Interior

rhodec international extramural independent studies UNIT RD 3 drafting for the interior designer
3.21
It is obviously impossible to indicate an interior design for
a room on a drawing to the full size of the room, and for
this reason the items shown on architectural and interior
design drawings (and most technical drawings) are drawn
much smaller than the original size but are to scale: that is,
the smaller dimension represents the larger.
The metric scales are fractions of full size: for instance,
1:50 means that the drawing you are preparing to this size
would be
1
/50th the size of the original. Thus the 1:1 scale
shown in the chart means that the item drawn has been
shown to actual full size.
The imperial/standard scales are representative scales:
for instance,
1
/4 to 10 means that a line drawn
1
/4
long on a drawing will represent one foot; similarly
with a scale of
1
/8 to 10 the same
1
/4 line would
represent two feet. The imperial/standard scales are
only approximately equivalent to the metric scales - for
example,
1
/16 to 10 is actually 1:192 rather than 1:200,
1
/8 to 10 is 1:96 rather than 1:100, etc. It is vital never
to mix metric and imperial/standard scales on the
same drawing.
It is very important to show on a drawing, once
completed, to what scale the drawing has been
prepared. A drawing can be useless if this is not shown,
and it should be indicated thus: Scale: 2 to 10; or
Scale: 1:20; or whatever scale is being used.
Plans
It is clear how important plans are in the profession of
interior design, and the various uses of plans should
be explored. Plans of the oor (oor plans) are easy to
understand in communicating to clients and in how they
are used for working drawings. There are also plans that
an interior designer will need to become familiar with and
learn how to read in order to produce the best possible
interiors. There are also plans that the interior designer
will need not only to be familiar with but also be able to
produce. First we will consider the types the professional
needs to be able to understand, read and produce.
Lesson D4
Scale Drawing
SCALE DRAWING ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
AXONOMETRIC PROJECTION ISOMETRIC PROJECTION
OBLIQUE PROJECTION
Drawing Metric Imperial/Standard Equivalent
Sketch schemes 1:200
1
/16 to 10
(general design layouts) 1:100
1
/8 to 10
Location (site) drawings 1:200
1
/16 to 10
(working drawings with all information thereon 1:100
1
/8 to 10
for the builder/constructor) 1: 50
1
/4 to 10
Plans, elevations, sections 1:100
1
/8 to 10
1: 50
1
/4 to 10
Detail drawings 1: 20
1
/2 to 10
(drawings showing larger design and construction details) 1: 10 1 to 10
1: 5 3 to 10
1: 1 Full Size
The following is a general guide to the scales appropriate to particular types of drawings:
3.22

Drawing D12a
Lighting Plans
are used to express the
articial light to be installed
3.23

Drawing D12b
Electrical Plans
are used to locate electrical outlets, phone
jacks, security system information and data
port information and any other electrical
information necessary
3.24

Drawing D12c
Reected Ceiling Plans
are used to express every element that is
to be included on the ceiling plane (e.g.
installed lighting, ventilation, ceiling grids,
etc.) and any details necessary
3.25
Drawing D12d
Furniture Plans
are used to express the location
and identication of the
furnishings in the environment
3.26
Make yourself familiar with each of these types of plans
shown in Drawing D12, their execution and how they are
used. They are all used for construction and installation
purposes but they can also be used quite effectively for
presentation and planning purposes (such as planning
space and colour). A rendered (this is learned in the Colour
Unit) oor plan can be very useful in expressing intentions
as well as organizing sample boards and presentations.
You need to be familiar with the other plans, but for
reading purposes only, as they are usually prepared by the
architect on the project. The roof plan will give you an
idea of the roong material and how the roof is framed.
This can be an important issue in maintaining the same
feel inside as well as outside. The other piece of
information that the roof plan can provide for the
interior designer is the degree of roof overhang and the
consequent effect on the indoor daylighting. In large
commercial or contract buildings the roof plan may show
a way that the interior can have a relationship with the
outside. This is important information for the interior
designer to become familiar with. The site plan is also
important for the interior designer. This is a plan prepared
by the architect that shows how the structure sits on the
land. This information also helps to indicate the daylight
qualities in various parts of the structure and the views or
relationships to the outdoors.
Drawing D13
Diagram
to show how a
plan is arrived at:
by cutting rooms
horizontally and
taking the top
piece away
Typical House Plan
This is a drawing
looking directly
down from the
top of a room.
Position of vertical
cut for section shown
on Drawing D14
Hall
Living Dining
Kitchen
Hall
Living Dining
Kitchen
3.27
Living
Dining
Bedroom
Bedroom
Materials Representation in 2-D Drawings
You spent or are spending a great deal of time learning
about materials in the Materials Unit, so representing these
materials in these drawings is very important. There are
specic ways to show particular materials for construction.
