EL TERREMOTO DE TOCOPILLA DEL 14 DE NOVIEMBRE DE 2007 Y SUS REPLICAS: RUPTURA Y ROL EN LA SISMICIDAD DEL NORTE DE CHILE

S. Peyrat1,4; Fuenzalida1,3,, A.; Lancieri, M. 3; Ruiz, S.2; Madariaga, R. 3; Campos, J.4

1

Institut de Physique du Globe, 4 Place Jussieu, 75251 Paris Cedex 05, France Departamento de Geologa, Facultad de Ciencias Fsicas y Matemticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile 3 Laboratoire de Gologie, Ecole Normale Suprieure, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, Francia. 4 Depto. de Geofsica, Facultad de Ciencias Fsicas y Matemticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
2

email: madariag@geologie.ens.fr

RESUMEN El terremoto de Tocopilla del 17 de Noviembre de 2007, M=7.7, es el primer terremoto chileno registrado por una red de instrumentos de alta calidad incluyendo sismgrafos, acelermetros y antenas GPS con registro continuo. A estos datos se agregan instrumentos con disparo automtico e interferogramas que permiten completar las observaciones. En esta presentacin se estudian los procesos de ruptura del sismo principal y todas sus rplicas de M>6. Se confirma que la ruptura del terremoto principal estuvo confinada a una banda de unos 30 km de ancho a lo largo de la costa chilena entre Tocopilla y la Pennsula de Mejillones. Unas 24 horas despus del sismo principal un par de rplicas de magnitud entre 6 y 6.8 se produjeron frente a Mejillones, hacia el mar extendiendo as la zona de ruptura. Finalmente, el 16 de diciembre se produjo bajo Michilla un sismo de profundidad intermedia en el interior de la placa de Nazca. Este sismo es de tipo slab-push, similar al de Punitaqui de Octubre de 1997. A pesar de tener una zona de ruptura muy extendida (ms de 130 km), el terremoto de Tocopilla solo rompi la parte inferior de la zona sismognica en el contacto entre las placas de Nazca y Sudamricana. Esta zona puede volver a romperse con otros terremotos de magnitud similar, como ya ha sucedido en Mxico o Lima, Per; o participar en la ruptura de un futuro mega-terremoto de M>8.7 en el norte de Chile. La observacin sistemtica de esta regin debera ser una prioridad. SUMMARY The 17 November 2007, Tocopilla earthqake, m=7.7 is the first Chilean earthquake that was recorded by a high quality instrumental network including seismometers, accelerometers and continuous GPS recorders. To these data we added triggered accelerometers and interferograms in order to complete the information. In this presentation we study the main event and its main aftershocks of M>6. We find that the rupture zone of the main event was a narrow band of about 30 km along the deeper part of the plate interface between Tocopilla and Mejillones. 24 hours after the main event two aftershocks of m 6 and 6.8 extended the rupture ocean-wards from Mejillones.

CONGRESO CHILENO DE SISMOLOGIA E INGENIERIA ANTISISMICA. X JORNADAS.

Finally, on December 16 an intermediate depth event occurred under Michilla; This event had a socalled slab-push mechanism similar to that of Punitaqui in 1997. In spite of a long rupture zone more than 130 km long, the Tocopilla earthquake broke a narrow zone of the plate interface between the Nazca and South American plates. This plate can break in further earthquakes of similar magnitude as it has already happened in Central Chile (1928, 1971 and 1985) or Central Peru and Mexico. Or, maybe, be part of a much larger rupture similar to that of M 8.7 in 1877. Monitoring this region should be a priority.

