AKG JOURNAL OF TECHNOLOGY, vol. 1, no.

Latest Advances in the Field of Aviation

S. Khalid
Air Traffic Control, Mangalore Airport, Mangalore
saifonline7@gmail.com

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Abstract -- This paper presents the latest advancements in the

field of aviation. Recent trends in the development of air commuting are highlighted with specifications. Latest research work in the field of cooling techniques has also been given. This is important for design engineers and researchers in aviation to enable them to select the correct system as per the specifications for the specific applications. Keywords: Av at o! tre!ds, F"y !# cars, $%&erso! c trave"

li$erate !o# fro% the long 9#e#e that !o# are st#c) in. This "o#ld $e the #lti%ate delight for those driving the concept#al A#tovolantor :#st i%agine a car $ehind !o# st#c) in a long traffic 9#e#e lift #p into the air and *#st fl! a"a! "hile !o# reach ho%e 0 ho#rs later after going thro#gh the %a+e on gro#nd. The Ferrari 788 5T. "as fo#nd to $e the perfect car to $e %odified $! Moller International and once again that spea)s vol#%es a$o#t "h! Ferrari is so special. A#tovolantor "ill $e fitted "ith 2 fans to lift it verticall! #p in the air and "ill have a gro#nd %ileage of 173 %iles "hile it "o#ld $e /7 %iles in air. The car can also reach #p to an altit#de of 7333 feet and is e,pected to go at 173 %ph in air. The A#tovolantor still has %an! s)eptics aro#nd it and "hile there "ill $e fe" "ho "ill $elieve that fl!ing cars "ill f#rther add to national sec#rit! "oes, there "ill also $e %an! "ho "ill happil! shell o#t ; 733,333 for one of these. The A#tovolanter is Moller's latest creation, "ith its target to $e a st!lish, desira$le sports car that can also occasionall! fl!. Moller's targets for the pro*ect incl#de a range on the gro#nd of <03 )%, "ith 1<3 )% of travel possi$le in the air. The A#tovolanter %#st also $e eas! to fl!, "ith no specialist pilot )no"ledge necessar!. To achieve the car's fl!ing capa$ilit!, it "ill $e necessar! to fit an artificial sta$ilit! s!ste% si%ilar in theor! to that #sed $! the =#rofighter *et, "here the craft is inherentl! #nsta$le, $#t the co%p#ting po"er on $oard is 9#ic) eno#gh to control

I. INTROD CTION The da!s "hen onl! the s#per rich co#ld afford to travel $! air %a! $e a distant %e%or!, $#t on long&ha#l services, the pre%i#% class passengers still effectivel! s#$sidise toda!'s econo%! seats. (ince the s#dden increase in n#%$er of passengers, the iss#e of facilities and %ore n#%$er of seats $eca%e cr#cial to the aviation ind#str!. Despite the glo$al 'credit cr#nch, the a%o#nt of ti%e and effort spent in creating pre%i#% facilities %eans that tho#gh these are testing ti%es for all airlines, those carriers "ho feel the ti%e is right for change have p#shed ahead "ith their ne" loo) pro*ects regardless. This ena$les the% to )eep #p "ith the co%petition and $e in an even stronger position "hen econo%ic recover! $egins. For this p#rpose to facilitate the passengers "ith %ore feat#res the si+e of the aircraft This revie" paper criticall! gives the latest research and develop%ent of aviation sectors incl#ding %eans of air travel etc. Iss#es disc#ssed in this field are e,plained #nder the follo"ing heads Fl!ing cars (#personic aircrafts .oeing /0/ Air$#s A123

II. FL4IN5 CAR( Fl!ing car is %ore often a 6oll!"ood creation than an act#al realit! and even at this point "here technolog! %ight $e advanced eno#gh to %a)e it possi$le, one *#st gets the feeling that there %ight $e plent! of hassles "hen ever! other person is allo"ed to ta)e the s)ies. Moller International has $een on a co#rse to %odif! the Ferrari 788 5T. into a fl!ing car A#tovolantor, a car "ith an a$ilit! to lift !o# o#t of traffic and

Fig#re 1 Fl!ing Car.