When you are drawing plans and elevations for presentation
purposes it is important to draw the materials in place as
truly representative of the specic materials as possible.
For interior representation, there are some standards that
are typical; for example, tile is represented as it appears
(often in squares or rectangles), wood oors are represented
as they appear when installed, etc. It is important to be able
to visualize how the material will appear in place and to
reproduce the texture as closely as possible.
Sections
Plans, sections and elevations are all orthographic
drawings. The section is the view of a building after a
vertical plane has been cut through and the front section
has been removed. There are 2 main types of sections:
The design section emphasizes form and denes
the space.
The construction drawing section emphasizes the
construction detail of the building.
Sections should be cut through major elements in the
building, such as the place where oor or ceiling elevations
are made, through the largest windows or the major
doors of a space. Sections should never be cut through
columns, since they may be misread as walls. When
drawing a section the earth where the building sits should
also be drawn (does it sit on a at area of earth or does
the building sit against an elevated area of land?). It is
useful to include people in the drawing of a section to help
understand the scale.
Bedroom Bedroom
Living Dining/Kitchen
Drawing D14
Position of
horizontal
cut for plan
shown on
Drawing D13
Isometric View
to show how a section
is arrived at: by cutting
rooms vertically and taking
the end piece away
Typical Cross Section
3.28
When choosing the scale the section will be drawn in, it is
important to consider what you need to show as well as
how it ts on the composition of the page. In general, they
are drawn in 1:100 or 1:50, or
1
/8 or
1
/4 scale (that is,
1
/8 to 10 or
1
/4 to 10), but large sections can be drawn
as small as 1:200 (
1
/16) scale. Sections are labelled with
reference to the compass points.
Elevations
Elevations are orthographic drawings that show vertical
surfaces that are not cut through planes. This means that
elevations are of wall surfaces or, in the case of furniture, it
may be a vertical surface of a particular piece of furniture.
Elevations give us information about the form of the space,
the openings, materials, textures and context of the space.
Elevations show the details of particular elements such as
mouldings and art placement and materials.
Like the sections, some elevations are used as design
drawings and others are used for construction purposes.
Remaining consistent with the type of elevation being used
is important. Elevations are scaled like the sections and are
labelled with reference to the compass points (N, NE, E,
SE, S, SW, W, NW). This means that the elevation of a wall
might be labelled: CONFERENCE ROOM SOUTHWEST
WALL. Because of this reference, it is very important
always to label the NORTH direction on all Floor Plans
for orientation purposes.
Drawing D15
Front Elevation of a building
NOTE The sides and back walls are also elevations, and
each is differentiated by stating which elevation is the one
drawn, e.g. South Elevation, North Elevation, etc.
3.29
Symbol Keys
It is important to include a key for drawings so symbols
can be properly identied. The topographer creates
symbol keys for maps and you need to create a symbol
key for this interior map. If you have located items on the
drafted drawing that cannot be clearly identied, they
must be included in a key to help readers of the plan fully
understand the space. For example, if a circle is drawn and
you, as the designer, have drawn it to indicate a small side
table, it could be interpreted in many ways by the reader
- a oor lamp, a stool, a spot painted on the oor, or any
number of other interpretations of this simple circle. Some
symbols are more or less universal - plumbing, electrical,
technical, etc. - but others are not. Your further research
and growing experience will lead you to an understanding
of this symbolism.
Symbols
The following is a list of typical symbols that you may need
to use at some point.
Drawing D16a
Interior Hinged Door Solid Core
Interior Hinged Door Hollow Core
Double
Action Door
French Door
Sliding Doors
Triple
Sliding Doors
Double
3.30
Drawing D16b
Pocket Door
Atrium Door
Overhead Garage Door
Bi-fold Doors
Arch Opening
Dutch Door Accordion Door
3.31
Drawing D16c
Bow Casement Window 45 Bay Window
Square Bay Window
a Fixed Window with Double Hung Sides
Casement Windows
Combination Fixed Window
and Casement Window Triple Combination Fixed and Hopper
3.32
Drawing D16d
Glass Block Window Double Hung Window Sliding Window Awning Window
Hopper Window Jalousie Window Double, Double Hung Window
3.33

Drawing D16e
Refrigerators
Kitchen Upper Cabinets
Kitchen Upper Cabinets
Single Sink
Kitchen
Sinks
Double Sink Double with Disposal Sink
Laundry Sink Tumble Dryer Washing Machine Dishwasher
Above & Below Side-by-Side Exhaust/Extractor Fan
Cookers
Cooktop/Hob
Range Wall Oven
Ceiling Fan
Fold-up
Ironing Board
Water Heater
Round Tank, Instant
Central Vacuum
Kitchen Cabinets
3.34
Drawing D16f
Toilet Floor Mount,
Back to Wall
Electrical
Switches
Toilet Wall Hung Toilet Closed Coupled
Bidet Urinal Wall Hung Urinal Floor
Bathroom Sink, Lavatories Drinking Fountain
HVAC - Heating, Ventilation,
Air Conditioning Grille
Single Double Triple Dimmer
Switch
Remote
Control
Automatic
Door
Wall Mounted
Wall Washer
Single Double Triple Weather
Proof
Split Wired Range
Indicator
Electrical
Outlets
Television - Cable Satellite Voice/Data Data Port Phone Jack
Communication
Wall Mounted
Downlight
Wall Mounted
Incandescent
Recessed
Downlight
Pendant
Light
Ceiling Mounted
Wall Washer
Ceiling
Mounted
Downlight
Ceiling
Mounted
Incandescent
Wall Mounted
Incandescent
Fluorescent Strip
Lighting
Although these are common symbols, it is still important to include them in a reference key.