INTRODUCTION For more than 30 years Northern Chile and Southern Peru have been recognized as a mature seismic gap (Kelleher, 1972; Stauder, 1973; Nishenko, 1985; Dorbath et al. 1990; Comte and Pardo, 1991; Fig. 1).. This region from 17S to 23S, roughly, from Ilo (Peru) to Antofagasta (Chile) is a part of the Andean subduction zone where the Nazca plate subducts under the South American plate. A mature seismic gap was defined in the 1970s by Kelleher (1972) as a region that has not experienced a large earthquake in the last 30 years. In Northern Chile and Southern Peru the last large earthquakes before November 2007 occurred in 1868 and 1877. . The first of the series, in 1868 in Southern Peru, produced substantial damage in all the coastal cities of what was then Peru and Bolivia (Silgado, 1968; Lomnitz, 1970; Kelleher, 1972; Dorbath et al, 1990, De Louis, 1997). The second mega earthquake occurred nine years later, in 1877, mainly affecting the cities between 21 and 24S. These two events are very large, with magnitudes close to 9 as estimated from the large tsunamis they generated (Kausel, 1986). Tsunamis run-ups resulted in catastrophic destruction: the city of Arica was severely damaged by ensuing tsunamis which reportedly reached runups of up to 15 m. Since the plate convergence between the Nazca plate and the South American plate in Northern Chile is of the order of 7-8 cm/year, a total of about 10 to 11 m of slip deficit has accumulated since the 1877 earthquake. According to usual scaling laws for subduction earthquakes a slip deficit of 11 m is what one expects for earthquakes of magnitude higher than 8.5. Thus, it was concluded in the 1980s that the Northern Chile gap was approaching maturity and there was an important probability that a large earthquake, perhaps a repeat of the 1877 event, could occur in the near future. Two large earthquakes have since occurred in the two gaps; one on June 2001 near Arequipa in Peru and the 2007 earthquake in Tocopilla. It is clear now that the estimation that the area was reaching maturity was correct, but that the earthquakes that are occurring in the gaps are smaller than expected.
Table 1 Tocopilla earthquake and its main aftershocks Date 14 Nov 2007, 15 Nov 2007, 24 Nov 2007, 13 Dic 2007, 13 Dic 2007, 16 Dic 2007, 15:40:50.0 GMT 15:03:08.8 GMT 17:55:54.5 GMT 07:23:40.4 GMT 05:20:22.9 GMT 08:09:22.5 GMT Latitude [S] 22.34 22.86 22.92 23.19 23.14 23.02 Longitude [W] 70.06 70.41 70.48 70.55 70.47 70.40 Depth [Km] 51 27 35 19 21 33 Mw 7.8 6.8 6.1 6.2 6.0 6.7

CONGRESO CHILENO DE SISMOLOGIA E INGENIERIA ANTISISMICA. X JORNADAS.

Since the 1877 great earthquake, no shallow events greater than 7.5 have been reported in the Northern Chile seismic gap between 17S-23S, from Arica to Antofagasta respectively. The only exception from this zone corresponds to 1933 earthquake determined by Gutenberg and Richter (1954) at 20S, 71W which they assigned a 7.6 magnitude, and several earthquakes that took place near Tocopilla around 1970-1971 and that were studied by Malgrange and Madariaga (1984).

Figure 1. Rupture zones of the largest earthquakes that took place in the South America bend in the XIX century. The 1868 event extends for nearly 500 km while the 1877 covers mainly the 700 km to the south. The 2001 earthquake in southern Peru covers part of the 1868 gap, while the November 14, 2007 Tocopilla earthquake ruptured the southern end of the 1877 gap.
THE 14 NOVEMBER 2007 EARTHQUAKE IN TOCOPILLA The 2007 Tocopilla earthquake ruptured the southern end of 1877 seismic gap. Its aftershock series and kinematic modeling of the slip distribution of this earthquake show that ruptured for about 150 km from Tocopilla to Mejillones. Since the 1877 mega earthquake had an estimated rupture length of about 700-km from Arica to Mejillones, the 2007 event ruptured only a fraction of the 1877 gap. The Figure 2 shows the main features of the November 14, 2007 mainshock and its aftershock. We relocated the main aftershocks using all available data and a master event technique. The aftershocks covered an area 150 km long by 30 km wide. All the large aftershocks were concentrated at the southern end of the rupture area, close to the Mejillones Peninsula, and took place trenchward of the region of greater moment release by the main shock. As can be seen also from Fig. 2, the aftershock on December 16, 2007 (Mw 6.7), was a slab push (down-dip compression) event placed downdip of the main interplate coupling zone, about 120 km south of the main shock epicenter. Table 1 shows the locations and basic characteristics we have been able to determine for the main event and its major aftershocks using relocation and teleseismic body-wave

CONGRESO CHILENO DE SISMOLOGIA E INGENIERIA ANTISISMICA. X JORNADAS.

modeling.

