C.

Feeds and feeding

1. Air dry feed- sufficiently dry so that further exposure to air does not yield more moisture to be evaporated. 2. Alimentary tract- tubular passage of mucous membrane and muscle extending about 8.3 meters from mouth to anus; functions in digestion and elimination. Same as digestive tract. 3. Animal unit- (AU) is the standardized measure of animal use for various agricultural purposes. 4. Appetite- a desire for food or water; generally a long term phenomenon, in contrast to short term satiety. 5. Average Daily Grain- a significant factor in assessing growth rates in most food animal species. 6. By-pass protein- is the protein which escapes (or by passes) digestion in the rumen. This is then digested in the lower tract of the animal and absorbed as amino acid to be used for productive function. 7. Compensatory growth- growth that occurs after a period of under-feeding when the animal regains lost weight. 8. Concentrate- any feed low (under about 20%) in crude fiber and high (over about 60%) in TDN on an air dry basis. A concentrated force of one or more nutrients used to enhance the nutritional adequacy of a supplement mix. 9. Creep- a pen that is fenced so that young animals can enter but adults cannot. 10. Digestible energy- the part of the gross energy of a feed which does not appear in the feces. 11. Feed additive- non nutrient compound added to livestock feeds to promote growth and production. 12. Feed adulterants- a chemical substance which should not be contained with other substances. 13. Feed cost per kilogram gain- is a useful term when comparing similar regions, breeds and levels of milk production. 14. Feed Efficiency- expression of feed (air dry basic) required per unit of body weight (a feed of efficiency of 2:1 indicates two pounds of feed were required for one pounds, of feed were required for one pound of weight gain). 15. Feed formulation- is the process of quantifying the amount of feeding ingredients that need to put. 16. Flushing- an extra feeding given to cows before mating to increase the lambing percentage. 17. Forb- a broad leaved herb other than a grass, especially one growing in a field prairie or cured form. 18. Fodder- the entire above ground part of nearly mature corn or sorghum in the fresh or cured form.

19. Gross energy- the total heat of comonstion of a material as determined by the use of a bomb calorimeter. 20. Hay- the aerial part of finer- stemmed forage crops stored in the dry form for animal feeding. 21. Herbage- grass and herbaceous feeds. 22. Net energy- energy of a feed that is available to the animal growth. 23. Paddock- an enclosed field which horses are. 24. Pasture- forages that are harvested by grazing animals. 25. Pellets- compacted particles of feed formed by forcing ground material through die openings. 26. Rancid- a term used to describe fats that have undergone partial decomposition. 27. Roughage- any feed high (more than about 20%) in crude fiber and low (less than about 60%) in TDN, on air- dry basis. 28. Satiety- the desire of animal to stop eating. 29. Silage- succulent feed produced from anaerobic and fermentation of forages. 30. Silo- a semi- airtight structure designed for use in the production and storage of silage. 31. Silage- forage cut and feed fresh to animals, also called green chop. 32. Stover- forage which remains after grain removed. 33. Straw- the part of the mature plant remaining after the removal of the seed by threshing or combining. 34. Trace mineral- any one of several mineral elements that are required by animals in very minute amounts. Same as micromineral. 35. Urea- a white, crystalline, water- soluble substance in the formula CO (NH2)2. It is the most extensively used source of non-protein nitrogen for animal feeding.

Reference