Professional Documents
Culture Documents
; Wiratman Wangsadinata
(2)
(3)
Principal PT Geo-Optima, Jakarta. President Director PT Wiratman & Associates and Professor Emeritus Tarumanagara University, Jakarta Professor, University of Texas, Austin, USA
1 INTRODUCTION
The new British Embassy Building in Jakarta will be a 4-story structure with a fundamental building period of less than 1 sec. Considering some structural elements will consist of long span cantilever beams and canopies that are sensitive to vertical ground motions, PT Wiratman & Associates was commissioned to provide a structural design that includes the development of site-specific response spectra for both horizontal and vertical directions. At the present time, there is some ambiguity in determining the vertical spectral accelerations that are mostly derived from the horizontal spectral. For instance, the Indonesian seismic code, SNI 03-1726-2002 [1] stipulates the nominal vertical seismic response factor for Jakarta is taken to as half of the peak ground surface acceleration factor, independent to the natural period of the structure. The nominal vertical seismic response is defined as the elastic vertical response spectrum divided by a seismic reduction factor R that is associated with the ductility of the structure. NewmarkHall [2] specifies the vertical spectrum to be about 2/3 of the horizontal spectral acceleration for all periods. The US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, NRC [3], specifies the ratio of vertical to horizontal spectral acceleration (V/H ratio) as 1 for short period (< 0.3 sec.); 2/3 for long period (> 4 sec) and 2/3 to 1 for periods in between (0.3< t < 4 sec.). With recent increase in strong motion data, the variation of the V/H spectral ratios is predictable and dependent on the magnitude, distance and local soil conditions. Many attenuation models [4, 5, 6] have been developed recently to include the vertical and horizontal components of motion. This paper discusses a procedure to develop a site-specific horizontal and vertical response spectrum for the new British Embassy Building using a Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) approach, where the regional seismicity and local site conditions are taken into account.
and attenuation models that are used in PSHA are discussed in detail by Rudianto, et al. [7]. The computed 500-year peak bedrock acceleration (PBA) is about 0.25 g, with the horizontal response spectrum on rock as shown below (Fig. 1) including the contribution from each source. The seismic hazard was de-aggregated to compute the fraction contribution of each source to the total hazard for PBA=0.25 g (Fig. 2), as well as to determine the controlling magnitude and distance for the 500 year return period. The deaggregation indicates the PBA is controlled by two different seismic sources; near-field background source ( 42% contribution) with M5.7 at mean distance 10 km; and far-field Benioff source ( 58% contribution) with M7.3 at mean distance 150 km.
0.70 Design Rock Spectrum Rock (SNI), Zone 3 0.60 Background Crustal Benioff
0.50
Megathrust
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00 0.01
0.1
10
Period (sec)
0.08
0.04
20-30
30-50
0.00
75-100
150-200
200-300
Ra ng e
100-150
Di st an ce
5. 00 5. -5 50 6. .5 -6 00 0 6. .0 -6 5 0 07. .5 00 7. 0 7. 0 -7 50 0 8. .5 -8 ge 00 0 .0 an -8 0 eR .5 0 ud t i gn Ma
50-75
300-1000
3 APPROACH
At present time, there are no analytical tools available to calculate direct amplification of the vertical ground motions from the bedrock to ground surface, unlike those that have been developed for the horizontal ground motion. While vertical rock response spectra can be predicted from attenuation models and PSHA, it is difficult to perform vertical site response analysis because little data is available regarding the appropriate dynamic soil properties (i.e., constrained modulus, damping ratio in constrained compression, and the variation of these parameters with cyclic axial strain). Additionally, available computer software (e.g., SHAKE) that is used for horizontal site response analysis has not been validated for propagation of vertical waves (P-wave). For practical purpose, the vertical response spectrum is derived from the horizontal spectrum by multiplying a vertical to horizontal (V/H) ratio of spectral acceleration at different periods. The V/H spectral ratio is computed using the following approach: a. Obtain the horizontal response spectrum on rock from PSHA; b. Determine the dominant magnitude(s) and distance(s) from deaggregations; c. Compute the vertical and horizontal spectra using the derived magnitude(s) and distance(s), and available attenuation models that include vertical and horizontal components; d. Develop the ratio of vertical to horizontal spectra for the dominant events; e. Perform site-specific seismic site response analysis (SSRA) to establish the design horizontal surface spectrum that includes local site effects; f. Multiply the recommended V/H spectral ratio to the horizontal surface spectrum to obtain the vertical spectral accelerations at the surface.
