the

With the use of Euler formulas: and we can express as:

and using while all coefficients are equal to zero

(2.4), we other Fourier

Example 2.2 Find the

Using (2.4), we have:

for all , e.g.,

. According to (2.3), the fundamental frequency . Using (2.5), we get:

In summary, if a signal periodic, we can write:

is continuous in time and

continuous and aperiodic

continuous and aperiodic

Fig.2.2: Illustration of Fourier transform

The delta function

has the following characteristics: (2.10) (2.11)

and where is a continuous-time signal.

Example 2.4 Find the Fourier transform of pulse of the form:

Define the sinc function as:

is a scaled sinc function because

Fig.2.4: Fourier transform pair for rectangular pulse of

Using (2.9), we get:

in (2.13) and (2.8), we get:

Note that when

Fig.2.6: Magnitude and phase plots for

has unit amplitude at all frequencies

Taking the inverse Fourier transform of Example 2.7, is computed as:

Example 2.8 Find the Fourier transform of called an impulse train.

. According to (2.17), the Fourier transform is:

is constructed as a periodic version of

, with period are: (2.18)

According to (2.5), the Fourier series coefficients of

. Noting that for , (2.18) can be expressed as:

According to (2.8), we can express

The Fourier series expansion for

and , we obtain (2.22)

Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) System

The input-output relationship characterized by convolution:

Proof: The Fourier transform of is

(2.25) This suggests that Fourier transform of

can be computed from inverse .

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