3.35
Use of Templates
A tool that makes drafting much easier is the template.
These are heavy plastic sheets with various shapes cut
in them. Very often furniture manufacturers will provide
professionals with templates of their products which are
extremely useful. Consider designing a huge ofce building
full of systems furniture without the aid of templates from
the manufacturer! That would be mind-boggling. Of course,
now CAD is used for those large projects, but templates are
still useful. Consider how much easier planning electrical
and plumbing services will be using templates than if you
were drawing all notations without templates! Additionally,
the design professional may nd templates useful in the
design process and clearer for the CAD technician when
trying to express how the drawing should appear. A word
of caution, though. Symbols used from templates must
coordinate in size and approximate shape with the actual
furniture or other element you are actually specifying for the
space. Using a template symbol of a 72(1.83m) long sofa is
not appropriate if the piece of furniture you are specifying is
actually a 96 (2.44m) sofa!
Dimensioning
Dimensioning is done on technical drawings to show the
measurement between given points that are indicated.
Different means are used for dimensioning depending on
the information that is needed for particular drawings. In
countries where dimensioning is consistently noted in feet
and inches, when a measurement is 12 or over it must be
noted in feet then inches (for example: 6 2, 1 7, 11 0).
Dimensions in metric are always shown in millimetres. Thus
one metre is shown as 1.000. This is a safeguard in case
one decimal point is missed or becomes erased in printing.
The gure is still one thousand millimetres, representing
one metre.
Here are some helpful terms used for dimensioning: (see
Drawing D17):
Linear dimensions are used to specify the sizes
of a space
Dimension extension lines are used as an extension of
the edges between where the measurement is taken.
These are consistently
1
/16 away from the object and
1
/8 beyond the dimension line
Dimension Lines are continuous unbroken lines used
to denote the length of the dimension and ends at an
extension line. They are not any closer than
1
/4 apart
Dimension is the measured number given to a space.
Dimensions under 12 are denoted in inches, dimensions
12 and above are denoted in feet and inches
Terminating devices are elements used to denote the
end of a dimension such as a dash, a dot or an arrow
Centre Line Dimensioning is used to note distances
between the centres of repetitious elements. This
method is always used when NEW construction (as
opposed to renovations of existing construction) is
being dimensioned. It also needs to be identied with
the centre line symbol
It will be very helpful for you to study various examples
of quality dimensioning in order to express your own
drawings well. It is also very, very important to note that
dimensioning must be very, very readable. You should
never crowd the dimensions, and should use a leader
line if and where appropriate for ease of reading.
Reected Ceiling Plans
The reected ceiling plan indicates information about the
placement of lighting at the ceiling surface, the ceiling grid,
HVAC registers and grilles, as well as other information
that is connected with the ceiling plane. You will nd the
following steps for creating a reected ceiling plan useful:
(refer to Drawing D12a):
It is important to know the type of material used in
the space. Is it gypsum board, suspended tiles, wood
panels, earth plaster, or some other material?
If you are installing a grid for a suspended ceiling, lay
out the grid to distribute the grid evenly throughout
the space to avoid slivers of tile at any edge.
Determine the construction of the walls.
3.36
Locate the ceiling light xtures considering the
placement of furniture and the created grid.
Determine the placement of HVAC supply and
return, not locating them side by side.
Finish the drawing with important details and a
legend or key.
Electrical Plans
The interior designer needs to understand the location
of electrical, phone and data service so that appropriate
connections can be in place where specic needs are
located. Learning to draw and express an appropriate
electrical plan is very important.