Figure 2. Mechanism and location of the Tocopilla earthquake of 14 November 2007 and its main aftershocks. All the aftershocks except that of 16 December 2007 have a typical thrust mechanism. That of December 16 is a very rare slab push event. AVAILABLE DATA

Data for the study of the November 14, 2007 earthquake is available from three sources: The global network of stations distributed by the IRIS data center in the USA. The main event was recorded by more that 1000 stations around the globe. These data can be used to study the low frequency features of the earthquakes for periods longer than about 10 s for S waves and somewhat shorter for P wave. They provide information about fault plane solutions, distribution of energy flow as a function of time and space, measurement of seismic moment, etc. In Northern Chile there is also a network of 10 accelerometers run jointly by the Department of Civil Engineering and the Department of Geophysics (DGF) of Universidad de Chile. They recorded the main event and the largest aftershocks with excellent signal to noise ration, but they could not record smaller aftershock because they have a trigger that only records data for the very largest events. In the same area the DGF of Universidad the Chile deployed a temporary network of five short period seismic stations to study the aftershock series. Within a month, the number of stations was increased to more than 25 thanks to the installation of a short period network by GFZ from Postdam Germany. The other source of original data for the study of the 2007 earthquakes is provided by Integrated Plate Boundary Observatory in Chile (IPOC) network, a joint international effort between Geoforschung Zentrum Potsdam (GFZ), Institute de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), and the Universidad de Chile. The IPOC network consists of: ten multi-parameter monitoring stations, including

CONGRESO CHILENO DE SISMOLOGIA E INGENIERIA ANTISISMICA. X JORNADAS.

seismometers and accelerometers with continuous satellite transmission. The number of stations was increased to 12 since the earthquake occurred. Since the accelerometer network records continuously we have literally thousands of events recorded. An example of the available data for the main event is shown in figure 3. For the first time in Chile the accelerometric network surrounded the rupture region providing a unique opportunity to study the details of rupture process using both kinematic and dynamic near field analysis. These data will also be used for the characterization of strong ground motion during large subduction earthquakes in Chile.

Figure 3 Accelerometer records available for the study of the 14 November 2007 Tocopilla earthquake. The star is the location of the main shock. Red dots are preliminary locations of the aftershocks obtained by DGF in Santiago and the USGS. The records are the vertical components of acceleration at the indicated stations. For the purpose of clarity only part of the available data is shown in the picture.

RELOCATION OF AFTERSHOCKS We determined the location of all possible aftershocks using all the available data from the accelerometric network and temporary stations. We read the continuously recording accelerogram records, integrated them to ground velocity and automatically detected the P and S-wave arrivals recorded by the network. Finally the picked phases were attributed to specific events using a space correlation algorithm. Locations were then determined using the Nonniloc program that that looks for the best location consistent with observations using a Bayesian approach. The results are shown in Figure 4 that plots the aftershocks detected during the first two days after the main event. Each location in Figure 4 is plotted as a projection of the likelihood that the earthquake is located at a certain point in space.

CONGRESO CHILENO DE SISMOLOGIA E INGENIERIA ANTISISMICA. X JORNADAS.

Figure 4. Accurate locations of aftershocks of the first 2 days after the main shock of Tocopilla on 14 November 2007. The events were located with a Bayesian technique, so that we actually plot the probability density for the location of an event. We observe that the aftershock zone is elongated in the NS direction, except off-shore of the Mejillones Peninsula. NEAR FIELD INVERSION AND SLIP DISTRIBUTION We investigated the detail rupture process of the Tocopilla earthquake of the 14 November 2007 and its main using strong motion data. One of the most essential questions for the Tocopilla earthquake is to understand why the main rupture area of this earthquake, inferred from the complex space-time aftershock distribution, did not extent trenchward and further north, and at South, and what is the

CONGRESO CHILENO DE SISMOLOGIA E INGENIERIA ANTISISMICA. X JORNADAS.

role of the Mejillones peninsula that seems to act as a barrier. Because of the network configuration, we have a good resolution on the inverted slip distribution in the north-south direction, but the eastwest extent of the slip is less resolved. However, the first attempt to study the source process of this earthquake shows a complex source with at least two slip asperities with different dynamical behaviour.