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(R&/1 .lac)$ird s#personic s#rveillance aircraft. AD>ANC=( IN A>IATION %ove%ent. 6o"ever, this does re9#ire the fit%ent of a large "ing, "hich folds over the $ac) of the car. Moller calc#lates that the A#tovolanter "ill re9#ire over 233$hp to achieve his o$*ectives, $#t even a highl! t#ned version of the Ferrari >1< "o#ld $e of no #se, as it's a heav! engine that is not s#ited to Moller's prop#lsion s!ste%. Instead, the A#tovolanter #tilises a h!$rid s!ste% of rotar! engines "ith a$o#t 1<3$hp and electric %otors "ith nearl! 733$hp. The car's range is li%ited $! the a%o#nt of f#el it carries on $oard, as e,tra "eight %eans less ti%e in the air and %ore po"er re9#ired to get air$orne. II. ( ?=R(ONIC AIRCRAFT( A s#personic aircraft is one that is designed to e,ceed the speed of so#nd in at least so%e of its nor%al flight config#rations. The great %a*orit! of s#personic aircraft toda! are %ilitar! or e,peri%ental aircraft. Most of the%, incl#ding %an! %ilitar! fighter aircraft are designed to e,ceed the speed of so#nd onl! in certain e,ceptional flight regi%es@ a handf#l of aircraft, s#ch as the (R&/1 .lac)$ird %ilitar! reconnaissance aircraft and the Concorde s#personic civilian transport, are designed to cr#ise contin#o#sl! at speeds a$ove the speed of so#nd. (#personic flight $rings "ith it s#$stantial technical challenges, as the aerod!na%ics of s#personic flight are dra%aticall! different fro% those of s#$sonic flight A 'e., flight at speeds slo"er than that of so#ndB. These challenges have largel! $een %et. 6o"ever, political, environ%ental, and econo%ic o$stacles of greater %agnit#de contin#e to severel! li%it the act#al deplo!%ent of s#personic aircraft, partic#larl! in the civilian "orld. Additionall!, the need and de%and for s#personic flight have often $een ins#fficient to *#stif! develop%ent or deplo!%ent of s#personic aircraft, partic#larl! in the do%ain of civilian transport. (R&/1 and Concorde aircraft are no longer fl!ing toda!. Altho#gh Concorde "as highl! profita$le in service, d#e to lo" %ar)et a%ong operators A o"ing to sonic $oo%@ relativel! high f#el cons#%ption and poor rangeB in t#rn %a)ing it #nprofita$le for %an#fact#rers to prod#ce these )inds of aircraft. $%&erso! c A rcra(t No se: The FAA is soliciting technical infor%ation fro% other Federal agencies, ind#stries, #niversities, and other interested parties on the %itigation of sonic $oo% fro% s#personic aircraft. It is tr!ing to deter%ine "hether there is s#fficient ne" data s#pported $! flight over land. These doc#%ents solicit infor%ation on the latest research and develop%ent activities directed at %itigating sonic $oo%. This infor%ation "ill $e #sed for f#t#re r#le%a)ing actions. NA(A is concl#ding a series of flight tests to %eas#re shoc) "aves generated $! an F&17 *et in an effort to validate co%p#ter %odels that co#ld $e #sed in designing 9#ieter s#personic aircraft. The pro*ect, )no"n as Lancets ALift and No++le Change =ffects on Tail (hoc)B, e%$odies research ai%ed at ena$ling the develop%ent of co%%ercial aircraft that can fl! faster than the speed of so#nd "itho#t generating anno!ing sonic $oo%s over land. A sonic $oo% is created $! shoc) "aves that for% on the front and rear of an aircraft. The $oo% lo#dness is related to the strength of the shoc) "aves. The for%ation of the shoc) "aves is dependent on the aircraft geo%etr! and the "a! in "hich the "ing generates lift. D#ring the flight tests at NA(As Dr!den Flight Research Center in =d"ards, California, one of t"o F&17s generall! follo"ed 133 feet to 733 feet $elo" and $ehind the other, %eas#ring the strength of the leading aircrafts shoc) "aves at vario#s distances #sing special instr#%ents. 5lo$al ?ositioning (!ste% relative positioning "as #sed to g#ide the pilot of the pro$ing aircraft to a test position and for acc#rate reporting of %eas#re%ent locations. Lancets is the latest in a series of NA(A pro*ects investigating the effects of aircraft geo%etr! and lift on the strength of shoc) "aves.

Fig#re < An air&to&air overhead front vie" of an

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Fig#re 1 .oeing /0/.

