Maths formulae and statistics concepts for Form 4

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01 Functions
Add Maths Formulae List: Form 4 (Update 18/9/08) www.studyguide.pk www.studygu www.studyguide.pk www.studygu = f ( x) f ( y) = x www.studyguide.pky www.studygu www.studyguide.pk www.studygu www.studyguide.pk www.studygu www.studyguide.pk www.studygu b b 4 ac www.studyguide.pk www.studygu x= 2a www.studyguide.pk www.studygu www.studyguide.pk www.studygu www.studyguide.pk www.studygu www.studyguide.pk www.studygu www.studyguide.pk www.studygu www.studyguide.pk www.studygu www.studyguide.pk www.studygu
Absolute Value Function Inverse Function If
f ( x ), if f ( x ) 0
, then
f ( x)
f ( x), if f ( x ) < 0
Remember: Object = the value of x Image = the value of y or f(x) f(x) map onto itself means f(x) = x
02 Quadratic Equations
General Form
Quadratic Formula
ax 2 + bx + c = 0
where a, b, and c are constants and a 0.
*Note that the highest power of an unknown of a quadratic equation is 2.
When the equation can not be factorized.
Forming Quadratic Equation From its Roots: If and are the roots of a quadratic equation
Nature of Roots
+ =
b a
c a
The Quadratic Equation
x 2 ( + ) x + = 0
2
b 2 4 ac b 2 4 ac b 2 4 ac b 2 4 ac
>0 =0 <0 0
two real and different roots two real and equal roots no real roots the roots are real
or x ( SoR ) x + ( PoR ) = 0 SoR = Sum of Roots PoR = Product of Roots
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03 Quadratic Functions
General Form Completing the square:
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f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c f ( x) = a ( x + p)2 + q where a, b, and c are constants and a 0. *Note that the highest power of an unknown of a quadratic function is 2. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) the value of x, x = p min./max. value = q min./max. point = ( p, q) equation of axis of symmetry, x = p
Alternative method:
a > 0 minimum (smiling face)

a < 0 maximum (sad face)
f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c
(i)
the value of x, x =
b 2a
(ii)
min./max. value = f (
b ) 2a
(iii)
equation of axis of symmetry, x =
b 2a
Quadratic Inequalities
a > 0 and f ( x) > 0
Nature of Roots
b 2 4ac > 0
a > 0 and f ( x) < 0
intersects two different points at x-axis 2 b 4ac = 0 touch one point at x-axis b 2 4ac < 0 does not meet x-axis
x < a or x > b
a< x<b
04 Simultaneous Equations
To find the intersection point solves simultaneous equation.
Remember: substitute linear equation into non- linear equation.

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05 Indices and Logarithm
Fundamental if Indices Laws of Indices
m
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Zero Index,
a0 = 1
a n = a m+n
Negative Index,
a 1 =
1 a
a n = a mn
m n
a b ( ) 1 = b a
1 an
m n
n n
Fractional Index
= a
n
m an
= a
n
Fundamental of Logarithm
Law of Logarithm
log a y = x a x = y
log a mn = log a m + log a n
log a a = 1
log a
log a a x = x
log a 1 = 0
m = log a m log a n n
log a mn = n log a m
Changing the Base
log a b =
log c b log c a
log a b =
1 logb a

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06 Coordinate Geometry
Distance and Gradient
Distance Between Point A and C =
(x1 x2 )2 + (x1 x2 )2
Gradient of line AC, m = Or
y2 y1 x2 x1 y int ercept Gradient of a line, m = x int ercept
Parallel Lines Perpendicular Lines
When 2 lines are parallel,
When 2 lines are perpendicular to each other,

m1 m2 = 1
m1 = m2 .
m1 = gradient of line 1 m2 = gradient of line 2
Midpoint
A point dividing a segment of a line
Midpoint, M =
x1 + x2 y1 + y2 , 2 2
A point dividing a segment of a line
nx + mx2 ny1 + my2 P = 1 , m+n m+n

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Area of triangle:
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Area of Triangle =
1 2
A=
1 x1 y2 + x2 y 3 + x3 y1 ( x2 y1 + x3 y2 + x1 y3 ) 2
Form of Equation of Straight Line General form

ax + by + c = 0
Gradient form
y = mx + c
Intercept form
m = gradient c = y-intercept
x y + =1 a b
a = x-intercept b = y-intercept
m=
b a
Equation of Straight Line Gradient (m) and 1 point (x1, y1) 2 points, (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) given given y y1 y2 y1 y y1 = m( x x1 ) = x x1 x2 x1
x-intercept and y-intercept given x y + =1 a b
Equation of perpendicular bisector gets midpoint and gradient of perpendicular line.

