Table of contents Task A INTRODUCTION Objecti es T!eoretical calculation T!e antici%ate& 'a efor(s for iL) L * R ,!en t!

!e in&uctor is L-2. ,!en t!e in&uctor is L-#. ,!en t!e in&uctor is L-+.

1 2 2 2 "-#-$ + + / 0 11 11 11 10 21 21 21 21 2# 2# 2$ 2+ "1 "2 ""

Table Si(ulate t!e circuit o%eration T!e non-linear res%onse 'a efor(s for 2L) 2R) an& IL Anal3sis an& &iscussion Task 4 Intro&uction Objecti e T!eoretical calculation T!e corres%on&in5 %!asor &ia5ra( Sketc! t!e antici%ate& 'a efor(s for 2R) 2L * 2C Si(ulate t!e circuit o%eration Use (ulti(eters to erif3 eac! %!asor (a5nitu&es Use oscillosco%es to erif3 %!ase an5le &ifferences 6relati e to source olta5e7 Anal3sis an& &iscussion Conclusion

TASK A Series R-L Circuit

Intro&uction An RL circuit is that contains only resistors and inductors connected with Dc power source. The current, I that flows through an inductor produces a magnetic flux that is proportional to it Inductor is an electric component that stores energy in its magnetic eld.In R-L circuits, the inductor stored the energy in the form of a magnetic field established by the current through Objecti es alculate the theoretical response of the circuit and carry out a software simulation. !imulate a series R"L circuit to determine the non"linear response #during charging and discharging phases$, by calculation and simulation. Determine the effect of the circuit response, of changing the si%e of inductors #i.e. to repeat the experiment with & different si%es of inductors$. !tudy the transience due to inductors using a series RL circuit and understand the time 'Time onstant concept #($' for R ) L circuit. T!is %art 'ill be &one b38 i9 Obtain t!e rele ant t!eoretical alues *hich is re+uired," A. alculate the -alues of iL, -L . -R. iL " current through the inductor, -L " -oltage across the inductor, and -R " -oltage across the resistor$ /sing three different si%es of inductors 0. !1etch the anticipated wa-eforms for iL, -L . -R ii9 Si(ulate t!e circuit o%eration *hich is re+uired," A. apture the non"linear response wa-eforms. 0. Identify the rele-ant parameter magnitudes

A%%aratus8 The components used to implement this assignment are

2" 3oltage source 4" Resistance &" Inductor 5" 4 switch

:i519 RL circuit 6nce all the components listed abo-e are complete. i9 Obtain t!e rele ant t!eoretical alues A. alculate the -alues of iL, -L . -R. Ste% one, L 7 48, R721 3729 17 Current t!rou5! t!e in&uctor

$A 27 2olta5e across t!e in&uctor

3 "7 2olta5e across t!e resistance 3R7 : #2";"t< ($ $3

Ste% t'o, L 7 58, R721 3729 17 Current t!rou5! t!e in&uctor

27 2olta5e across t!e in&uctor

3 "7 2olta5e across t!e resistance 3R7 : #2";"t< ($ $3

Ste% t!ree, L 7 =8, R721 3729 17 Current t!rou5! t!e in&uctor

A 27 2olta5e across t!e in&uctor "7 3R7 : #2";"t< ($ $3 2olta5e across t!e resistance

A9 Sketc! t!e antici%ate& 'a efor(s for iL) L * R *hen L74

:i592 2L c!ar5in5 an& &isc!ar5in5 %!ase

:i59" IL &urin5 c!ar5in5 %!ase

:i59# IL &urin5 &isc!ar5in5 %!ase

:i59$ 2R &urin5 c!ar5in5 an& &isc!ar5in5 %!ase

*hen L758

:i59+ 2L &urin5 c!ar5in5 an& &isc!ar5in5 %!ase

:i59; IL &urin5 c!ar5in5 %!ase

:i59/ 2R &urin5 c!ar5in5 an& &isc!ar5in5 %!ase

*hen L7=

:i590 2L in c!ar5in5 an& &isc!ar5in5 %!ase

:i5911 2R &urin5 c!ar5in5 an& &isc!ar5in5 %!ase

:i5911 IL &urin5 c!ar5in5 %!ase

Time # T$ 9 9.999> 9.992 9.992> 9.994 9.994> 9.99& 9.99&> 9.995 9.995> 9.99> 9.99>> 9.99= 9.99=> 9.99? 9.99?> 9.99@ 9.99@> 9.99A 9.99A> 9.92

