absolute music Instrumental music based on abstract principles of music theory and form. a cappella Unaccompanied group singing.

accent Strong sound. Accents may be achieved by stress, duration, or position of a tone. acoustics Science of sound. affections Baroque term for human emotions or states of the soul. Age of Humanism Period, characterized by a ne optimism, that began in fourteenth!century Italy and spread throughout estern "urope during the #enaissance. aleatory music See indeterminate music alto (contralto) $o female voice. answer %ominant version of the sub&ect of a fugue. antecedent 'he first of t o balanced phrases, sometimes compared ith a question. aria Songli(e vocal piece, musically e)pressive, ith orchestral accompaniment* generally homophonic in te)ture. ars antiqua (old art) +usical

style of the thirteenth century. ars nova (new art) Prevalent musical style of the fourteenth century. art song ,oncert setting of a poem, usually by a ell(no n poet, to music. athematic 'hemeless. Boulez-s style of serialization, in hich he re&ects the tone ro and avoids clear!cut themes. atonality Avoidance of a tonic note and of tonal relationships in music. augmentation #hythmic variation in hich note values are doubled, ma(ing a theme t ice as slo as in its original presentation. avant-garde $eaders in the development of ne and unconventional styles. B backbeat .eavy accent on the normally ea( second and fourth beats in quadruple meter. ballad /ol( song, strophic in form, that tells a story. ballades Songli(e character pieces. ballad opera "nglish dramatic form in hich humorous and satirical te)ts ere set to popular tunes. band Instrumental ensemble consisting of ood ind,

brass, and percussion sections. A concert or symphonic band may include a fe string instruments as ell. baritone +edium!range male voice. Baroque 'erm, originally meaning irregular, applied to the dramatic, emotional style of seventeenth! and early!eighteenth!century art. bass $o male voice. basso continuo 0roup of instruments, including a lute or (eyboard instrument and one or more sustaining bass instruments, that accompanied Baroque ensemble compositions. beat Basic rhythmic pulse of music. bebop ,omple), highly improvised style of &azz. bel canto 1Beautiful singing.2 "ighteenth!century Italian singing style that emphasized the beauty and virtuosity of the voice. berceuse Piece ith the character of a lullaby. big band ja Another name for s ing. blue notes /le)ible tones, chosen sub&ectively from bet een the half steps of tonal scales. blues 3ocal style that originated as a (ind of African American fol( song and became a form of &azz.

'he classical form is strophic, ith three lines 4t elve bars5 in each verse. boogie-woogie 1Piano blues.2 Piano style derived from the formal and harmonic structure of the blues, but bright in mood and fast in tempo. 'he left hand of the pianist plays a characteristic ostinato pattern. brass 6ind instruments that include the trumpet, trombone, /rench horn, and tuba. break %ramatic, unstable, strongly rhythmic section, as in a march. broken chord 'ones of a chord sounded one at a time in succession, rather than simultaneously. burlesque 3ariety sho featuring satirical humor. ! cadence Stopping point. caden a ")tended passage for solo instrument* typical feature of a solo concerto. call-and-response Solo voice alternating ith a chorus. canon Polyphonic composition in hich all the voices perform the same melody, beginning at different times. cantata +ultimovement dramatic vocal or( on a religious or secular sub&ect,

performed in concert style* shorter than an oratorio. castrato +ale singer, castrated to preserve the unchanged soprano or alto voice. chamber music +usic for a small instrumental ensemble ith one instrument per line of music. chance music See indeterminate music. chant" plainchant" plainsong" #regorian chant +usic to hich portions of the #oman ,atholic service are sung by unaccompanied voices singing in unison. character piece #elatively short piano piece in a characteristic style or mood. chivalry +edieval code of customs and behavior associated ith (nighthood. choir Usually, a vocal ensemble of mi)ed voices. Sometimes, an instrumental ensemble, as a brass choir. chorale ,haracteristic hymn introduced by +artin $uther. chorale prelude Prelude based

