The Beginning of Things [13] world pictuer: flat earth in Okeanos with sky as a dome; sky starts at Mount

Olympus; Hades as underworld [14] Greek and Asia Minor known (sometimes sicily), rest as land of fairytales different origins of the Greek (Hellenes, Minoan-Mycenaens) => many gods (of unknown origin) => no orthodoxy Hesiod preserves earliest ideas: Chaos as starting point (not beginning!) => Earth/Gaia, Tartaros, Love/Eros, Darkness/Erebos, Night => Aither/Sky, Day, Heaven/Uranos, Mountains, Pontos/Sea [15] => Okeanos, Koios, Krios, Hyperion, Iapetos, Theia, Rhea, Themis, Mnemosyne, Phoibe, Thetys, Kronos Uranos never worshipped, but Gaia as goddess, worshipped [16] but later "vague figure" and replaced by other goddesses Titans as children of Gaia and Uranos => figures of extreme antiquity => "nature-powers of some sort" "The legend of the Titans consists chiefly in the tale of their battle with the Olympian gods, in itself very possibly a reminiscence of ancient strife between invaders and invaded, with the natural corollary that the gods worshipped by either party shared its struggle and its victory or defeat." 3 Kyklopes (Brontos, Steropes and Arges) and hundred-handed giants [17] Kronos fights Uranos; "Hesiod gives also a whole list of abstractions mostly unconnected with myth and cult alike, and their relations to one another" (Doom, Death, Sleep, Dreams, Pain,...) [18] Night as mother of Hesperides (in garden with dragon => situated in North Africa or Arkadia) and mother of Fates/Moirai ("Klotho (the Spinner), Lachesis (the Apportioner) and Atropos (the Inflexible)"; Atropos about past, Klotho about present and Lachesis about future) [19] Nereus as seagod is father of Nereids (mermaids, e.g. Thetis) [20] fairytale-like story of Polyphem (Kyklop) and Galateia (sea-nymph) [21] Iris as rainbow and messenger of Hera; Harpies and Seirenes as dangerous creatures [22] Gorgons as spirits of Eld => blind and toothless; Medusa and Poseidon as parents of Pegasos [23] Geryon as three-headed monster, son of Chrysaor (Okeanid), and sister Echidna (woman-serpent monster), mother of Kerberos, Hydra, Theban Sphinx, and Nemean Lion => "In all this hideous brood we may safely recognize the influence of non-Greek fancy, chiefly Anatolian, on the Greek mind." => [24] "It is not surprising, considering how little the Greeks liked monstrosities, that these products of an imagination not their own are represented as living in the lower world." Okeanos and Thetys as parents of rivers and Ocean-nymphs Theia/Thea and Hyperion as parents of Sun/Helios and Moon/Selene (both less worshipped) [25] Helios had wife Perseis and daughters Aietes and Kirke, and some affairs (sometimes identified with Apollo) Selene plays important role in magic (sometimes identified with Artemis), less important in mythology [26] 3rd child of Theia and Hyperion is Dawn/Eos/Aurora; heroine of 3 love stories (as pursuer) (with Tithonos, brother of Priam; Orion; (Kleitos)). [27] Sometimes used as euphemism for death: "carried off by Eos". 3rd love-story with Kephalos Titans Krios and Eurybie as parents of Astraios, Pallas, Perses => all unimportant; [28] some of them parents of minor gods or heroes {Rose 1964 #34: 1328} The Younger Gods [111] Young because a) son of Zeus or others, b) imagined young or at least not old c) "an embodiment of the new and progressive character of Greek civilization and thought" APOLLO: "most characteristically Greek of all the gods", "ideal male figure", hold lyre or bow, most famous shrines in Delphoi, Delos, son of Leto, title Lykios/Lykeios [112] => wolf-god, meaning to protect shepards (compare healing-function of Apollo) against wolves, [113] musician and prophetic gifts "patron of medicine, of music, particularly that of the lyre, and of archery"; important in Delphoi, [114] Pythia as prophetess of oracles in Delphoi and lot of Sibyls (with similar functions in different places) [115] Apollo speak through them ASKLEPIOS, son of Apollo: question about original status (god or hero), master of healing [117] "Apollo was generally more or less unhappy in his loves" (e.g. Daphne, Marpessa (daughter of Eunos, son of Ares)). Apollo also turned towards boys (Hyakinthos) [118] Apollo gave Kassandra (daughter of Priam) the gift of prophecy, but being rejected he doomed her that noone should believe her. Similar story between Apollo and the Cumaen Sibyl Apollo and Kyrene => son is ARISTAIOS, "a rustic-deity" [119] an example of the "terrible powers" of Apollo is the killing of Niobe's children (together with Artemis) after Niobe had claimed herself superior to Leto 1

