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Below are political cartoons, poems, and excerpts from legislation surrounding immigration to the United States in 1920s !ollow the directions for each artifact I. Opening activity Reading cartoons " Students will stud# two $ %eppler cartoons &'ocument " and B( 1 $ %eppler drew the first cartoon in 1))0 and the second in 1)9* 'escri+e the two cartoons ,hat are the differences in point of -iew +etween them. ,h# do #ou thin/ attitudes on immigration changed. _____________________________________________________________________________ _

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2 'o #ou thin/ that there has +een a change of attitudes on immigration recentl# in this countr#. 0n what wa# did the attac/s on 9111 influence immigration policies. 0n what wa# has the su+2ect of 3illegal immigration4 influenced attitudes toward immigrants. _____________________________________________________________________________ _

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Document A

'ocum ent B

II. Poetry analysis 2

Students will read two poems on attitudes towards immigration5 'ocument 6 and ' 1 How does 7mma 8a9arus portra# immigrants in 3:he New 6olossus4. ,h# is her poem on the Statue of 8i+ert#. _____________________________________________________________________________ _

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2 How does :homas Baile# "ldrich portra# immigrants in 3Unguarded ;ate4. ,h# is he concerned a+out immigration. _____________________________________________________________________________ _

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'ocument 6 The New Colossus +# 7mma 8a9arus, 1))* Not li/e the +ra9en giant of ;ree/ fame, with con<uering lim+s astride from land to land= Here at our sea>washed, sunset gates shall stand " might# woman with a torch, whose flame 0s the imprisoned lightning, and her name ?other of 7xiles !rom her +eacon>hand ;lows world>wide welcome= her mild e#es command :he air>+ridged har+or that twin cities frame 3%eep, ancient lands, #our storied pomp@4 cries she ,ith silent lips 3;i-e me #our tired, #our poor, Aour huddled masses #earning to +reathe free, :he wretched refuse of #our teeming shore Send these, the homeless, tempest>tost to me, 0 lift m# lamp +eside the golden door@4

'ocument ' 0mmigration "ct of 192B Unguarded ;ates +# :homas Baile# "ldrich, 1)9C ,ide open and unguarded stand our gates, Named of the four winds, North, South, 7ast and ,est= Dortals that lead to an enchanted land Ef cities, forests, fields of li-ing gold, Fast prairies, lordl# summits touched with snow, ?a2estic ri-ers sweeping proudl# past :he "ra+Gs date>palm and the NorsemanGs pineH " realm wherein are fruits of e-er# 9one, "irs of all climes, for lo@ throughout the #ear :he red rose +lossoms somewhereHa rich land, " later 7den planted in the wilds, ,ith not an inch of earth within its +ound But if a sla-eGs foot press it sets him free Here, it is written, :oil shall ha-e its wage, "nd Honor honor, and the hum+lest man Stand le-el with the highest in the law Ef such a land ha-e men in dungeons dreamed, "nd with the -ision +rightening in their e#es ;one smiling to the fagot and the sword ,ide open and unguarded stand our gates, "nd through them presses a wild motle# throngH ?en from the Folga and the :artar steppes, !eatureless figures of the Hoang>Ho, ?ala#an, Sc#thian, :euton, %elt, and Sla-, !l#ing the Eld ,orldGs po-ert# and scorn= :hese +ringing with them un/nown gods and rites, :hose, tiger passions, here to stretch their claws 0n street and alle# what strange tongues are loud, "ccents of menace alien to our air, Foices that once the :ower of Ba+el /new@ E 8i+ert#, white ;oddess@ 0s it well :o lea-e the gates unguarded. En th# +reast !old SorrowGs children, soothe the hurts of fate 8ift the down>trodden, +ut with hand of steel Sta# those who to th# sacred portals come :o waste the gifts of freedom Ha-e a care 8est from th# +row the clustered stars +e torn "nd trampled in the dust !or so of old :he thronging ;oth and Fandal trampled Iome, "nd where the temples of the 6aesars stood