on a $utheran chorale tune. chord +eaningful 4as opposed to random5 combination of three or more tones. choreographer 'he person ho arranges the movements of dancers. chorus 3ocal ensemble 4choir5* a composition for performance by a choral ensemble* in popular music, a refrain sung bet een verses of a song. chromatic scale ' elve consecutive half steps ithin the range of an octave. chromaticism Use of tones that are not in the scale on hich a composition is based. classical Hollywood film score $ush orchestral scores particularly associated ith films of the 789:s, 78;:s, and 78<:s. classical style #estrained, ob&ective style of art. Spelled ith a capital letter, ,lassical refers to 6estern music characteristic of the period from about 7=<: to 7>?<. classicism 0eneral term for ob&ective art, restrained in emotional e)pression,

emphasizing formal design. clavichord @eyboard instrument capable of subtle changes of volume and a slight vibrato. clavier 0eneral term for a (eyboard instrument. clef Sign that fi)es the tone represented by each line and space on the staff. closing section "nd of the e)position of a sonataallegro. cluster ,hord, built on seconds, containing any number of tones. coda $iterally, 1tail2* a closing section. coloratura A virtuosic singing style, including rapid runs, elaborate ornamentation, and e)tremely high pitches. combo Small &azz ensemble. comic operas Aperas light in mood, modest in performing requirements, ritten in the vernacular language of the intended audience. concept musical +usical sho presenting ideas sub&ect to the audience-s interpretation and leaving situations unresolved. concert Any music

performance, but usually one by an orchestra, band, or choral ensemble. concertato principle Principle of contrasting the sonorities of different performing ensembles. concertino 0roup of solo instruments in a concerto grosso. concertmaster or concertmistress ,onductor-s assistant, ho is also the orchestra-s first, or principal, violinist. Glossary $%& concerto +ultimovement or( for orchestra and an instrumental soloist. concerto grosso +ultimovement composition for orchestra and a small group of solo instruments. concert overture Anemovement orchestral composition, often inspired by literature and dramatic in e)pression, yet generally sub&ect to analysis according to classical principles of form. concrete music (musique concrte) +usic consisting of recorded and electronically altered sounds. consequent Second of t o

balanced phrases, sometimes compared to an ans er. console Unit containing the (eyboard, pedals, and stops of a pipe organ. consonance Passive sound that seems to be at rest. consort "nsemble of several members of the same instrument family. contrapuntal Polyphonic. cool ja +ild style, performed by bands of a moderate size, often including instruments not traditionally associated ith &azz. !ounter-'eformation ,atholic response to the Protestant #eformation* it proposed certain reforms, including some related to church music. countersubject In a fugue, thematic material, usually derived from or related to the sub&ect. country-western (country and western) American vernacular music rooted in the South, glorifying the guitar and featuring fran( lyrics delivered in an earthy style in southern or country dialect. cover #erecording for

commercial purposes, such as a recording by hite musicians of a rhythm and blues hit. crescendo Becoming louder. !ubism Style in hich geometric planes are imposed on sub&ects of every nature. cyclic form +ultimovement form unified by recurrence of the same or similar melodic material in t o or more movements. ( da capo 1/rom the beginning.2 A da capo aria has an ABA design. (ada Bihilistic movement intended to demolish art. dance +ovement organized and accompanied by music. decrescendo or diminuendo Becoming softer. development Second section of the sonata!allegro* it moves through many (eys. diagetic or source music +usic heard by characters in the film as ell as by the film audience. Dies irae 0regorian chant for the dead. diminution #hythmic technique in hich note