Information in a rhombus: A
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
same length AB = BC = CD = AD parallel lines mAB = mCD or mAD = mBC diagonals (perpendicular) mAC mBD = 1
(v)
share same midpoint midpoint AC = midpoint BD any point solve the simultaneous equations

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Remember:
y-intercept x = 0 cut y-axis x = 0 x-intercept y = 0 cut x-axis y = 0 **point lies on the line satisfy the equation substitute the value of x and of y of the point into the equation.
Equation of Locus ( use the formula of distance) The equation of the locus of a moving point P ( x, y ) which is always at a constant distance (r) from a fixed point A ( x1 , y1 ) is
The equation of the locus of a moving point P ( x, y ) which is always at a constant distance from two fixed points A ( x1 , y1 ) and B ( x2 , y 2 ) with a ratio m : n is PA m = PB n
The equation of the locus of a moving point P ( x, y ) which is always equidistant from two fixed points A and B is the perpendicular bisector of the straight line AB. PA = PB ( x x1 ) + ( y y1 ) 2 = ( x x2 ) 2 + ( y y2 ) 2
2
PA = r
( x x1 ) 2 + ( y y1 ) 2 = r 2
( x x1 ) 2 + ( y y1 ) 2 m 2 = ( x x2 ) + ( y y 2 ) 2 n 2
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07 Statistics
Measure of Central Tendency Ungrouped Data
x= x N
Without Class Interval
x= fx f
Grouped Data With Class Interval

x= fx f
Mean
x = mean x = sum of x x = value of the data
N = total number of the data
x = mean x = sum of x f = frequency x = value of the data
x = mean f = frequency x = class mark
(lower limit+upper limit) 2
Median
m = TN +1
2
m = TN +1
2
When N is an odd number.
When N is an odd number.
1 2 N F m = L+ f C m
TN + TN
2 2
m=
+1
TN + T N
2 2
m=
+1
When N is an even number.
When N is an even number.
m = median L = Lower boundary of median class N = Number of data F = Total frequency before median class fm = Total frequency in median class c = Size class = (Upper boundary lower boundary)
Measure of Dispersion
Ungrouped Data
Grouped Data Without Class Interval With Class Interval
variance
2 x2 = x N 2
=
2
2 fx 2 x f
=
2
2 fx 2 x f
= variance
(x x ) = N
2
= variance
=
(x x ) N
2
= variance
2
Standard Deviation
x 2 x2 N
x 2 x2 N
f (x x) = f
fx 2 x2 f

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The variance is a measure of the mean for the square of the deviations from the mean. The standard deviation refers to the square root for the variance.
Effects of data changes on Measures of Central Tendency and Measures of dispersion
Measures of Mean, median, mode Central Tendency Range , Interquartile Range Measures of Standard Deviation dispersion Variance
Data are changed uniformly with +k k k k +k k k k
No changes No changes No changes
k k k2
k k k2
08 Circular Measures
Terminology
Convert degree to radian: Convert radian to degree:
180
)radians 180 180 x radians = ( x ) degrees
xo = ( x
radians
degrees
180
Remember:
180 = rad
???
360 = 2 rad
0.7 rad
O ???
1.2 rad

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Length and Area
r = radius A = area s = arc length = angle l = length of chord
Arc Length: Length of chord: Area of Sector: Area of Triangle: Area of Segment:
s = r
l = 2r sin
A=
1 2 r 2
A=
1 2 r sin 2
A=
1 2 r ( sin ) 2
09 Differentiation
Gradient of a tangent of a line (curve or straight)

dy y = lim ( ) dx x 0 x
Differentiation of a Function I
y = xn
dy = nx n1 dx
Example y = x3
Differentiation of Algebraic Function Differentiation of a Constant
dy = 3x 2 dx
y=a dy =0 dx
a is a constant
Differentiation of a Function II
y = ax dy = ax11 = ax 0 = a dx
Example y=2 dy =0 dx
Example y = 3x dy =3 dx