. Figure 5. Slip distribution determined from near field displacements integrated from accelerograms in the 0.01-0.1 Hz frequency band. Line contours plotted every 0.5 m. Inset shows the moment rate function. Black star is the hypocenter, grey star the location of the second source, smaller white stars the main aftershocks. Black arrow is the slip direction projected onto the surface. Open circles are the aftershock distribution of Figure 4. The strong motion records we used have absolute time and high dynamic range so that they can be used to do a detailed kinematic inversion of the rupture process. In order to remove a number of inaccuracies with the integration of accelerometer records we high-pass filtered the strong motion

CONGRESO CHILENO DE SISMOLOGIA E INGENIERIA ANTISISMICA. X JORNADAS.

records removing frequencies lower than 0.01 Hz. As already mentioned, the Tocopilla earthquake occurred inside the recently deployed permanent strong motion network of GFZ, IPGP and DGF. It was also very well recorded by the strongmotion network operated by the University of Chile. In order to obtain a reliable image of the source process we need a good density and coverage of the strong motion data, small distances from the source in order to reduce multipathing, good quality of records and a good knowledge of the velocity model. We believe that elliptical patch approximations is adequate for situations like Northern Chile where the station locations are roughly 50 km apart and the velocity structure is not known in enough detail. We chose to perform a low frequency inversion from 0.01 to 0.1 Hz. This frequency range contains most of the energy of the signal and enough details to determine an eventual source complexity. We parameterized the source process as a succession of elliptical patches, a parameterization proposed by Valle and Bouchon (2004) to model far field waveforms for teleseismic events. Each patch produces a simple ellipsoidal slip distribution. A slip patch is determined by six parameters: two coordinates for its centre, the angle orientation of the ellipse, its two semi-major axes and the peak value of slip at the center of the ellipse. The mechanism is assumed to be constant over the whole fault. The rupture is assumed to develop radially from the hypocenter, at constant rupture speed. For the computation of synthetics, once the slip distribution is assumed, the slip history on the whole fault is approximated as a set of discrete slip patches and synthetics are computed with the spectral discrete wave-number method. In kinematic inversion, we also have to introduce a local source time function; we used a triangular slip rate time function of 3 sec of duration.

Figure 6. Near field inversion of the Tocopilla earthquake of 14 November 2007. With continuous line we plot the observed records integrated from accelerograms in the frequency band from 0.010.1 Hz. The broken lines show the synthetics computed for the best inverted model. Relative misfit is 0.5. We inverted for the parameters of each patch using the neighbourhood algorithm, a nonlinear inversion method proposed by Sambridge (1999). The cost function is the L2 norm of the differences between synthetics and data. The data and synthetics were corrected displacement waveforms filtered in the 0.01-01 Hz band. For the main shock, inspired by previous broad band far

CONGRESO CHILENO DE SISMOLOGIA E INGENIERIA ANTISISMICA. X JORNADAS.

field modelling by Delouis et al (2009), we decided to invert a source model consisting in a simple set of two elliptical slip patches that ruptured circularly starting from the hypocenter at constant rupture speed for each patch. The result of kinematic inversion of the Tocopilla earthquake, shown in Figure 5, presents two well defined slip patches elongated in a roughly North-South direction. Rupture started almost right below the PB04 strong motion station and propagated bilaterally at a constant speed of 2.4 km/s; it then stopped just north of the city of Tocopilla, but continued to propagate southwards breaking a second asperity to the South at a constant speed of 2.7 km/s. The mean rupture velocity is about 2.65 km/s, lower than the fixed value of the teleseismic inversion. The first asperity has a maximum slip of 2.6 m and the second one 2.4 m. This is our favourite source model. We also tried other models but the basic features do not change. The fit of the observed data is excellent as shown by figure 6. The conclusion from kinematic inversion is that the Tocopilla earthquake ruptured the interplate seismic zone over more than 130 km and generated several large aftershocks, mainly located south of the rupture area. The main shock started near the Northern end of the rupture zone, below the PB04 accelerometer, some 20 km SE of of Tocopilla. Rupture propagated mainly southward with a clearly identified second event that started about 23 s after the main shock and was located 47-49 km south from the hypocenter. The network configuration resolves well the slip distribution along the strike of the Chilean subduction zone, but does a much worse job in identifying the slip distribution in the E-W direction. In spite of this difficulty, we believe that we have identified the main aspects of the complex source process that gave rise to the Tocopilla earthquake.