AKG JOURNAL OF TECHNOLOGY, vol. 1, no.1

III. .O=IN5 /0/ The .oeing /0/ is a "ide $od! co%%ercial airliner, often referred to $! the nic)na%e C:#%$o :etD. It is a%ong the "orld's %ost recogni+a$le aircraft and "as the first "ide $od! ever prod#ced. Man#fact#red $! .oeing's Co%%ercial Airplane #nit in the (, the original version of the /0/ "as t"o and a half ti%es the si+e of the .oeing /3/, one of the co%%on large co%%ercial aircraft of the 18E3s. First flo"n co%%erciall! in 18/3, the /0/ held the passenger capacit! record for 1/ !ears. The fo#r&engine /0/ #ses a do#$le dec) config#ration for part of its length. It is availa$le in passenger, freighter and other versions. .oeing designed the /0/'s h#%p&li)e #pper dec) to serve as a first class lo#nge or Aas is the general r#le toda!B e,tra seating, and to allo" the aircraft to $e easil! converted to a cargo carrier $! re%oving seats and installing a front cargo door. .oeing did so $eca#se the co%pan! e,pected s#personic airliners, "hose develop%ent "as anno#nced in the earl! 18E3s, to render the /0/ and other s#$sonic airliners o$solete, $#t that the de%and for s#$sonic cargo aircraft "o#ld $e ro$#st into the f#t#re. The /0/&033, the latest version in service, is a%ong the fastest airliners in service "ith a high&s#$sonic cr#ise speed of Mach 3.27 A7E/ %ph or 811 )%FhB. It has an intercontinental range of /,<E3 na#tical %iles A2,173 %i or 11,073 )%B. The /0/&033 passenger version can acco%%odate 01E passengers in a t!pical three&class la!o#t or 7<0 passengers in a t!pical t"o& class la!o#t. The ne,t version of the aircraft, the /0/&2, is in develop%ent, and sched#led to enter service in <313. The /0/ is to $e replaced $! the .oeing 41 Apart of the .oeing 4ello"stone ?ro*ectB in the f#t#re.

)es #! E((ort: lti%atel!, the high&"inged CG&6L( .oeing design "as not #sed for the /0/, tho#gh technologies developed for their $id had an infl#ence. The original design incl#ded a f#ll&length do#$le&dec) f#selage "ith ro"s of eight&across seating and t"o aisles on the lo"er dec) and seven&across seating and t"o aisles on the #pper dec). 6o"ever, concern over evac#ation ro#tes and li%ited cargo& carr!ing capa$ilit! ca#sed this idea to $e scrapped in earl! 18EE in favor of a "ider single dec) design. The coc)pit "as, therefore, placed on a shortened #pper dec) so that a freight& loading door co#ld $e incl#ded in the nose cone@ this design feat#re prod#ced the /0/'s distinctive C$#lgeC. .oeing, ?an&A% and ?ratt H Ihitne! agreed to develop a ne" engine, designated :T8D to po"er the /0/. The pro*ect "as designed "ith a ne" %ethodolog! called fa#lt tree anal!sis, "hich allo"ed the effects of a fail#re of a single part to $e st#died to deter%ine its i%pact on other s!ste%s. To address concerns a$o#t safet! and fl! a$ilit!, the /0/'s design incl#ded str#ct#ral red#ndanc!, red#ndant h!dra#lic s!ste%s@ 9#adr#ple %ain landing gear and d#al control s#rfaces. The "ing's lo" %o#nting allo"s the flaps to capt#re airflo" #nder the%, increasing gro#nd effects. )es #!: The .oeing /0/ is a large, "ide&$od! At"o&aisleB airliner "ith fo#r "ing&%o#nted engines. The "ings have a high s"eep angle of 1/.7 degrees for a fast, efficient cr#ise of Mach 3.20 to 3.22, depending on the variant. The s"eep also allo"s the /0/ to #se e,isting hangars. (eating capacit! is %ore than 1EE "ith a 1&0&1 seat arrange%ent Aa cross section of 1 seats, an aisle, 0 seats, another aisle, and 1 seatsB in econo%! class and a <&1&< arrange%ent in first class on the %ain dec). The #pper dec) has a 1&1 seat arrange%ent in econo%! class and a <&< arrange%ent in first class Raised a$ove the %ain dec), the coc)pit creates a h#%p. The raised coc)pit is to allo" front loading of cargo on freight variants. The #pper dec) $ehind the coc)pit provides space for a lo#nge or e,tra seating. The Cstretched #pper dec)C $eca%e availa$le as an option on the /0/&133. variant and later as standard on the /0/&133. The /0/'s %a,i%#% ta)eoff "eight ranges fro% /17,333 po#nds A111,033 )gB for the &133 to 8/3,333 l$ A018,827 )gB for the &2. Its range has increased fro%