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Differentiation of a Function III Chain Rule
y = ax n y = un u and v are functions in x dy = anx n1 dx dy dy du = dx du dx
Example y = 2 x3
Example y = (2 x 2 + 3)5
u = 2 x 2 + 3, y = u5 ,
dy = 2(3) x 2 = 6 x 2 dx
therefore
du = 4x dx
therefore
Differentiation of a Fractional Function

1 xn Rewrite y= y = xn
dy = 5u 4 du
dy dy du = dx du dx = 5u 4 4 x
= 5(2 x 2 + 3) 4 4 x = 20 x(2 x 2 + 3) 4
dy n = nx n1 = n+1 dx x
Or differentiate directly y = (ax + b) n
Example 1 y= x y = x 1 1 dy = 1x 2 = 2 dx x
dy = n.a.(ax + b) n 1 dx
y = (2 x 2 + 3)5
dy = 5(2 x 2 + 3) 4 4 x = 20 x(2 x 2 + 3) 4 dx
Law of Differentiation
Sum and Difference Rule
y =uv u and v are functions in x dy du dv = dx dx dx
Example y = 2 x3 + 5 x 2
dy = 2(3) x 2 + 5(2) x = 6 x 2 + 10 x dx
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Product Rule Quotient Rule
y= u v
y = uv u and v are functions in x dy du dv = v +u dx dx dx
u and v are functions in x
Example y = (2 x + 3)(3 x 3 2 x 2 x)
dy = dx
du dv u dx dx v2
u = 2x + 3 v = 3x3 2 x 2 x du dv =2 = 9 x2 4 x 1 dx dx dy du dv =v +u dx dx dx 3 2 =(3 x 2 x x)(2) + (2 x + 3)(9 x 2 4 x 1)
Or differentiate directly y = (2 x + 3)(3x3 2 x 2 x)
dy = (3x3 2 x 2 x)(2) + (2 x + 3)(9 x 2 4 x 1) dx
Example x2 y= 2x +1 u = x2 v = 2x +1 du dv = 2x =2 dx dx du dv u v dy = dx 2 dx dx v dy (2 x + 1)(2 x) x 2 (2) = dx (2 x + 1) 2
4 x2 + 2 x 2 x2 2 x2 + 2 x = = (2 x + 1) 2 (2 x + 1) 2
Or differentiate directly x2 y= 2x +1 dy (2 x + 1)(2 x) x 2 (2) = dx (2 x + 1) 2
4 x2 + 2 x 2 x2 2 x2 + 2 x = = (2 x + 1) 2 (2 x + 1) 2
11

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Gradients of tangents, Equation of tangent and Normal Gradient of tangent at A(x1, y1):
dy = gradient of tangent dx Equation of tangent: y y1 = m( x x1 )
Gradient of normal at A(x1, y1):
mnormal = 1 mtangent
If A(x1, y1) is a point on a line y = f(x), the gradient of the line (for a straight line) or the gradient of the dy tangent of the line (for a curve) is the value of dx when x = x1.
dx Equation of normal : y y1 = m( x x1 )
1 dy
= gradient of normal
Maximum and Minimum Point
Turning point
dy =0 dx
At maximum point, dy =0 dx
d y <0 dx 2
At minimum point , dy =0 dx
d2y >0 dx 2
12

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Rates of Change Small Changes and Approximation Small Change:
Chain rule dA dA dr = dt dr dt dy y dy y x x dx dx If x changes at the rate of 5 cms -1 dx =5 dt Decreases/leaks/reduces NEGATIVES values!!!
Approximation: ynew = yoriginal + y
= yoriginal +
dy x dx
x = small changes in x y = small changes in y If x becomes smaller x = NEGATIVE
13