3L # 3oltage across the inductor$ 29 ?.?@@99 @ =.9=>&9 ? 5.?4&== = &.=?@?A 5 4.@=>95 @ 4.4&2&9 4 2.?&??& A 2.&>&&> & 2.9>&AA 4 9.@49@> 9.=&A4? A 9.5A?@? 2 9.&@??5 4 9.&92A? 5 9.4&>2? ? 9.2@&2> = 9.254=5 4 9.2229A 9.9@=>2

3R # 3oltage across the resistance$ 9 4.422AA 4 &.A&5=A & >.4?=&& 5 =.&4249 = ?.2&5A> 4 ?.?=@=A @ @.4=44= 2 @.=5==5 ? @.A5=99 @ A.2?A2> A.&=9?4 2 A.>9424 A A.=244> @ A.=A@94 = A.?=5@4 & A.@2=@5 5 A.@>?&> @ A.@@@A2 A.A2&5@

IL # current through the inductor$ 9 4.422AA 4 &.A&5=A & >.4?=&& 5 =.&4249 = ?.2&5A> 4 ?.?=@=A @ @.4=44= 2 @.=5==5 ? @.A5=99 @ A.2?A2> A.&=9?4 2 A.>9424 A A.=244> @ A.=A@94 = A.?=5@4 & A.@2=@5 5 A.@>?&> @ A.@@@A2 A.A2&5@

10

? & 9.9=?&? A.A&4=4 A 2 Table.2 during charging phase

& A.A&4=4 2

ii9

Si(ulate t!e circuit o%eration

1. The non"linear response wa-eforms for

,!en t!e in&uctor is L-2.

3L, 3R, and IL

Birst with -oltage across the inductor 3L

:i5912 olta5e across t!e in&uctor &urin5 c!ar5in5 %!ase *hen the switch is closed the coil in the inductor will pre-ent a changes of current instantaneously, conse+uently the current through the circuit remain Cero at first.

11

According to ohmDs law 3R 7 IER while I79 when the switch is closed. !ince I76, 3R7 #o$ER 3R79.

FirchhoffDs laws state that in a closed loop, the sum of the emf is e+ual to the sum of the potential drop. Brom this :73RG3L !ince the -oltage across the resistance is e+ual to Cero, 3R79 Then :79G3L :73L

Brom this we can conclude that the -oltage across the inductor starts at its maximum -alue and then decrease exponentially.

:i591" 2olta5e across t!e in&uctor &urin5 &isc!ar5in5 %!ase Brom the moment the switch is open the -oltage stored in the inductor will be discharge in the circuit followed by a changes of the direction of the current which gi-es our -oltage negati-e -alue. This can be pro-en by the figure abo-e where we can clearly see the cur-e decreasing from the negati-e side to %ero. A fully HdischargedH inductor #no current through it$ initially acts as an open circuit #-oltage drop with no current$ when faced with the sudden application of -oltage. After HchargingH fully to the final le-el of current, it acts as a short circuit #current with no -oltage drop$.

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 !econd current through the inductor

:i591# Current t!rou5! t!e in&uctor in c!ar5in5 %!ase IL *hen the switch is closed the current iL will buildup from %ero, establishing a -oltage drop across the resistor and a corresponding drop in -L. The current will continue to increase until the -oltage across the inductor drops to %ero -olts and the full impressed -oltage appears across the

13

resistor. Initially, the current iL increases +uite rapidly, followed by a continually decreasing rate until it reaches its maximum -alue of :<R as shown in the figure abo-e.