"Apollo is in art the ideal type of young manhood; a similar figure in appearance, but younger and less muscular, is his halfbrother HERMES." Apollo with high-moral development, Hermes as non-moral. HERMES: origin in Arkadia. "connexion with fertility and with all manner of beasts, and the fact that he is god of luck and can give wealth", [120] "connected with human fertility" => phallos "servant and messenger of the greater gods", "principal character is that of the divine herald", protector of travellers, "also is a musician and patron of music", "especial god of young men" => popular in every gymnasium; Hermes also "Guide of Souls (Psychopompos)"; story of birth can be found in 4th 'Homeric' Hymn [122] love stories with mortal women and Aphrodite (=> bi-sexual Hermaphroditos), some (old or local) legends about Hermes and Artemis Italians identified him with their own god Mercurius (similar tasks) [123] DIONYSOS: foreign to Greece, Thracian and maybe Phrygian origin, his mother is Semele (cp. Zemelo, Phrygian earthgoddess) [124] story about nurse Ino, sister of Semele, [125] "It is to be remembered that all the mythology of this group was originally a Boiotian legend or cycle of legends, later overlaid with the popular myth of Dionysos" divine nurses: nymphs of Nysa. "Dionysos adventures fall into two great categories, namely his persecutions by unbelievers in his divinity, and his conquests, peaceful and warlike." (e.g. violent struggle with Pentheus in Euripides' Bacchae); different stories with humans going mad, [126] e.g. in Boiotia the daughters of Minyas "The god himself is always represented as followed by a revel-rout of beings, some divine and some human, Satyrs, Seilenoi, Nymphs and finally Mainades or Lenai (literally,madwomen), human votaries, also known as Bassarides" "All this, wild as it sounds, is but an idealization of the enthusiastic ritual of the god. His worshippers sought, by ecstatic dancing and perhaps also by the use of wine, to become possessed by their god." => Bakchoi [127] "his most common avatars being the bull and the goat, although he often appears as a serpent. He was in fact a god of the fertility of nature; if in Greece he tends to become a wine-god merely" Dionysos appeared to Ikarios in Attica in another story. Another story about turning pirates to dolphins [128] "Satyrs of Dionysos train are spirits of the wild life of woods and hills", quasihuman male with parts of goats and/or horses' tails, "intensely lustful, fond of dancing and revelry, usually cowardly"; in Italy identified with Fauni "Seilenoi are older Satyrs", usually heavily drunk, but wise and good musicians [129] ARES as maybe of foreign origin. not very popular, because not needed (warlike function of Zeus and Athena). Identified with Roman Mars, who has additional agricultural functions. Lover/cult-partner of Aphrodite. Several children. {Rose 1964 #34: 111129} Troy [191] Leda as mother of Kastor (human), Polydeukes (divine), Klytaimestra and Helen [192] the twins share their destiny in heaven and Hades (cp. constellation Gemini) Helen taken by Theseus, married to Menelaos. Going with Paris => Greeks against Troy (other story by Stesichoros: Helen stayed in Egypt, phantom to Troy), forecast to Greeks adventure [193] several delays on the Greeks way to Troy, Protesilaos as first loss during landing [194] story of Paris being exposed and raised by shepherds. Antenor, elder of Troy, virtue and fair-minded => spared by Greeks => survived the war Aineias as part of the peaceparty Hektor "a chivalrous and most valiant warrior, a terror to the Greeks in combat, inferior only to Achilles, and an affectionate husband" with wife Andromache and son Astyanax / Skamandrios "Most of the other sons of Priam are mere names; they appear for a moment in a battlescene, only to be killed or captured by one of the Greek champions." [195] Hekabe "as a majestic but most unhappy figure. She sees her children slain one after another, and her husband cut down in the courtyard of his own palace." [195-198] short description of different Greek heroes (Agamemnon, Menelaos, greater Aias, lesser Aias, Diomedes, Odysseus, Nestor, Achilles) [198] nine years: nothing important happens, 10th year = Iliad; Achilles not taking part in fights => [199] Greeks were driven back Patroklos leeds Myrmidones but killed by Hektor => madness and anger of Achilles => back in fight => new armour => killing Hektor [200] two important contingents supported Troy: Amazons (led by Penthesileia, who was killed by Achilles) and Memnos (with Ethiopians) 2

death of Achilles, suicide of Aias; Trojan horse, [201] Laokoon, capture of Troy; several desasters on the way home Odyssey: Lotus-Eaters, Kyklopes (Polyphemos), [202] island of Aiolos (Odysseus got winds) => blown away from Ithaka; "country of the Laistrygonians, cannibal giants" => only Odysseus' ship survived; Kirke; between Skylla and Charybdis; Seirenes/Sirens; adventure at Thrinakie; meeting with Kalypso [203] from Phaiakes to Ithake; turned to old beggar by Athena. Penelope "kept her many wooers at bay by pretending that before remarrying she must finish a great winding-sheet" (she unrevalled it every night). archery contest => wooers fail, Odysseus succeeds. Different endings afterwards return and killing of Agamemnon [204] return of Menelaos {Rose 1964 #34: 191204} Italian Pseudo Mythology [251] Roman stories "the overwhelming majority of them are not genuine popular native traditions at all, but comparatively late, artificial tales, put together either by Greeks or under Greek influence". "a little analysis shows that almost every incident is either an anticipation of some later real event, a bit of aetiology, or a borrowing readymade of a Greek tale". => There is no native Italian origin [252] Foundation of Rome different stories about Aeneas travelling, but "clearly a tissue of local temple-legends and other traditions put together by Hellenistic writers, and therefore not worth examining in detail in a work like this." Earliest author about the founding is Timaios, earliest Roman author is Cato the Elder. Story according to Vergil [253] Aeneas had to flee => Thrace/Oracle of Delos => Crete => Epeiros => Carthage/Dido => Sicily => Sibyl of Cumae / lower world (=> forecast by Anchises) => Laurentum => fights (killing Turnus = end of Vergil's Aeneid), marrying Lavinia [254] Lavinium and Lanuvium as important places to worship Vesta Publica and Penates Publicii => might be of Samothracian origin (close connected with Troy) [255] King Lavinus of divine origin many greek/arkadian elements in Rome (Lupercalia, Palatine) => visit of Euandros as mythological reason [256] name's origin: "Latinus had had a wife or a sister called Rhome, or Aeneas a son named Rhomos" or Romulus gap of chronology: Aeneas/the fall of Troy at 1190 BC (according to Alexandrian researchers), and foundation of Rome 753 BC => Alba Longa and Rome as a kind of colony => List of kings [257] [... Numitor, Amulius, Rea Silvia, Romulus, Remus...] {Rose 1964 #34: 251256}