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10 Solution of Triangle
Sine Rule: Cosine Rule: Area of triangle:
a
a b c = = sin A sin B sin C
a2 = b2 + c2 2bc cosA b2 = a2 + c2 2ac cosB c2 = a2 + b2 2ab cosC
Use, when given 2 sides and 1 non included angle 2 angles and 1 side
B
cos A =
b2 + c2 a 2 2bc
A=
Use, when given 2 sides and 1 included angle 3 sides

a a
1 a b sin C 2
C is the included angle of sides a and b.
180 (A+B)
14

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Case of AMBIGUITY
A If C, the length AC and length AB remain unchanged, the point B can also be at point B where ABC = acute and A B C = obtuse. If ABC = , thus ABC = 180 .
180 -
Remember : sin = sin (180 )
C B B Case 1: When a < b sin A CB is too short to reach the side opposite to C.
Case 2: When a = b sin A CB just touch the side opposite to C
Outcome: No solution
Case 3: When a > b sin A but a < b. CB cuts the side opposite to C at 2 points
Outcome: 1 solution Case 4: When a > b sin A and a > b. CB cuts the side opposite to C at 1 points
Outcome: 2 solution
Outcome: 1 solution
Useful information:
b c
In a right angled triangle, you may use the following to solve the problems. (i) Phythagoras Theorem: c = a 2 + b2 (ii) Trigonometry ratio: sin = b , cos = a , tan = c c
b a
(iii) Area = (base)(height)
15

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11 Index Number
Price Index Composite index
I = P 1 100 P0 I= Wi I i Wi
I = Price index / Index number

P0 = Price at the base time P1 = Price at a specific time
I = Composite Index W = Weightage I = Price index
I A, B I B ,C = I A,C 100
16

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where a, b, and c are constants and a 0.

*Note that the highest power of an unknown of a quadratic equation is 2.

When the equation can not be factorized.

The Quadratic Equation

or x ( SoR ) x + ( PoR ) = 0 SoR = Sum of Roots PoR = Product of Roots

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a > 0 minimum (smiling face)

equation of axis of symmetry, x =

a > 0 and f ( x) < 0

To find the intersection point solves simultaneous equation.

Remember: substitute linear equation into non- linear equation.

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log a mn = log a m + log a n

Changing the Base

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When 2 lines are parallel,

When 2 lines are perpendicular to each other,

m1 = gradient of line 1 m2 = gradient of line 2

A point dividing a segment of a line

A point dividing a segment of a line

nx + mx2 ny1 + my2 P = 1 , m+n m+n

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Form of Equation of Straight Line General form

x-intercept and y-intercept given x y + =1 a b

Equation of perpendicular bisector gets midpoint and gradient of perpendicular line.

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

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More Formulae and Equation List:

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Grouped Data With Class Interval

x = mean x = sum of x x = value of the data

N = total number of the data

x = mean x = sum of x f = frequency x = value of the data

x = mean f = frequency x = class mark

(lower limit+upper limit) 2

When N is an odd number.

When N is an odd number.

When N is an even number.

When N is an even number.

Grouped Data Without Class Interval With Class Interval

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Data are changed uniformly with +k k k k +k k k k

No changes No changes No changes

Convert degree to radian: Convert radian to degree:

)radians 180 180 x radians = ( x ) degrees

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Gradient of a tangent of a line (curve or straight)

Differentiation of Algebraic Function Differentiation of a Constant

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Differentiation of a Fractional Function

Or differentiate directly y = (ax + b) n

Sum and Difference Rule

y =uv u and v are functions in x dy du dv = dx dx dx

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u = 2x + 3 v = 3x3 2 x 2 x du dv =2 = 9 x2 4 x 1 dx dx dy du dv =v +u dx dx dx 3 2 =(3 x 2 x x)(2) + (2 x + 3)(9 x 2 4 x 1)

Or differentiate directly y = (2 x + 3)(3x3 2 x 2 x)

dy = (3x3 2 x 2 x)(2) + (2 x + 3)(9 x 2 4 x 1) dx

Example x2 y= 2x +1 u = x2 v = 2x +1 du dv = 2x =2 dx dx du dv u v dy = dx 2 dx dx v dy (2 x + 1)(2 x) x 2 (2) = dx (2 x + 1) 2

Or differentiate directly x2 y= 2x +1 dy (2 x + 1)(2 x) x 2 (2) = dx (2 x + 1) 2

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Maximum and Minimum Point