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7,133 na#tical %iles AE,133 %i, 8,233 )%B on the &133 to 2,333 n%i A8,<33 %i, 10,217 )%B on the &2I.. AD>ANC=( IN A>IATION The /0/ has %#ltiple str#ct#ral red#ndanc! incl#ding fo#r red#ndant h!dra#lic s!ste%s and fo#r %ain landing gears "ith 1E "heels, "hich provide a good spread of s#pport on the gro#nd and safet! in case of tire $lo"&o#ts. The red#ndant %ain gear allo"s for landing on t"o opposing landing gears if the others do not f#nction properl!. In addition, the /0/ has split control s#rfaces and sophisticated triple&slotted flaps that %ini%i+e landing speeds and allo" the plane to #se standard&length r#n"a!s. For transportation of spare engines, earl! /0/s co#ld acco%%odate a non&f#nctioning fifth&pod engine #nder the port "ing of the aircraft $et"een the nearest f#nctioning engine and the f#selage. I>. AIR. ( A123 It's the largest passenger *et ever $#ilt, so h#ge that airports have to $e redesigned to acco%%odate it. It can pac) in %ore passengers and cargo than an! other co%%ercial airliner, !et its designers clai% it "ill act#all! increase efficienc!, #se less f#el and generate less noise. The Air$#s A123 is tr#l! a giant. It has a "ingspan of <E1.2 feet A/8.2 %etersB, a length of <18.7 feet A/1 %etersB and a %a,i%#% ta)e&off "eight of %ore than 1.< %illion po#nds A703,333 )gB.

real passengers providing %ore space regardless of class of tic)et, "ider seats and aisles. Optional lo"er dec) #se for rest areas, $#siness, $ar or other a%enities can f#rther enhance the A123 travel e,perience.

Fig#re 7 (tr#ct#ral details of Air$#s A123 The realit! is, econo%! class seats "ill $e a$o#t 1 inch A<.70 c%B "ider, "hile first&class seats %a! fold do"n into $eds. (o%e have even s#ggested that the A123 co#ld $e o#tfitted as a Cl#,#r! *et,C co%plete "ith a casino, shops, hot t#$s and do#$le $eds. Fig#re 0 Air$#s A123. A plane this si+e can potentiall! carr! h#ndreds %ore passengers than toda!'s airliners. The A123's t"o passenger dec)s A"ith a cargo dec) $elo"B co#ld $e o#tfitted in a single& class config#ration to ta)e on #p to 203 passengers. 6o"ever, Air$#s isn't foc#sing on that option, instead designing a three& class config#ration for 777 passengers. That's still a %ar)ed increase over the 01E passengers that can fit into a .oeing /0/&033, the c#rrent leader in passenger capacit!. *!ter or $et%&: The A123's t"in&aisle, t"in&dec) passenger ca$in offers the long&distance traveler a "hole ne" level of co%fort. A ca$in designed aro#nd a large sa%ple of toda!'s The operating cost of an A123 is not s#$stantiall! greater than that of the .oeing /0/ Athe closest passenger *et in si+e and capacit!B. =ver! e,tra passenger on an A123 represents %one! %ade $! the airline a$ove and $e!ond "hat the! co#ld have %ade on a s%aller plane. The increased range also helps add to an increased n#%$er of Cseat&%ilesC per flight. The end res#lt is a drop in per&passenger operating costs of 17 to <3 percent, according to Air$#s. The #se of light"eight %aterials has helped to )eep the "eight do"n, "hile e,tensive "ind&t#nnel testing has res#lted in the opti%#% aerod!na%ic shape for the A123. (pecial da%peners )eep the noise level co%ing fro% the engines do"n to a$o#t half that of other *#%$o *ets.