values are halved, doubling the tempo. dissonance Active, unsettled sound. (i)ieland 6hite musiciansversion of Be Arleans &azz. dominant (*) /ifth note of the ma&or or minor scale. downbeat /irst beat of a measure. drone Sustained tone. duple meter ' o beats per measure. dynamic level $evel of volume. + electronic synthesi er .ighly versatile electronic sound generator capable of producing and altering an infinite variety of sounds. elements of music Basic materials of hich music is composedC rhythm, melody, harmony, timbre. +nlightenment "ighteenth century movement led by /rench intellectuals ho advocated reason as the universal source of (no ledge and truth. ensemble finale /inal scene of a musical sho , or of an act ithin the sho , in hich several soloists simultaneously e)press, in different ords and music, their individual points of

vie . ethnomusicology Study of the music of specific cultures. ethos +oral and ethical qualities of music. etudes Studies or 1e)ercises2 based on specific pianistic techniques. +)perimentalism ")ploration of previously un(no n aspects of musical sound. e)position /irst section of a fugue or of a sonata! allegro. +)pressionism .ighly emotional style in art that sought to e)press disturbed states of mind. e)pressive style "motional style of music inspired by the $%, Glossary 0erman middle class of the second quarter of the eighteenth century. figured bass System of musical shorthand by hich composers indicated intervals above the bass line ith numbers 4figures5 rather than ith notated pitches. film score All of the music accompanying a film. first practice (stile antico) Polyphonic, conservative style of the late #enaissance.

-ive" .he Bineteenth! century #ussian composers associated ith nationalism. -landers (/etherlands) Area of northern "urope here the musical #enaissance began. flat Sign 4b5 indicating that a tone is to be performed onehalf step lo er than notated. -lorentine !amerata 0roup of scholars and intellectuals in /lorence around the turn of the seventeenth century ho promoted changes in the prevailing style of art. folk music Usually music of un(no n origin, transmitted orally, and en&oyed by the general population. 'oday the term is applied to some popular music that has the style or flavor of fol( art. form Arganization and design of a composition, or of one movement ithin a composition. forte $oud. fortepiano "arly piano, named for its range of dynamic levels* it as smaller and less sonorous than the modern instrument. fortissimo 3ery loud.

free ja Style in hich musicians improvise independently, sometimes producing a 1random2 effect. frequency #ate of a sound ave-s vibration. fugue Imitative polyphonic composition. functional or nondiagetic music /ilm music heard by the audience only. fusion ,ombination of &azz and roc(. # galliard #ollic(ing si)teenthcentury court dance. gamelan Indonesian percussion ensemble. gavotte /rench dance in quadruple meter, often included in a Baroque suite. #ebrauchsmusik .indemith-s term for 1useful2 music. glass harmonica +usical instrument invented by Ben&amin /ran(lin. glissando ")pressive 1slide2 bet een pitches. golden age of polyphony 'erm for the #enaissance, hen polyphonic te)ture as prevalent and particularly beautiful. #othic 'hirteenth! century style of architecture, characterized by lofty spires and pointed

arches. grand opera Bineteenthcentury /rench serious opera style, hich emphasized spectacular visual effects. Ballets and stirring choruses ere important components of grand opera. #regorian chant 'erm for #oman ,atholic plainchant since the si)th century ,.". griot African professional musician. H half step Smallest interval on a (eyboard. harmony Simultaneous sounding of t o or more different tones conceived as a unit. heterophony Ine)act unison, resulting from free embellishment of a melody by some voices or instruments. hip-hop +usic behind rapped lyrics. homophonic te)ture (homophony) +elodic line accompanied by chordal harmony. homorhythmic style Polyphony in hich all the voices move in the same rhythm, producing a chordal effect. 4'he chordal effect is achieved by the combination

of melodic lines rather than by the addition of chords to one melody, as in homophonic te)ture.5 humanism 4See Age of .umanism5 hymn #eligious song, ith nonliturgical te)t, appropriate for congregational singing. 0 id1e fi)e 'he term Berlioz used for the melody representing the loved one in his Symphonie fantastique. imitative polyphony 'echnique in hich each phrase of a composition is addressed by all the voices, hich enter successively in imitation of each other. 0mpressionism Style of painting and music that avoids e)plicit statement, Glossary $%2 instead emphasizing suggestion and atmosphere. impromptus ,haracter pieces of an improvisatory character. improvisation Process of simultaneously composing and performing music. indeterminate" aleatoric" random" or chance music +usic in hich some elements of composition are left to the decision of performers, or to chance.