Figure 7. Inversion of the 16 December 2007 slab push aftershock. The available stations are shown by the red circles. The Fault trace is the almost NS line next to the PB5 station. The result of the kinematic inversion is shown in the inset. The red dots are proportional to slip, the cyan circles are the positions of the relocated aftershocks of the 16 december event.

CONGRESO CHILENO DE SISMOLOGIA E INGENIERIA ANTISISMICA. X JORNADAS.

In addition to the main shock we also inverted for the kinematics of the two main aftershocks of 15 November 2007 listed in Table I, the results are discussed in the paper by Peyrat et al (2010). INVERSION OF THE 16 DECEMBER 2007 AFTERSHOCK Of particular interest from a seismological and mechanical point of view is the aftershock that occurred at the southern end of the rupture zone on 16 December 2007 (see Table I). This event occurred on an almost vertical fault at 45 km depth. We interpret this event as a fault inside the subducted Nazca plate. Events of this kind were studied by Lemoine et al (2003) and Gardi et al (2007). They are significant events because they can be used to infer the state of stress in the subduction zone after a major earthquake, occurs. Figure 7 shows the location of the earthquake and the network of strong motion data available for the inversion. As expected this event has a small rupture surface shown in the inset the figure. The fit to the data could be improved by a dynamic inversion of the source. The results are excellent and even surprised us. The solution shown on the right of Figure 8 is very simple. A rupture started at the deep blue zone and then propagated almost like a circular crack until it stopped at the unbreakable edges of the fault producing large stopping pahses that completely dominate the displacement pulses up to 2 Hz.

Inverted 9 near field 3-comp displacement records Start phase

0.02-2 Hz band

Main stopping phase Start phase

stopping phase

EW component Residual RMS 0.285

Figure 8. Results of dynamic inversion for the 16 December slab-push earthquake. A total of 9 stations integrated to displacement and filtered between 0.02 and 2 Hz were used in the inversion. We plot observed (black) and modelled (blues) EW records at five stations. The inset shows the rupture process on the fault deduced from inversion.

CONGRESO CHILENO DE SISMOLOGIA E INGENIERIA ANTISISMICA. X JORNADAS.

CONCLUSIONS We determined the source process of the 2007 Tocopilla earthquake and of its largest aftershocks using non-linear kinematic inversion methods. Figure 9 shows a summary of the slip distributions of these earthquakes and a scenario of the rupture process. The mainshock was a multiple event with two major sub-asperities distributed roughly North-South below the coastline. Our kinematic inversion indicates that rupture stopped just north of the Mejillones peninsula, near the Northern edge of the rupture zone of the Mw 8 Antofagasta earthquake of 30 July 1995. The largest aftershocks of 15 November as well as several of the smaller ones were located off the Mejillones peninsula near the Southern termination of the rupture zone. One month later, on 16 December 2007 a large aftershock of Mw 6.8 occurred inside the downgoing slab just below the second asperity of the mainshock. Although as mentioned earlier, our data does not provide enough resolution in the EW direction, our inversion results imply that rupture occurred only on the lowermost part of the seismogenic interface between the Nazca and South American plates. This is confirmed by the relocated aftershock distribution of Figure 4.

Figure 9. Overall view of the rupture process of the 14 November 2007 earthquake in Tocopilla (patches 1a and 1b), its 2 main aftershocks of 15 November 2007 and the slab-push aftershock of 16 December. Geodetic data by Bejar et al. (2008) also confirm that rupture occurred near the bottom of the seismogenic zone. It appears then that only part of the stresses accumulated since the 1877 megathrust earthquake were relieved in November 2007. In contrast to the 1995 Antofagasta earthquake where, South of the Mejillones peninsula, most of the coupled zone ruptured; North of the peninsula, the shallower part of the coupled zone closest to the trench, does not seem to have ruptured in the 14 November 2007 event. It did rupture, however, at least partially, during some of the aftershocks of the main event. The remaining of the plate interface, oceanwards from the 2007 rupture zone may be still locked, or might have silently slipped during the main event or in the postseismic period. Seismic data can not resolve this question, only geodetic observations currently being studied may shed some light on the very important question whether the stresses accumulated near Tocopilla were fully relaxed during this event or whether this was only a foreshock to an even