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Car$on fi$er, a strong, light $#t e,pensive %aterial, is #sed on )e! parts of the A123. Ro#ghl! <7 percent of the plane's overall str#ct#re is %ade fro% car$on&fi$er reinforced plastic ACFR?B. Tec+! ca" $&ec ( cat o!s: The chart co%pares the Air$#s A123 "ith the .oeing /0/&033 Athe 033 is the %ost recent and $est&selling versionB. This chart is $ased on the $asic config#ration of the A123, tho#gh several variations are planned, incl#ding the A123F Afor freightB. Federal =,press has alread! ordered 13 of the F version for deliver! in <332.
TA.L= 1 COM?ARI(ON OF T=C6NICAL (?=CIFICATION( Air$#s 123 Meas#re%ents Iingspan Length 6eight Ieight- =%pt! /8.2 % A<E1 ft 13 inB /1.3 % A<18 ft E inB <0.1 % A/8 ftB E13,/33 l$s A<//,333 )gB E0.0 % A<11 ft 7 inB /3./ % A<11 ft 13 inB 18.0 % AE1 ft 2 inB 188,333 l$s A121,333 )gB .oeing /0/&033

AKG JOURNAL OF TECHNOLOGY, vol. 1, no.1

Ieight- Ma, Ta)eoff 1,<10,E33 l$s A7E3,333 )gB 2/7,333 l$s A18/,333 )gB Capacit!FLa!o#t Cre" < < 01E ?assengers Athree& 777 class arrange%entB

>. R=F=R=NC=( J1K =.:. .randon1, LIntegration of ?assive Co%ponents For (pacecraft AvionicsD, *!!ovat ve A&&roac+es to O%ter ,"a!etary E-&"orat o! .//01././, :et ?rop#lsion La$orator!, California Instit#te of Technolog!, (A, <331. J<K LAvionics ?o"er for Co%%ercial AircraftD, Man#al of aviation po"er of Crane Aerospace H =lectronics, <332. J1K LAvionics ?o"er for Militar! AircraftD, Man#al of aviation po"er of Crane Aerospace H =lectronics, <332. J0K =ric C. Neider%ao, L. Fo$es, L6#%an Factors Considerations for Aviation (ec#rit! TechnologiesD, An internet search on http-FF""".google.co%. J7K C. (. Li#, LAviation ?o"er =lectronics =d#cation in Tai"anD, An internet search on http-FF""".google.co% JEK T.Matoh, M.A%a)o, 6.A)achi, LNe" 6eat Cond#ctor for Avionics Cooling D, An internet search on http-FF""".google.co% J/K LT#rning a Ferrari into a fl!ing carD, An internet search on http-FF""".cnet.co%. J2K L(#personic Aircraft NoiseD, An internet search on http-FF""".faa.gov. J8K L.oeing /0/D, An internet search on http-FFen."i)ipedia.org. J13K LAircaft fa%iliesF A123D, An internet search on http-FF""".air$#s.co%
Saifullah Khalid is an Air Traffic Control Officer in Airports A#thorit! of India, Ne" Delhi. 6e possesses e,perience of over E !ears of teaching, research and ind#strial e,perience. ?resentl! p#rs#ing ?h.D. fro% I.=.T., L#c)no", ?T . 6e has a#thored three $oo)s and over 12 technical papers. 6e is a Me%$er of International Association of =ngineers AIA=N5B, 6ong Mong. ?resentl! he is "or)ing in the field of Application of ?o"er =lectronics in Aircraft =lectrical (!ste%.

(eating config#ration T"o dec)s, t"o aisles per(ingle dec) aisles Miscellaneo#s Range (ervice ceiling Top cr#ising speed Long&distance cr#ising speed ?o"er plant 2,333 n% A10,233 )%B 01,333 ft A11,133 %B Mach 3.22 A<88 %FsB Mach 3.27 A<28 %FsB

dec),

t"o

/, <20 n% A11,081 )%B 01,333 ft Mach 3./8 A<E3 %FsB Mach 3./E A<7< %FsB

0 Rolls&Ro!ce Trent 8330 ?ratt H Ihitne! t#r$ofans Ainitiall! /3,333 l$?I037E t#r$ofans thr#st@ cleared at 23,333 l$A7E,333 l$ thr#st thr#st JrefKBJrefKB or 0 =ngine Alliance 5?/<33 t#r$ofans Aappro,. 2<,333 l$ thr#st JrefKB

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