0.6
Abrahams on &Silva (M =5.7; D =1 0 km) Campbell (M =5.7; D =1 0 km) Campbell &Bozorgnia (M =5.7; D =1 0 km)
0.5
Abrahams on &Silva (M =7.3; D =1 00 km) Campbell (M =7.3; D =1 00 km) Campbell &Bozorgnia (M =7.3; D =1 00 km) Mean (M =5.7; D =1 0 km)
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 0.01
0.1
Period (sec)
10
0.35
0.3
Spectral Acceleration (g)
Campbell (M =7.3; D =1 00 km) Campbell &Bozorgnia (M =7.3; D =1 00 km) Mean (M =5.7; D =1 0 km)
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0.01 0.1
Period (sec)
10
1.4
Abrahams on &Silva (M =5.7; D =1 0 km) Campbell (M =5.7; D =1 0 km) Campbell &Bozorgnia (M =5.7; D =1 0 km) Abrahams on &Silva (M =7.3; D =1 00 km) Campbell (M =7.3; D =1 00 km)
1.2
Campbell &Bozorgnia (M =7.3; D =1 00 km) Mean (M =5.7; D =1 0 km) Mean (M =7.3; D =1 00 km) Des ign V/H Ratio
V/H Ratio
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0 0.01
0.1
Periode (sec)
10
Three ground motions, one each from the 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake (M5.6, D= 12 km); the 1976 Friuli earthquake (M5.9, D=18 km); and the 1983 Coalinga earthquake (M5.8, D=12 km), representing shallow crustal events recorded on soil sites were used to compute the horizontal and vertical response spectra for soil (Fig. 6). The V/H spectral ratio of actual recorded motions agrees reasonably well with the design recommended values from the attenuation models (Fig. 7). This V/H spectral ratio is then used to develop the vertical response spectrum from the horizontal spectral acceleration at surface as discussed below.
10
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.0001 0.01
0.1
Period (sec)
10
2.1
Imperial Valley
1.8
1.5
V/H Ratio
1.2
0.9
0.6
0.3
0 0.01
0.1
Period (sec)
10
Figure 7 V/H Spectral Ratios from ground motion recordings and from design attenuation models
seismic environments. The median amplification values from the site response analyses (SHAKE), along with the median values predicted from Atkinson and Boore [9], Choi and Steward [10], and PSHA using attenuation models for soil sites [5,9,11] are shown on Fig. 8. A similar approach was used for another project site in Jakarta as reported by Rudianto et al. [7]. The design horizontal spectrum at the surface was developed by weighting the amplification factors from different approaches (Fig. 8) and then multiplying by the design rock spectrum (horizontal) from the PSHA analyses to obtain the 500-year design horizontal response spectrum at the ground surface (Fig. 9). For T 0.5 sec., equal weighting on the SHAKE (analytical) and empirical (seismological) approaches. For T > 0.5 sec., extra weight ( 70%) is placed on the SHAKE results because it models
the exact site period and soil depth, while the empirical approach involves grouping many sites with same Vs-30 m or site classes, in which the site effects get smeared between various sites with different properties (depths, Vs profiles, etc.).
The design vertical response spectrum (Fig. 10) is developed by multiplying the design horizontal surface spectrum (Fig. 9) with the recommended V/H spectral ratio (Fig. 5).