interval %istance bet een t o pitches. invention @eyboard piece ith t o or three voices in imitative contrapuntal style. 3 ja Popular music rooted in Africa that developed in early!t entieth!century America. 'here are many styles of &azz, but they generally share a danceable beat, syncopated rhythms, and certain characteristic performance practices, including improvisation. ja -rock 4See fusion.5 4 kabuki .ighly stylized Dapanese form of music drama. key 'onic note, and the ma&or or minor scale, on hich a composition is based. keyboard instruments Instruments on hich sound is produced by pressing (eys on a (eyboard. 5 leading tone .alf step leading to the final, or tonic, note of a scale. legato Smooth, uninterrupted. 5eitmotif #ecurring melodic fragment or chord bearing dramatic or emotional significance, introduced by

6agner in his music dramas. 5es 6i) Si) /rench composers of the 78?:s hose music reflected the strong influence of popular styles. libretto 'e)t of a dramatic vocal or(. 5ieder 0erman art songs. linear polyphony Polyphonic music conceived ithout an intention that the combined melody lines should form chordal or harmonic combinations. liturgy 6ords of the +ass. lute Pluc(ed string instrument* the instrument most idely used in the si)teenth century. lyrical melody #elatively long, songli(e melody. 7 madrigal Secular song introduced in Italy that became popular in "ngland as ell. Polyphonic in te)ture and e)pressive in mood, madrigals are ritten in the vernacular. madrigalism 6ord painting used to enhance the e)pression of madrigal te)ts. mainstream +ain body of or(

of a given period. major scale Ascending pattern of steps as follo sC hole, hole, half, hole, hole, hole, half. 7annheim rocket #apidly ascending melodic phrase. 7ass #oman ,atholic orship service. ma urka Stylized dance piece for piano, based on a Polish dance. measure (bar) Unit containing a number of beats. 7edieval modes Seven! note scales modeled on, but differing some hat from, those of the 0ree(s. 7edieval period or 7iddle Ages Period from about <:: to 7;<: ,.". melismatic chant ,hant ith several notes of music for each syllable of te)t. melody +eaningful succession of pitches. meter Arganization of rhythm into patterns of strong and ea( beats. metronome Instrument to measure tempo. me o .alf, moderate, or medium. me oforte +oderately loud. me opiano +oderately soft.

me o-soprano +edium! range female voice. microtones +usical sounds falling bet een half steps. 70(0 System allo ing composers to manage quantities of comple) information, and ma(ing it possible for unrelated electronic devices to communicate ith each other. minimalism Style of music based on many repetitions of simple melodic and rhythmic patterns. 7innesinger Boble poetmusicians of +edieval 0ermany. minor scale Ascending pattern of steps as follo sC hole, half, hole, hole, half, hole, hole. minstrel 'raveling or resident entertainer and music performer. $%$ Glossary minstrel show 3ariety sho , popular in the mid! and late nineteenth century, that included songs, dances, and comic repartee performed by hite men ho blac(ened their s(in to resemble stereotypical African American figures.

minuet %ance in triple meter, popular in the eighteenth century. minuet and trio ABA8 Aften the third movement of a symphony, sonata, or string quartet. ,onsists of t o minuets, the second 4trio5 lighter and more lyrical than the first. modern dance ,ontemporary dance form, usually performed barefoot, ith steps, gestures, and costumes freely designed for each or(. modes Seven!note scales ithin the range of an octave. modulate 'o change (ey systematically. monody +usic for one voice ith a simple accompaniment, introduced by the /lorentine ,amerata. monophonic te)ture (monophony) Ane unaccompanied melodic line. motet Polyphonic vocal form, usually consisting of t o melodic lines, each ith its o n te)t, above a plainchant melody. motive Short melodic phrase that may be effectively developed. movement Section of a