CONGRESO CHILENO DE SISMOLOGIA E INGENIERIA ANTISISMICA. X JORNADAS.

greater event that will rupture the entire plate interface. Continuous monitoring of the seismic and geodetic activity of the plate boundary may provide answers to this and other important questions about the rupture of long standing seismic gaps. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work has been supported by the LIA Montessus de Ballore of the Department of Geophysics University of Chile and CNRS, France. Research support was provided by ANR projects SEISMULATORS and DEBATE in France and by Centro Internacional de Investigacin de Terremotos M. de Ballore de ICMMideplan, Chile.

REFERENCES
Bejar-Pizarro, M., Carrizo, D., Socquet, A., Armijo, R., de Chabalier, J.B., Nercessian, A., Charade, O., Ruegg, J.C., Barrientos, S., & Campos, J., 2008. Rupture Geometry and Slip Associated With the 2007 November 14 Mw = 7.7 Tocopilla (Chile) Earthquake, as Preliminary Determined by InSAR and GPS Observations. Eos Trans. AGU, 89(23), Jt. Assem. Suppl., Abstract S24A-02 Compte, D. and M. Pardo, (1991) Reapprisal of great historical earthquakes in the northern Chile and Southern Peru seismic gaps. Nat. Hazards, 4, 23-44. Delouis, B., T. Monfret, L. Dorbath, M. Pardo, L. Rivera, D. Compte, H. Haessler, J.P. Caminade, L. Ponce, E. Kausel and A. Cisternas, (1997) The Mw=8 Antofagasta (Northern Chile) earthquake of 30 July 1995: a precursor to the end of the large 1977 gap. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 87, 427-445. Delouis, B., Pardo, M., Legrand, D., and Monfret, T., (2009). The Mw 7.7 Tocopilla Earthquake of 14 November 2007 at the Southern Edge of the Northern Chile Seismic Gap: Rupture in the Deep Part of the Coupled Plate Interface. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 99, 87-94. Dorbath, L. A. Cisternas, C. Dorbath, (1990) Quantitative assessment of great earthquakes in Peru, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 80, 551-576. Gardi, A., Lemoine, A.; Madariaga, R.; Campos, J., (2006) Modeling of stress transfer in the Coquimbo region of central Chile, J. Geophys. Res., 111, B04307, 10.1029/2004JB003440. Kausel, E. (1986) Los terremotos de Agosto de 1868 y Mayo de 1877 que afectaron el Sur del Per y Norte de Chile, Boll. Acad. Chil. Ciencias, 3, 8-12.. Kelleher, J. (1972) Rupture zones of large South American earthquakes and some predictions, J. Geophys. Res., 77, 2087-2103. Lemoine, A., Madariaga, R. & Campos, J., 2002. Slab-pull and slab-push earthquakes in the Mexican, Chilean and Peruvian subduction zones. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 132, 157-175. Lomnitz, C. (1971) Grandes terremotos y tsunamis en Chile durante el perodo 1535-1955, Geofis. Panamericana, 1, 151-178. Malgrange, M. and R. Madariaga (1983), Complex distribution of large thrust and normal fault earthquakes in the Chilean subduction zone. Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc., 73, 489-506. Nishenko, S., (1985) Seismic potential for large and great interplate earthquakes along the Chilean and Southern Peruvian margins of South America: A quantitative reappraisal, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 3589-3615. Peyrat, S., R. Madariaga, E. Buforn, J. Campos, G. Asch, and J.P. Vilotte. Kinematic rupture process of the 2007 Tocopilla earthquake and its main aftershocks from teleseismic and strong motion data. In press Geophys. J. Int., 2010. Silgado, E., (1968) Historia de los sismos notables ocurridos en el Per (1513-1960); Bol. Bibliogr. Geofis. Oceanogr. Amer., 4, 193. Sambridge, M., (1999). Geophysical inversion with a neigbourhood algorythm -I. Searching a parameter space. Geophys. J. Int., 138, 479-464. Stauder, W. (1973) Mechanism and spatial distribution of Chilean earthquakes with relation to subduction of the oceanic plate, J. Geophys. Res., 78, 5033-5061.