CONTENT PART 1

Overview Test Methods

Basis of test methods Execution of examinations Detectable type of faults Limits of application

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CONTENT PART 2
Planning of NDT
Content of test procedures Evaluation of results Recording of tests and results Applicable NDT Rules

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Magnetic Particle Testing (MT)

Principle: Materials must be ferromagnetic Stray flux of a magnetic field generates lines of force, which emerge from the surface when passing a discontinuity Discontinuities will be visible by accumulation of ferromagnetic particles
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Generation of a Flux Indication

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Test Methods

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Contrast
Test surface and mag. particles together Test should provide high contrast.Appropriate particle colours should be chosen, e.g. black, red, grey. With fluorescent particles, max. fluorescence brightness should be selected. Remark: Thin surface coating (background paint white) together with black mag. Particles provide very good contrast.
poor contrast Strong background disturbance
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Distribution of Field Lines in the Material

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Magnetic Field Types

Alternating Current:
Penetration depth 2-3 mm from surface Small influence of surface shape Required magnetic force is smaller (lower weight of equipment

Scope of application:
Welds, gear-tooth

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Magnetic Field Types

Direct current: Deeper penetration Insufficient magnetisation at cross section changes, edges Scope of application: Stationary equipment

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Depth Penetration of Magnetic Fields

Surface flaw Subsurface flaws

A.C magnetic field skin-effect, penetration small. Flaw depth max. 2-3 mm with f=50 hZ
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D.C Magnetic field entire cross section magnetized, greater depth penetration. Flaw depth max.5-8 mm

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Standard Magnetic Particle Testing

Yoke Magnetization

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Yoke Magnetisation
a: b: c: d: e: f: Soft iron core Magnetic field lines Magnetic coil Flux indication Stray flux Defect

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Magnetisation Direction

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Standard Equipment

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Application of Cross Yoke Magnet

MT of a circumferential weld.
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Right Hand - Rule

I = Current H = Magnetic Field Strengt (magnetic field lines) B = Magnetic Induction

The right hand rule define the relation between curent, magnetic induction and the direction of the magnetic field lines.
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Direct Fluxing

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Application of Direct Fluxing

Magnetisation by prods
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Application of Direct Fluxing

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Coil Magnetisation

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Application of Coil Magnetisation

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Threading Bar Technique

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Induction Fluxing

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Testing Accessories
Indication capability of the testing fluid Defect recognition Suspension evaluation After a setting time of 30 minutes the required concentration must be obtained.

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Test Block MTUC No.3

To check magnetic powder suspensions for their efficiency Regular control

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Berthold Test Block

For determination of the field direction Minimum angle between field and crack direction 30o

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Field Strength Meter

Determination of field strength 20 to 65 A/cm or (2,0 to 6,5 kA/m) Control of demagnetisation Maximum allowable residual field intensity Max. 4A/cm (0,4 kA/m)

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Light Intensity Meter

UV Intensity Meter Luxmeter

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Detectable Flaw Sizes

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Defects Indication
Surface flaws Subsurface defects

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Irrelevant Indications
Development of stray-flux with strong magnetization

Cross-section changes, edges

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Irrelevant Indications

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Local Permeability Change

MT of 2,5% Ni-Steel, austenitic welded, rechecked by PT

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Evaluation of Discontinuities
Form of indication (linear, round) Size of indications Quantity of indications Location, direction and Orientation of indications

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Magnetic Particle Standards

Standards for performance of tests: DIN EN 1290 Magnetic Particle Examination of Welds ASME Sec. V, Subsection A, Article 7 Magnetic Particle Examination ASME E-709 Standard Recommended Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination DGZfP Richtline EMO Performance of magnetic particle examinations (EN ISO 9934-1)
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Evaluation Standards
AD-Merkblatt HP 5/3 Anlage 1 Non Destructive testing of welded connections (Pressure vessels) DIN-EN 1291 Magnetic Particle Examination of Welds Evaluation Criteria Germanischer Lloyd II/3 Chapter 2 Sec.4 Non Destructive testing of welds

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Acceptance Criteria

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Imperfections in Welded Joints in Steel according to EN 25817

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Recording of MT
Details of test object: Marking of test object Material Dimension Welding proces Area tp be tested Specification Details of examination: Surface condition Type of magnetisation Tangential field strength Magnetic powder View conditions Demagnetisation
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