complete or( that has its o n formal design and a degree of independence but is conceived as a part of the hole* usually separated from other movements by a pause. 7uses Bine 0ree( goddesses of the arts. music In ancient 0reece, 1the art of the +uses,2 blending poetry, drama, and the visual arts ith hat e consider to be musical sounds. musical bow /ol( instrument, popular in many cultures, resembling a hunting bo , from hich it may have derived. musical comedy +usical sho combining the entertainment of vaudeville ith the integrated plot characteristic of operettas. music drama 6agner-s concept of music theater, in hich the drama and the music ere theoretically of equal interest. musicology Scientific study of music. music (musical) theater Staged drama including instrumental and vocal music and sometimes dance.

musique concrte ,oncrete music* music consisting of recorded and electronically altered sounds. / nationalism $ate! nineteenthcentury movement in hich artists of many nationalities turned from the dominant 0erman influence in the arts to the cultural characteristics of their o n and other countries. /eoclassicism ' entiethcentury version of classicism in music. /eoromanticism ' entiethcentury version of a romantic approach to music. /etherlands (-landers) Area of northern "urope here the musical #enaissance began. /ew 9rleans ja +usic performed by a small combo hose soloists ta(e turns improvising on a given tune. nocturne Piece e)pressing the 1character2 of night. noh Semireligious, highly traditional Dapanese music drama. nondiagetic or functional music /ilm music heard by the audience only.

notation 6ritten music. note 'one* a specific pitch. 9 octave Interval of an eighth, as from , to ,. octave displacement +elodic concept involving the selection of pitches from various, sometimes distant, octaves. opera %ramatic vocal form blending visual, literary, and musical arts, in hich all dialogue is sung. opera buffa Italian comic opera. opra comique 475 /rench comic opera of a satirical or romantic nature. 4?5 In the nineteenth century, /rench or(s shorter, more modest, and more realistic than grand operas, but not necessarily humorous. operetta ,omic or romantic form of music theater, sometimes called light opera. It includes some spo(en dialogue. opus 16or(.2 An opus number indicates the chronological order in hich a piece as composed or published. Glossary $%: oratorio +ultimovement dramatic vocal or( on a

religious sub&ect, performed in concert style. orchestra +i)ed ensemble of string and ind instruments. orchestral suite Several sections of varying character dra n from a larger or(, such as a ballet. 9rdinary Portions of the +ass appropriate any time of the church yearC the @yrie, 0loria, ,redo, Sanctus, and Agnus %ei. organum "arliest form of polyphony. ostinato Persistently repeated melodic or rhythmic pattern. overture Introductory orchestral piece. ; pants (trousers) role +ale role ritten for a female singer. passacaglia 3ariations over a bass ostinato. ;assion Aratorio based on the events leading to the crucifi)ion of ,hrist. patter song Setting of humorous ords sung very rapidly, ith comic effect. pedal point Pitch sustained, usually in the bass, under

changing harmonies. pentatonic scale /ive! note scale. percussion All instruments that may be played by sha(ing, rubbing, or stri(ing the instrument itself. 'hese include the timpani 4tuned (ettledrums5, other drums, chimes, tambourine, triangle, cymbals, and various mallet instruments, such as the )ylophone. phrase Section of a melody, comparable to a section or phrase of a sentence. pianissimo 3ery soft. piano @eyboard instrument* also, soft in dynamic level. pitch .ighness or lo ness of a sound. pi icato 'echnique of pluc(ing string instruments. plainsong" plainchant" chant" #regorian chant +usic to hich portions of the ,atholic service are sung. 'he te)ture is monophonic, the timbre that of unaccompanied voices. point of imitation Introduction of a ne phrase in imitative polyphony. pointillism Painting technique in hich colors and shapes