:i591$ Current t!rou5! t!e in&uctor in &isc!ar5in5 %!ase IL *hen the switch, is opened, the current flowing through the coil will start to fall but the inductor will again fight against this change and try to 1eep the current flowing at its pre-ious -alue by inducing a -oltage in the other direction. The current will decay from a maximum of Imax7:IR to Cero, but in the opposite direction to the initial.

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 Third 3oltage across the resistance

.. :i591+ olta5e across resistance &urin5 c!ar5in5 %!ase 2R *hen the switch is closed IL will increase rapidly at first, Then, -R would also increase in the same pattern until all the applied -oltage, :, appears across the resistor. *e can see that the -oltage drop across the resistor depends upon the current, i the -oltage across #3R$ increases until it reaches the maximum -alue so in this point it will be full charge. After that the -oltage decrees until reaches its minimum -alue.

15

:i591; olta5e across resistance &urin5 &isc!ar5in5 %!ase 2R If the series R-L circuit of Big abo-e had reached steady"state conditions and the switch were +uic1ly opened, a spar1 would probably occur across the contacts due to the rapid change in current from a maximum of E<R to %ero amperes. The solution would be to add 2 more resistor in the circuit in order to a-oid the sudden discharge of the inductor through the circuit. Brom the figure abo-e we can obser-e the beha-ior of the -oltage across the resistance. At first, the -oltage across the resistance is same as the -oltage across the inductor which will decrease gradually until it reach %ero as shown in the graph abo-e.

,!en t!e in&uctor is L-#.

16

:i591/ 2L in c!ar5in5 an& &isc!ar5in5 %!ase

:i5910 2R &urin5 c!ar5in5 an& &isc!ar5in5

:i5921 IL &urin5 c!ar5in5 an& &isc!ar5in5 %!ase *hen the inductor is L7=8

17

:i5921 2L &urin5 c!ar5in5 an& &isc!ar5in5 %!ase

:i5922 2R &urin5 c!ar5in5 an& &isc!ar5in5 %!ase

:i5 92" IL &urin5 c!ar5in5 an& &isc!ar5in5 %!ase Anal3sis an& &iscussion

18

2. Theoretical calculation, . Brom the theoretical calculation we can see that, 'Time onstant #($ which is calculated from this e+uation, ( 7L<R changing each time we change the -alue of the inductor during charging and discharging phases. This means when the si%e of the inductor has changed, all the parameters of the circuit remain the same and the only parameter that has been changed is the time constant. The !1etch for the anticipated wa-eforms for iL, -L . -R done by substitute -alue for the T in the final formula and Table.2 shows the -alue for 3L,3R, and IL. Brom the -alue shows in Table.2 we can draw the s1etch for the anticipated wa-eforms for IL,3L, and 3R using Jicrosoft :xcel program from the anticipated wa-eforms we got we can see the -oltage across the inductor #3L$ decrease in charging phase when the switch is closed and increase in discharging phase when the switch is opened but in opposite direction it is because the -oltage stored in the inductor will be discharge. Bor the -oltage across the resistance #3R$ increase during charging phase and decrease during discharging phase and finally for the current across the inductor #IL$ we can see is similar to the -oltage across the resistance which is increase during charging phase and decrease during discharging phase. This process done by using 48 of the inductor if we obtain the other si%e for the inductor we will get different -alue but the same graph represent the increase and decrease in both charging and discharging phase. 4. !imulate the circuit operation. Brom the graphs showed abo-e using Jultisim program we can notice, when the si%e of the inductors change we still get the same wa-eforms for both charging and discharging phases for each one 3L,3R, and IL. This mean the RL"circuit it does not affected by change the -alue of the inductor but affected to the change of the time constant #($. 3L -oltage across the inductor we can see from fig.29 when the switch is closed the -oltage across the inductor starts at its maximum -alue and then decrease exponentially. *hen the switch is opened the inductor will act as a short circuit the -oltage we will get negati-e -alue itDs because the -oltage stored in the inductor will be discharge and the cur-e will decreasing. IL current through the inductor when the switch is closed the current iL will build up from %ero. The current will continue to increase until the -oltage across the inductor drops to %ero, thatDs why we can see the current iL increase. *hen the switch, is opened, the current flowing through the coil will start to fall the current will decay and start to decrease. 3R -oltage across the resistance when the switch is closed IL will increase rapidly at first, Then, 3R would also increase in the same pattern until all the applied -oltage, :, appears across the resistor.*hen the switch is opened the -oltage across the resistance is same as the -oltage across the inductor which will decrease gradually until it reach %ero.

