Chemistry Second Semester Vocabulary

pressure the force per unit area on a surface ideal gas an imaginary gas that perfectly fits all the assumptions of the kinetic-molecular theory kinetic-molecular theory a theory based on the idea that particles of matter are always in motion standard temperature and pressure the agreed upon standard conditions of exactly 1 atm pressure and 0 C absolute zero the temperature of -273.15 C, given a value of zero in the Kelvin scale standard molar volume the volume occupied by one mole of a gas at STP, 22.4 L diffusion spontaneous mixing of the particles of two substances caused by their random motion solute the substance dissolved in a solution solvent the dissolving medium in a solution solution a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances in a single phase electrolyte a substance that dissolves in water to give a solution that conducts electric current nonelectrolyte a substance that dissolves in water to give a solution that does not conduct electric an current Bronsted acid a molecule or ion that is a proton donor Bronsted base a molecule or ion that is a proton acceptor weak acids an acid that contributes only a few protons in solution strong acids an acid that contributes many protons in solution ionization any process that results in the formation of ions neutralization the reaction in solution of protons and hydroxide ions to pH the negative of the common logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration acid/base indicator a substance whose color is sensitive to pH equilibrium a dynamic condition in which two opposing changes occur at equal rates in a closed system Le Chateliers principle When a system at equilibrium is disturbed by application of stress, it attains a new equilibrium that minimizes the stress

reversible reaction a chemical reaction in which the products re-form the original reactants molar heat of vaporization the amount of heat energy needed to vaporize one mole of a liquid at its boiling point molar heat of fusion the amount of heat energy required to melt one mole of solid at its melting point specific heat the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one Celsius degree (1C) or one Kelvin (1 K). reaction rate the change in concentration of reactants and per unit of time as a reaction proceeds the rate at which reactants are used up the rate at which products appear catalyst a substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being permanently changed polymer a large molecule made of many small units joined to each other through organic reactions monomer a small unit that joins with others to make a polymer amino acid the monomer of proteins protein a polymer of amino acids simple sugar the monomer of starches starch a polymer of simple sugars