are bro(en into tiny dots, hich appear from a distance to blend. polonaise Stylized dance piece for piano, based on a Polish dance. polychoral music +usic for t o or more choirs, vocal, instrumental, or both, performed antiphonally. A characteristic feature of music of the 3enetian school. polymeter Use of more than one meter at the same time. polyphonic te)ture (polyphony) ,ombination of t o or more simultaneous melodic lines. polyrhythm ' o or more rhythmic patterns performed simultaneously. polytonality ' o or more (eys at the same time. post-'omanticism 0eneral term for several romantic styles that succeeded the dominance of 0erman #omanticism and preceded the return of classicism to the arts. prelude Short independent or introductory piece for (eyboard. prepared piano Piano hose

timbre and pitches have been altered by the application of foreign materials on or bet een the strings. primitivism Style inspired by primitive or(s of art and by the rela)ed life of unsophisticated cultures. program music Instrumental music that purports to tell a story or describe a scene, idea, or event. program symphony +ultimovement orchestral or( hose form is based on programmatic concepts. ;roper Portions of the +ass performed only at certain times. ;rotestant 'eformation Protest movement, led by +artin $uther, against certain tenets of the ,atholic church. psalm tunes 'uneful settings of the 7<: psalms in versions suitable for congregational singing. psalter ,ollection of psalms in rhymed metered verse. psaltery +edieval string instrument. ;uritans "nglish follo ers of Dohn ,alvin. < quadruple meter /our beats per

measure. quarter tone Interval half ay bet een half steps. ' rag Piece in ragtime. r=aga +elodic pattern ith many connotations, including those of time, mood, and color, hich provides a basis for $%> Glossary improvisation in the classical music of India. ragtime Popular piano style in hich a syncopated melody in the right hand is accompanied by a regular duple pattern in the bass. rap #apid spo(en patter accompanied by hip!hop music. reali e (a figured bass) Improvise the inner voices according to a figured bass. recapitulation 'hird section of the sonata!allegro. #evie s the material of the e)position, presenting it in a ne light. recital Performance by a soloist or small ensemble. recitative Speechli(e setting of a te)t, ith homophonic accompaniment by a (eyboard 4dry recitative5 or an orchestra 4accompanied recitative5. recorder "nd!blo n ind

instrument, sometimes called a histle flute, developed in the +iddle Ages and very popular in the #enaissance. 'he tone is soft and slightly reedy. 'eformation Si)teenth! century movement, led by +artin $uther, protesting certain procedures of the #oman ,atholic church. reform opera "ighteenthcentury serious opera, introduced by ,hristoph 6illibald 0luc(, ritten to avoid the fla s of Italian Baroque opera. refrain Section of melody and te)t that recurs at the end of each verse of a strophic song. 'enaissance 1#ebirth.2 Period of rene ed interest in the classical arts of ancient 0reece and #ome. 'he #enaissance began in the early fifteenth century and dominated the style of 6estern music from 7;<: to 7E::. 'enaissance motet #eligious vocal composition that is through!composed, polyphonic in te)ture, sung in $atin, and invariably serene and orshipful. 'equiem +ass for the dead.

rest Sign that indicates silence, or the cessation of musical sound. revue 3ariety sho featuring lavish costumes and spectacular staging. rhythm Arrangement of time in music. rhythm and blues Broadly, blac( popular music of the 78<:s. +ore specifically, a blac( popular style in quadruple meter ith strong bac(beats and a danceable tempo. ripieno Archestral group in a concerto grosso. ritardando 0radual slo ing in tempo. rock ?n@ roll Popular style developed in the early 78<:s from a combination of country! estern and rhythm and blues. 'ococo "legant, sometimes frivolous, style of art introduced during the /rench regency and prevalent in /rance during the second quarter of the eighteenth century. romantic style "motional, sub&ective style of art* #omanticism refers to the style of 6estern art prevalent