:he lean wolf unmolested made her lair III. III. Document analysis/group work Debating history For tomorrow5 " Students read 'ocument 7 &multiple excerpts( for homewor/ B ,or/ing in groups, students are to formulate arguments for an in>class de+ate on whether or not to pass the 0mmigration "ct of 192B 6 'i-ide the class into groups of four 7ach group will identif# two students in fa-or of the 0mmigration "ct of 192B, and two opposed 7ach group will spend 10J1C minutes de+ating the issue, ma/ing sure that the# support their points with reason and e-idence, and that the# respond directl# to the points +eing made +# the opposing side ' :he class will then recon-ene and de+ate the issue as a whole 'ocument 7 0mmigration "ct of 192B 0 thin/ that we ha-e sufficient stoc/ in "merica now for us to shut the door, "mericani9e what we ha-e, and sa-e the resources of "merica for the natural increase of our population 0 +elie-e that our particular ideas, social, moral, religious, and political, ha-e demon> strated, +# -irtue of the progress we ha-e made and the character of people that we are, that we ha-e the highest ideals of an# mem+er of the human famil# or an# nation ,e ha-e demonstrated the fact that the human famil#, certaint# the predominant +reed in "merica, can go-ern themsel-es +# a direct go-ernment of the people 0 thin/ we now ha-e suffi> cient population in our countr# for us to shut the door and to +reed up a pure, unadulterated "merican citi9enship :han/ ;od we ha-e in "merica perhaps the largest percentage of an# countr# in the world of the pure, unadulterated "nglo>Saxon stoc/= certainl# the great> est of an# nation in the Nordic +reed 0t is for the preser-ation of that splendid stoc/ that has characteri9ed us that 0 would ma/e this not an as#lum for the oppressed of all countries, +ut a countr# to assimilate and perfect that splendid t#pe of manhood that has made "merica the foremost Nation in her progress and in her power, and #et the #oungest of all the nations ,e ha-e population enough to>da# without throwing wide our doors and 2eopardi9ing the interests of this countr# +# pouring into it men who willingl# +ecome the sla-es of those who emplo# them in manipulating these forces of nature, and the few reap the enormous +enefits that accrue therefrom
&Source5 Speech +# 7llison 'uIant Smith, "pril 9, 192B, 6ongressional Iecord, K)th 6ongress, 1st Session &,ashington '65 ;o-ernment Drinting Effice, 192B(, -ol KC, C,9K1JC,9K2 (

7xcerpted from 3Eur New Nordic 0mmigration Dolic#,4 8iterar# 'igest 10 ?a# 192B5 12J1* http511www>personal umd umich edu1Lppennoc/1doc>immig"ct htm

Unless immigration is numericall# restrained she will +e o-erwhelmed +# a -ast migra> tion of peoples from the war>stric/en countries of 7urope Such a migration could not fail to ha-e a +aleful effect upon "merican wages and standards of li-ing, and it would increase mightil# our pro+lem of assimilating the foreign>+orn who are alread# here Eut of these thoughts ha-e risen the general demands for limitation of the num+er of immigrants who ma# enter this countr# 5

:here has come a+out a general reali9ation of the fact that the races of men who ha-e +een coming to us in recent #ears are wholl# dissimilar to the nati-e> +orn "mericans= that the# are untrained in self>go-ernment H a facult# that it has ta/en the Northwestern 7uropeans man# centuries to ac<uire it was +est for "merica that our incoming immigrants should hereafter +e of the same races as those of us who are alread# here, so that each #earGs immigration should so far as possi+le +e a miniature "merica, resem+ling in national origins the persons who are alread# settled in our countr# Upon these two +asic certainties, first that the 3Ieds4 were criminal aliens and secondl# that the "merican ;o-ernment must pre-ent crime, it was decided that there could +e no nice distinctions drawn +etween the theoretical ideals of the radicals and their actual -iolations of our national laws :his is no place for the criminal to flourish, nor will he do so, so long as the rights of common citi9enship can +e exerted to pre-ent him B# stealing, murder and lies, Bolshe-ism has looted Iussia not onl# of its material strength +ut of its moral force " small cli<ue of outcasts from the 7ast Side of New Aor/ has attempted this, with what success we all /now ?# information showed that communism in this countr# was an organi9ation of thousands of aliens who were direct allies of :rots/# How the 'epartment of $ustice disco-ered upwards of K0,000 of these organi9ed agitators of the :rots/# doctrine in the United States is the confidential information upon which the ;o-ernment is now sweeping the nation clean of such alien filth Behind, and underneath, m# own determination to dri-e from our midst the agents of Bolshe-ism with increasing -igor and with greater speed, until there are no more of them left among us
&Source5 " ?itchell Dalmer, 3:he 6ase "gainst the MIedsG,4 !orum K* &1920(5 1N*J1)C http511histor#matters gmu edu1d1B99*(