4.0
PSHA
3.5
3.0
Amplification Factor
2.5
Design
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0 0.01
0.1
10
Period (s)
Spectral Acceleration, g
0.6
0.4
0.2
Figure 9 Design Horizontal Surface Response Spectrum for 500 years Event
1.0
Spectral Acceleration, g
0.6
0.4
0.2
Period (s)
Figure 10 Design Vertical & Horizontal Surface Response Spectral (5% Damping)
7 CONCLUSIONS
The vertical response spectrum was developed by: a) using the PSHA approach to determine the bedrock horizontal response spectrum and de-aggregations; b) computing the site-specific V/H spectral ratio for the dominant seismic events; c) conducting SSRA to evaluate the local site effects on the horizontal surface spectrum, and d) multiplying the V/H spectral ratio and the horizontal spectrum to obtain the surface vertical spectrum. Fig. 11 shows the site-specific vertical design spectrum, developed from Figures 5 and 9. This figure also shows for comparison the vertical spectra derived from the horizontal surface spectrum using the NewmarkHall approach and the NRC criteria. The NRC vertical spectrum is much larger than the design vertical spectrum for all periods. The Newmark-Hall approach produces a spectrum rather similar to the design vertical spectrum. This approach is recommended if SSRA is not conducted. Based on the study results and considering the SNI standard response spectrum, for 0.2 sec. T Tc (= corner period) it is apparent that Cv = 0.5 A0 is valid for structures with some level of ductility, associated with a seismic reduction factor of R = 3.0, because the nominal vertical seismic response factor becomes Cv = 0.6 x 2.5 A0/3.0 = 0.5 A0, precisely the value as stipulated in SNI. This level of ductility is indeed the minimum that can be expected to be present in building structures. This is applicable to the new British Embassy Building with a fundamental building period of 0.712 sec. and R= 5.5. For T > Tc the SNI stipulation for Cv = 0.5 A0 becomes more conservative, because for longer natural periods, the response curve is descending, approaching the T axis asymptotically. For T < 0.2 sec. the study results indicate a higher ductility demand to the structure for reaching a value of Cv = 0.5 A0. However, structures in this period range are rare in practice. It is concluded that the SNI stipulation Cv = 0.5 A0 is appropriate and conservative especially for high-rise building, because of the longer natural period of the structure and the higher value of the seismic reduction factor R.
1.0
0.8
Spectral Acceleration, g
NRC
0.4
0.2
Period (s)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The first writer expresses his sincere appreciation to Professor Paul Somerville of Macquarie University, Australia, for his advice in providing a practical approach to develop the V/H spectral acceleration ratio.
REFERENCES
1. Badan Standarisasi Nasional (2002). Tata Cara Perencanaan Ketahanan Gempa untuk Bangunan Gedung, SNI 03-1726-2002 (in Indonesian). 2. Newmark,N.M. and Hall, W.J. (1982). Earthquake Spectra and Design, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, pp. 103. 3. United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (2003) 4. Abrahamson, N.A. and W.J. Silva (1997). Empirical Response Spectral Attenuation Relations for Shallow Crystal Earthquakes, Seismological Research Letters, Vol. 68, No. 1, pp. 94-127. 5. Campbell, K. W. (1997). Empirical Near-Source Attenuation Relationship for Horizontal and Vertical Components of Peak Ground Acceleration, Peak Ground Velocity, and Pseudo-Absolute Acceleration Response Spectra, Seismological Research Letters, Vol. 68, No.1, pp. 154-179. 6. Campbell, K.W. and Y, Bozorgnia (2003). Updated Near-source Ground Motion (attenuation) Relations for the Horizontal and Vertical Components of Peak Ground Acceleration and Acceleration Response Spectra, Bulletin Seismological of America, Vol. 93, pp 314-334. 7. Rudianto, S., Rathje, E. and Soedjono, B. (2006). Site-Specific Seismic Analyses for Deep Alluvial Jakarta Site, Indonesia, a paper presented in the International Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Disaster Mitigation, Jakarta 12-14, May 2008. 8. Schnabel, P.B., J. Lysmer and H.B. Seed (1972). SHAKE: A Computer Program for Earthquake Response Analysis of Horizontally Layered Sites, Report No. EERC/7212, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, UC Berkeley, December.
9. Atkinson, Gail. M. and David M. Boore (2003). Empirical Ground-Motion Relations Subduction-zone Earthquakes and Their Application to Cascadia and Other Regions, Bulletin of the Seismological Vol. 93, No.4, pp. 1703-1729. 10. Choi, Y. and J.P. Stewart (2005). Non-linear Site Amplification as Function of 30 m Shear Wave Velocity, Earthquake Spectra, Volume 21, No.1, pp 1-30, February 2005, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute. 11. Sadigh, K., C.Y. Chang, J.A. Egan, F. Makdisi, and R.R. Youngs (1997). Attenuation Relationships For Shallow Crustal Earthquakes Based on California Strong Motion Data, Seismological Research Letters, Vol. 68, No.1, pp. 180-189.