in the nineteenth century. rondo ABA!A8 /orm in hich various episodes alternate ith the opening material. 'he tempo is usually fast, and the mood merry. round +elody that may be performed by t o or more voices entering at different times, producing meaningful harmony. row Series of tones on hich a serial composition is based. rubato #omantic technique of 1robbing2 from the tempo at some points and 1paying bac(2 at others. 6 scale Ascending or descending pattern of half steps, hole steps or both. scat Improvised singing on neutral, or nonsense, syllables. scher oA scher o and trio 1Do(e.2 A movement, often the third, of a multimovement piece. 'he mood is lighthearted. 'he form is ABA" ith a trio inserted bet een the scherzo and its repeat. score Botated parts for all the voices or instruments of a music composition.

6econd /ew +ngland 6chool 0roup of late! nineteenthcentury Be "ngland composers ho studied in 0ermany and contributed to every genre of art music. second practice (stile moderno) .omophonic, e)pressive style introduced by +onteverdi. secular Bonreligious. sequence +elodic phrase repeated at different levels of pitch. serialism See total serialism. sharp Sign 4F5 indicating that a tone is to be performed onehalf step higher than notated. Glossary $%B singing school movement $ateeighteenth! century effort to teach Americans to sing and to read music. 'he movement inspired the composition of America-s first indigenous music. Singspiel 4plural, Singspiele5 0erman comic opera, containing fol(li(e songs. sonata 475 In the fifteenth and si)teenth centuries, an instrumental composition to be 1sounded2 on instruments rather than sung* 4?5 in the

Baroque, a multimovement composition for one or t o solo instruments accompanied by continuo* 495 after the Baroque, a multimovement composition for one or t o solo instruments. sonata-allegro 1/irst movement form.2 'he three sections G e)position, development, and recapitulationGform a ternary design. sonata da camera $ight Baroque sonata intended for concert performance. sonata da chiesa Serious Baroque sonata, intended for performance in church. sonata-rondo ,ombined form, ith the (ey relationships of the sonata!allegro and the alternating themes of a rondo. sonatina +ultimovement solo form, shorter and often lighter than a sonata. song cycle Set of songs by one composer, often using te)ts all by the same poet. soprano .igh female singing voice. sound track All of the dialogue,

sound effects, and music of a film. source or diagetic music +usic heard by characters in the film as ell as by the film audience. spiritual /ol(li(e religious song, ith a simple tune, developed by African Americans. Sprechstimme $iterally, 1speech voice.2 Style of melodramatic declamation bet een spea(ing and singing. staccato Short, detached. staff /ive lines and four spaces on hich music is notated. stile antico (first practice) Polyphonic, conservative style of the late #enaissance. stile moderno (second practice) .omophonic, e)pressive style introduced by +onteverdi. stops $evers, handles, or buttons that allo an organist to change timbres at ill. strain +elodic section of a march or rag. stretto Section faster in tempo, or ith imitative voices entering in closer succession, than earlier sections of the piece.

string instruments Instruments that may be bo ed, strummed, struc(, or pluc(ed. Archestral string instruments include the violin, viola, cello, string bass 4or double bass5, and harp. string quartet ,hamber ensemble consisting of t o violins, a viola, and a cello. strophic form 'he most popular song form, hich has t o or more stanzas set to the same music. style ,haracteristic manner in hich the elements of music, formal design, and emotional e)pression are approached by a composer. subdominant (0*) /ourth note of the ma&or or minor scale. subject Principal melody of a fugue. suite ,ollection of stylized dance pieces for (eyboard* or an orchestral piece consisting of selections from a dramatic or( or dance. 6urrealism +ovement in literature and painting that &u)taposed unli(ely images.