Task 4
19

R-L-C series circuit

INTRODUCTION An RL circuit #or L R circuit$ is an electrical circuit consisting of a resistor, an inductor, and capacitor, connected in series or in parallel. The inductor, li1e a capacitor, is an energy"storing de-ice. The capacitor stores energy in the form of an electric field while the inductor stores it in the form of a magnetic field. Objecti es alculate the theoretical response of the circuit and carry out a software simulation onstruct the series R"L" circuit to determine the non"linear response #during charging and discharging phases$, by calculation, simulation and actual measurement #using the 6scilloscope$ This part will be done by, a7 Obtain t!e t!eoretical alues of t!e olta5es across eac! co(%onent9 *hich is re+uired," #i$ alculate the phasor -alues 3R, 3L . 3 3R" -oltage across the resistance 3L"3oltage across the inductor 3 "3oltage across the capacitor #ii$ Draw #to scale$ the corresponding phasor diagram to -erify the resultant -alues #iii$ !1etch the anticipated wa-eforms for 3R, 3L . 3 b7 Si(ulate t!e circuit o%eration of t!e 5i en circuit9 *hich is re+uired," #i$ /se multimeters to -erify each phasor magnitudes #ii$ /se oscilloscopes to -erify phase angle differences #relati-e to source -oltage$ C7 Circuit construction I. II. III. *hich is re+uired," onstruction RL series circuit Jeasurement using the Jultimiter. Jeasurement using the oscilloscope

A%%aratus8 The components used to implement this assignment are

20

>" A 3oltage source =" Two resistance 21 ?" Tow Inductor >.=m8 @" Two capacitor 449uB

Big.45 R"L" circuit 6nce all the components listed abo-e are complete. *e can see from the fig abo-e we connected the two resistors, two inductors and two capacitors in series. The -alues of each resistor, inductor and capacitor are 21K, >.=m8 and 449LB respecti-ely. And the A power is 243rms, >.&= 18% and the phase angle is &9M. iii9 Obtain t!e rele ant t!eoretical alues i-. alculate the -alues of 3R, 3L, and 3 . Birst letDs start to calculate the e+ui-alent -alue for the two resistorsN two inductors and two capacitors which are connected in series, as shown below :+ui-alent resistance :+ui-alent inductance 7 21K G21K 7 41 K 7 49 9 7 >.=m8G>.=m8 722.4 m8 722.4 8

:+ui-alent capacitance After we calculated the total for each component the circuit we loo1 li1e this

21

Big.4> R"L" circuit

After that , we will calculate the reacti-e inductor #OL $and the reacti-e capacitor #O $across respecti-ely which gi-en by this e+uation,

Pow we find the total reactance O < - <L =<C

22

After that we calculate the total impedance using this >T - R = 6<L -<C7 QCT 7 4R29S&6MKG #T&??.2A4"T9.4=AA$ 7 49&>.4929.=?M K As gi-en the Ac -oltage is

Pow we find the urrent i using 6hmDs Law

A Therefore

#ii$ Dra' 6to scale7 t!e corres%on&in5 %!asor &ia5ra( to erif3 t!e resultant alues
23