_____________________________________________________________________________ O:here wereP fierce tirades and propaganda directed against the great wa-es of 0rish and ;er> mans who came o-er from 1)B0 on for a few decades to escape ci-il, racial, and religious perse> cution in their nati-e lands :he 3%now>Nothings,4 lineal ancestors of the %u>%lux %lan, +itterl# denounced the 0rish and ;ermans as mongrels, scum, foreigners, and a menace to our institutions "ll are riff>raff, inassimila+le, 3foreign de-ils,4 swine not fit to associate with the great chosen people H a form of national pride and hallucination as old as the di-ision of races and nations But to>da# it is the 0talians, Spanish, Doles, $ews, ;ree/s, Iussians, Bal/anians, and so forth, who are the racial lepers 0n this +ill we find racial discrimination at its worst H a deli+erate attempt to go +ac/ )B #ears in our census ta/en e-er# 10 #ears so that a +low ma# +e aimed at peoples of eastern and southern 7urope, particularl# at our recent allies in the ;reat ,ar H Doland and 0tal# Ef course the $ews too are aimed at, not directl#, +ecause the# ha-e no countr# in 7urope the# can call their own, +ut the# are set down among the inferior peoples Surel# no fair>minded person with /nowledge of the facts can sa# the $ews in 'etroit are a menace to the cit#Gs or the countr#Gs well>+eing 0talian>"mericans are found in all wal/s and classes of life H common hard la+or, the trades, +usiness, law, medicine, dentistr#, art, literature, +an/ing, and so forth :he# rapidl# +ecome "mericani9ed, +uild homes, and ma/e themsel-es into good citi9ens Ene finds them 6

+# thousands digging streets, sewers, and +uilding foundations, and in the automo+ile and iron and steel fa+ric factories of -arious sorts :he# do the hard wor/ that the nati-e>+orn "merican disli/es Iapidl# the# rise in life and 2oin the so>called middle and upper classes :he Dol> ish>"mericans are as industrious and as frugal and as lo#al to our institutions as an# class of people who ha-e come to the shores of this countr# in the past *00 #ears :he# are essentiall# home +uilders, and the# ha-e come to this countr# to sta# :he# learn the 7nglish language as <uic/l# as possi+le, and ta/e pride in the rapidit# with which the# +ecome assimilated and adopt our institutions Ioger ,illiams was dri-en out of the Duritan colon# of Salem to die in the wilderness +e> cause he o+2ected 3-iolentl#4 to +lue laws and the +urning or hanging of rheumatic old women on witchcraft charges He would not 3assimilate4 and was 3a gra-e menace to "merican 0nstitu> tions and democratic go-ernment 4 :he racial discriminations of this +ill are un>"merican
&Source5 Speech +# Io+ert H 6lanc#, "pril ), 192B, 6ongressional Iecord, K)th 6ongress, 1st Session &,ash> ington '65 ;o-ernment Drinting Effice, 192B(, -ol KC, C,929JC,9*2 http511histor#matters gmu edu1d1C0N9(

7xcerpted from ,illiam " ,hite 6ondemns 'eportations &1922(, 7mporia &%ansas( ;a9ette, $anuar# ), 1922 :he "ttorne# ;eneral seems to +e seeing red He is rounding up e-er# manner of radical in the countr#= e-er# man who hopes for a +etter world is in danger of deportation +# the "ttorne# ;eneral :he whole +usiness is un>"merican 0t should +e agreed that a man ma# +elie-e as he chooses 0t should +e agreed that when he preaches -iolence he is distur+ing the peace and should +e put in 2ail He should +e allowed to sa# what he pleases so long as he ad-ocates legal constitutional methods of procedure $ust +ecause a man does not +elie-e this go-ernment is good is no reason wh# he should +e deported :he deportation +usiness is going to ma/e mart#rs of a lot of idiots whose cause is not worth it
&Source5 :he "merican Spirit, !ourth 7dition, ed :homas " Baile#, ' 6 Heath and 6ompan#, 8exington, ?"5 19N)(

"merican institutions rest solel# on good citi9enship :he# were created +# people who had a +ac/ground of self>go-ernment New arri-als should +e limited to our capacit# to a+sor+ them into the ran/s of good citi9enship "merica must +e /ept "merican !or this purpose, it is necessar# to continue a polic# of restricted immigration 0t would lie well to ma/e such immigration of a selecti-e nature with some inspection at the source, and +ased either on a prior census or upon the record of naturali9ation 7ither method would insure the admission of those with the largest capacit# and +est intention of +ecoming citi9ens 0 am con-inced that our present economic and social conditions warrant a limitation of those to +e admitted ,e should find additional safet# in a law re<uiring the immediate registration of all aliens :hose who do not want to +e parta/> ers of the "merican spirit ought not to settle in "merica
&Source5 6al-in 6oolidgeGs first ?essage to 6ongress, http511-dare com1fulford11)9B_192B htmQfift#(