sweet ja .ighly arranged style, ith little room for improvisation. swing .ighly improvisatory style of big band music. syllabic chant ,hant ith one note of music for each syllable of te)t. 6ymbolism $iterary movement sharing the ideals of the Impressionists. symphonic ja ,oncert music ith the sounds of &azz but no improvisation. symphonic poem or tone poem Ane!movement orchestral piece hose form is based on programmatic principles. symphony +ultimovement orchestral form. symphony orchestra Instrumental ensemble consisting of members of the four families of instruments, dominated by strings. syncopation Accurrence of accents on ea( beats, or bet een beats. synthesi er See electronic synthesizer. . t=ala #epeated rhythmic cycle, characteristic of the music of India. temp 'emporary film score,

composed of e)isting music, $%C Glossary prepared to demonstrate to a film-s composer the type of music desired. tempo #ate of speed at hich a musical piece is performed. tenor .igh male voice. terraced dynamics Abrupt changes of dynamic level. te)ture +anner in hich melodic lines are used in music. thematic transformation 3ariation of thematic or melodic material for programmatic purposes. Sometimes called metamorphosis. theme +elody that recurs throughout a section, a movement, or an entire composition. theme and variations Instrumental form in hich a theme recurs ith modifications of melody, rhythm, timbre, meter, register, or other characteristics. theremin 'he earliest electronic musical instrument. third stream ,ombination of &azz and concert music. thoroughbass Strong bass line sounding continuously throughout Baroque ensemble compositions. through-composed ,ontaining

ne music throughout. timbre ,haracteristic quality of the sound of a voice or instrument. toccata #hapsodic, virtuosic (eyboard piece. tonality or tonal system System of harmony, based on the ma&or and minor scales, that has dominated 6estern music since the seventeenth century. tone Sound ith specific pitch, produced by a constant rate of vibration of the soundproducing medium. tone cluster (cluster) ,hord built on seconds. tone poem See symphonic poem. tonic /irst and most important note of the ma&or or minor scale, to hich all other notes in the scale are a subordinate. 'he tonic is represented by the #oman numeral I. total serialism ")tension of the t elve!tone technique, in hich other aspects besides melody and harmony are also arranged into series and systematically repeated throughout a composition.

transcription Arrangement of a piece so that it may be played by a different instrument or ensemble from that for hich it as ritten. transition" or bridge Passage that modulates from the first to the second (ey area of the e)position. tremolo 3iolin!playing technique consisting of quic( up!and!do n movements of the bo on a single note. triad ,hord ith three tones, consisting of t o superimposed thirds. trio 475 ,omposition for three voices or instruments. 4?5 Section of a composition lighter in te)ture, softer in dynamic level, and sometimes more melodic than the rest of the piece. trio sonata Baroque sonata for t o solo instruments and basso continuo. triple meter 'hree beats per measure. troubadours" trouvDres Boble /rench poets and composers of art 4as opposed to popular5 songs. trousers role 4See pants role.5 tune +elody that is easy to recognize, memorize, and

sing. tutti All* in orchestral music, refers to the full orchestra. twelve-tone technique Arrangement of the t elve chromatic pitches into a ro that provides the melodic and harmonic basis for a music composition. E unison Production of music by several voices or instruments at the same pitch or in octaves. upbeat $ast beat of a measure. * vaudeville 3ariety sho , popular in the late nineteenth century, including &o(es, stunts, and s(its, as ell as song and dance. *enetian school $ate! si)teenthcentury composers, including 0. 0abrieli, ho composed in the polychoral style. verismo #ealism in opera. vernacular ,ommon language* in music, refers to fol( and popular pieces. vibrato #apid variation of pitch that lends 1 armth2 to the

tone of a voice or instrument. *iennese style 'erm sometimes applied to the ,lassical style to avoid the ambiguity of 1classical.2 viol +ost popular bo ed string instrument of the #enaissance. Glossary $%F G walt %ance in triple meter. white noise Sounds including the entire spectrum of tones, as hite includes the entire spectrum of colors. whole step Interval equal to t o half steps. whole-tone scale Si) consecutive hole steps ithin the range of an octave. woodwinds 6ind instruments that include the piccolo, flute, oboe, "nglish horn, clarinet, bassoon, and sa)ophone. word painting +usical illustrations of verbal concepts.