!nap 2 phasor diagram for 3R. 3L and 3 #iii$ Sketc! t!e antici%ate& 'a efor(s for 2R) 2L * 2C

!nap4.wa-eform for 3R, 3L and 3 a7 Si(ulate t!e circuit o%eration9

24

In this part we will use Jultisim software to simulate the circuit operation. Birst letDs start with #i$ /se multimeters to -erify each phasor magnitudes

Big.4= Illustration of the gi-en circuit In the fig below all the components of the circuit are connected with the multimeter to -erify the phase magnitudes across each element. It shows the results after connecting the components of the circuit with the multimeter

Big.4? 3alues of -oltages across each component #ii$ Use oscillosco%es to erif3 %!ase an5le &ifferences relati e to source olta5e

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In this step we will use the oscilloscopes to show the difference relati-e to the source across each component and to see the difference between 3 and 3R, 3 and 3L, 3 and 3 respecti-ely.

Big.4@ *a-eforms of 3 and 3R Birst for 3 and 3R the -oltage across the resistance and the -oltage source. The figure abo-e shows the wa-eforms of the -oltage across resistance #3R$ and the -oltage source #3$. These -oltages are 243 for 3 and 22.?A4 for 3R. . *e can see from the figure the difference in pea1s between the wa-es for 3 and 3R .The reason is that the -oltage is higher comparing to the -oltages across the resistors. The -oltages are 243 for : and 22.?A43 for resistors.

As we 1now the angle for 37 &9M and for 3L759.=?M, so, from these data we get the 3R is leading, because the angel for -oltage across resister is bigger than the other one across the source.

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Big.4A *a-eforms of 3 and 3L !econd for 3 and 3L the -oltage across the inductor and the -oltage source. The figure abo-e shows the wa-eforms for the -oltage source #3$ and -oltage across inductors #3L$. *e can see that the difference between these wa-eforms is big the wa-eform for the #3$ is much higher comparing with that for #3L$.This is because the -oltage across the #3$ is big compare to the -oltage across inductors. The -oltages are 243 for 3 and 4.443 for 3L. As we 1now the angle for 37 &9M and for 3L72&9.=?M, so, from these we get the 3L is leading, because the angel for -oltage across indicter is bigger than the other one across the source.

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Big.&9 *a-eforms of 3 and 3 Third for 3 and 3 the -oltage across the capacitor and the -oltage source The figure abo-e had shown the wa-eforms of the -oltage across capacitors #3 $ and the -oltage source #3$. *e can see that the difference between these wa-eforms is -ery bigN the wa-eform for the #3$ is higher comparing with that for #3 $.This is because the -oltage across the #3$ is big compare to the -oltage across inductors. The -oltages are 243 for 3 and 9.942293 for 3 . As we 1now the angle for 37 &9M and for 3 "U>A.4@M so, from these we get the 3 is lagging, because the angel for -oltage across capacitor is smaller than the other one across the sores. Brom these we get the 3 and 3R is in phase because the angel for -oltage across capacitor is smaller than the other one across the source.

C7 Circuit construction

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I.

onstruction RL series circuit

777 ircuit assembly, Brom the snap below we ta1e the breadboard and place 4 inductors with >.=m8 for each and 4 resistors with 21 for each and 4 capacitors with 449uB for each. Then we connect them by A power supply.

!nap.& R"L" series circuit

I9

?easure(ent usin5 t!e ?ulti(iter9

Brom the snap abo-e I connected the circuit with the multimiter to measurement the -oltage across each element 3R, 3L, and 3 . I started measure the -oltage across the resistance which ga-e -alue of 2R-119+1 3 which is similar to the -alue in the theoretical calculation. Then I measured the -oltage across the inductor which ga-e -alue of 2L-29#$ 2 which also similar to the -alue in the theoretical calculation And the last I measured the -oltage across the capacitor which we I got -alue of 2L-191/1 (2 in this case I donDt get the -alue same as the theoretical calculation itDs because for the practical application we use different -alues for capacitor that ha-e been used in the simulation part and the -alues selected for the calculation and simulation could not be found in the mar1et which is it 449uB with 53.

