In this article, OReilly and Tushman examine what happens when contemporary businesses try to expand outside of their

existing market and products. The authors discovered that the successful companies are those that separate new exploratory units from exploitive traditional units, but still keep a tightly linked executive team to manage the organizational separation. This type of company is referred to as an ambidextrous organization. Managers are expected to be able to explore new opportunities while also making steady improvements to what already exists. Most companies are successful making steady improvements, but cannot succeed at innovation at the same time. The authors utilize Kodak as an example. Kodak has been successful with traditional photography, but has not been able to compete strongly in the digital camera market. Exploiting and Exploring Maintaining several types of innovation is necessary for an organization to compete. The authors identified the following types of innovation:

Incremental innovations involve small improvements to an existing product or process to enhance efficiency. Architectural innovations involve incorporating new technology and processes to change business elements. Discontinuous innovations occur when an advance is so powerful, it makes old products or processes obsolete.

Exhibit 1 illustrates what the authors refer to as A Map of Innovation. The type of innovation as well as the target market can be plotted on this matrix. Companies that pursue modest incremental innovations would be plotted on the lower left while breakthrough innovations would be plotted in the upper right area of the matrix. Exhibit 1 A Map of Innovation* Incremental Innovations New Customers Existing Customers * Adapted from p. 77.

Architectural Innovations

Discontinuous Innovations

The authors studied various companies approaches to innovation through this matrix and found that breakthroughs were structured in one of four ways. Innovation breakthroughs can be integrated into existing functional designs and management structure. They can also be set up as cross-functional teams operating from within the existing organization, but outside of the organizations management structure. Breakthroughs structured through unsupported teams come from outside the established organization and the companys management hierarchy. The final breakthrough structure is the aforementioned ambidextrous organization. Under this structure, the breakthrough is set up as an independent unit with its own culture, processes, and structure, but the unit is still integrated within the existing management hierarchy.

By comparing the different breakthrough structures, the authors found the ambidextrous organization to be far superior with regards to innovations (90% of goals were reached) as well as the success of the existing business. The structure of an ambidextrous organization allows the organization to share information and processes when needed while still maintaining separate units. Managerial coordination allows resources to be shared, but the organizational separation ensures that the new unit will not become just another part of the company.

The authors use two organizations, USA Today and Ciba Vision, as examples of how companies can renew themselves with breakthrough products without harming its existing business. Both companies were struggling to compete in their respective markets until they became ambidextrous organizations. The following are a few managerial and organizational characteristics of ambidextrous organizations such as USA Today and Ciba Vision (in addition, see Exhibit 3 below):

Senior managers must agree with and be committed to the network strategy involved in an ambidextrous organization. Project leaders must be willing to challenge the status quo. Senior leadership of different units must be tightly integrated and should keep each other informed of necessary information. Executive incentive programs involving the entire company are used as opposed to bonus programs tied to individual units. The companys research and development budget may be allotted almost entirely to producing breakthroughs while existing business pursues only incremental innovations. A clear vision is crucial in transforming a company into an ambidextrous organization.

Exhibit 3 The Scope of the Ambidextrous Organization* Alignment of: Strategic intent Critical tasks Competencies Structure Controls, rewards Culture Leadership role Exploitative Business Cost, profit Operations, efficiency, incremental innovation Operational Formal, mechanistic Margins, productivity Efficiency, low risk, quality, customers Authoritative, top down Exploratory Business Innovation, growth Adaptability, new products, breakthrough innovation Entrepreneurial Adaptive, loose Milestones, growth Risk taking, speed, flexibility, experimentation Visionary, involved

* Adapted from O'Reilly and Tushman's illustration, p. 80.