I29

?easure(ent usin5 t!e oscillosco%e

29

*e use oscilloscopes to -erify phase angle differences between the -oltage source and the -oltage across the resistance #3R$ and the -oltage across the inductor #3L$ and the -oltage across the capacitor #3 $

!nap.5 3oltage across the resistance and the -oltage source The snap abo-e showing the wa-eform for the -oltage source #3$ and the -oltage across the resistance #3R$, we can notice that the wa-eform for the -oltage source is higher comparing to the -oltage across the resistance.

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!nap.> 3oltage across the inductor and the -oltage source The snap abo-e showing the wa-eform for the -oltage source #3$ and the -oltage across the inductor #3L$, we can see that the wa-eform for the -oltage source is higher comparing to the wa-eform for the -oltage across the inductor.

!nap.= 3oltage across the capacitor and the -oltage source

The snap abo-e showing the wa-eform for the -oltage source #3$ and the -oltage across the capacitor #3 $, we can see that the wa-eform for the -oltage source the much higher comparing to the -oltage across the capacitor also in pea1 is -ery big.

Anal3sis an& &iscussion8

31

0ased on the result displayed abo-e, we can clearly notice that the theoretical calculation -alues are almost similar to the -alue obtained in the simulation process. Bor the Jeasurement using the Jultimiter the circuit measured and it was similar to the simulation part but different for the capacitor this because we couldnDt find the re+uired -alue which it is 449uf with 5 3olt and for the phasor diagram we changed the e+uation for 3R, 3R, and 3 from polar form to rectangular so we can get the real part and imaginary part so we can draw the phasor diagram also for s1etch the anticipated wa-eform we notice that 3L leads 3R and 3 lags 3R. And for the -erify phase angle using the oscilloscopes we noticed that the -oltage source wa-eform is higher comparing to the -oltage across the resistance and across the inductor 8owe-er, the measured -alue obtained from the lab is a bit different from the calculated -alue especially the -oltage across the capacitor with a different of 2.>2 -olt this because we couldnDt find the re+uired -alue which it is 449uf with 5 3olt. This can be explaining by the lac1 of ideality of the components used during the lab section because the when simulating or calculating all components we considered being ideal.

Conclusion

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0ased on the result displayed abo-e for Tas1 A we can clearly notice that the theoretical calculation -alues are almost similar to the -alue obtained in the simulation process. Also when the si%e of the inductor has changed, all the parameters of the circuit remain the same and the only parameter that has been changed is the time constant during charging and discharging phases in addition to that we still get the same wa-eforms for both charging and discharging phases for each one 3L,3R, and IL. This mean the RL"circuit it does not affected by change the -alue of the inductor. 3oltage across the inductor in charging phase starts at its maximum -alue and then decrease exponentially and the inductor will act as a short circuit, also the current through the inductor the current iL increases +uite rapidly, followed by a continually decreasing rate until it reaches its maximum -alue of :<R and the -oltage across #3R$ increases until it reaches the maximum -alue !o in this point it will be full charge. After that the -oltage decrees until reaches its minimum -alue. Also for Tas1 0 based on the result that mentioned abo-e the three part theoretical calculation, simulation and practical and compare the resultant -alues between analysis, simulation and practical we can notice the result is so close to each other expect in practical part only the capacitor ha-e different -alue this because I used capacitor with 53 and it was re+uired capacitor with 2=3

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Reference 2. Introductory circuit analysis by 0oylestad chapter 24, R-L TRAP!I:PT!, !T6RAV: W L: 4. Bundamental of analysis of circuit by . F. Alexander and J. P. 6. !adi1u chapter ?, first order circuit &. Inductor in Dc ircuit from http,<<www.learnabout" electronics.org<acXtheory<dcXccts55.php
4. A circuits, alternating current electricity from http://www.animations.physics.unsw.edu.au/jw/AC.htm

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