Show the location of electrical outlets, telephone jacks
and computer outlets, television connections, switches
and other special items that require electrical service. The
following planning rules will be helpful as you draw this
type of plan (refer to Drawing D12b):
The main source of light in a room should be controlled
by a wall-mounted switch that is located on the
latch side of the rooms entrance. It should never be
necessary to walk into a dark room to locate a switch
for a light
Outlets should average one double outlet for every
2m (6) of wall space in residential construction
In the kitchen, double wall outlets should average one
for every 1.2m (4) of wall space
Every room should have one major source of light that
is controlled by a switch located at the entrance
Each room should have one convenience outlet to
be used as necessary (i.e. for the vacuum cleaner if a
central vacuum system is not in place)
If there is not a central light for the entire room, a
switch should be located by the entrance to control an
outlet where a lamp would be plugged in for
light control
Lights for stairways and hallways should be controlled
at each end with three-way switches
Lights for spaces with multiple entrances need to have
major light sources controlled at each entrance and a
full panel at the main service entrance
Finalize the drawing with details and a legend
Mounting heights for all outlets must be specied on
plans to assure proper coordination between outlets
and other elements in the space (e.g. countertops)

Drawing D17
3.37
Some General Rules for Planning Space
For the interior designer, being able to communicate
the planning of the interior space is very important. An
understanding of human dimensions is very important
when space planning, and that will be covered in the
Design and Furniture and Fittings Units. Here are a few
rules to get you started:
It is important to programme for the space in order
to determine the type of spaces you need. To do this,
you will have to answer questions about the space,
about the activities that take place there, and how
those activities happen. Questions about storage,
style and other functions need to be answered. There
will be more information about programming later in
the course
You will need to determine clearances, trafc patterns
and movement as well as specic information about
the particular areas needed (for example, what are
the wet area needs, what are the dry area needs,
are there technically heavy areas that needs to be
addressed, etc.)
Determine the trafc areas that will be used and
begin to plan furniture placement accordingly
Once the functions are determined, it is time to
specify furniture that will meet the needs designated
by the programming
Create groups within rooms that meet the needs of
the end user of the space
Furniture must be drafted to the correct size
Even if furniture items are mounted on the wall, show
them on the oor plan since the space under the item
will not be useable
A rule of thumb is that anything that shows up
1.2m (4) from the oor plane needs to be indicated on
the oor plan
Use of Circle Templates
In some countries such as the US, circle templates rather
than a compass are used to draw circles and some arcs.
The reason for this is that it is easier to achieve a smoother
line quality with the templates than with the compass.
The templates are usually less expensive than the
compass, as well.
Use of Overlays
Overlays are effective in describing details for presentation
purposes. They are created when a sheet of semi-transparent
paper is placed over another drawing and details added to
the overlaid sheet to show those details. For example, by
using an overlay, lighting and/or electrical information can
be shown over a presentation oor plan. For construction
purposes, this would need to be prepared as a separate
drawing so the contractor could actually work from it.
Overlays require the same attention to detail as that
required by regular drafting. It is important that the
drawings line up and the overlay is easy to use. In some
cases multiple overlays may be used over base drawings
to show a variety of options available to the client or
client group.
Field Measuring
So what if you are not designing from the ground up
and are in need of creating plans of an existing structure?
In this case you will need to eld measure the structure
for which you wish to create the drawings. When you
eld measure, each and every measurement must be
accurately recorded on sketch drawings in order to
draft the drawings accurately. While it may seem
straightforward to measure for plan drawings it is
important to remember to measure all surfaces accurately.
If you review the text on dimensioning, eld measuring
will become easier. Employing the techniques used in
dimensioning drawings on eld sketches can provide
you with the information necessary to create drawings
for existing buildings. Of course, side notes are important
in eld measuring, as well. Consider how important it
will be to note various materials, the size of grids (as in
the ceiling), etc. in note form. One of the things you will
want to do is to measure very accurately the rst time. It
can be quite annoying to a client to have the designer
return over and over to re-measure when it should have
been done properly in one visit. One strategy to assure
that you have considered all necessary measurements is
3.38
to create a rough sketch of a oor plan, reected ceiling
plan, and elevations of all walls and built-in elements
before you begin measuring.
While established rms often have standards used and
page formats set, it is your responsibility to design a
format for yourself to use throughout your educational
process. While the creation of a logo will be explored at
a later time, we encourage you to use the elements and
principles of design to create a logo that works and can
be used for your student presentations.
Orthographic Projection
This type of drawing is done to show the plan, section
and elevation of an object. A plan is arrived at by cutting
rooms horizontally and taking the top piece away,
guratively speaking, to show the shape of the rooms.
See Drawing D13.
A section is similar to the plan but the cut is made
vertically. See Drawing D14.
The elevation is the drawing looking directly at one side
of a building, or it can be a wall inside the building. See
Drawing D15.
Drawing D19 shows how the plan, section and elevations
explain a scheme. The drawing shows, by numbers, how
the sections and elevations are arrived at and should
be studied before proceeding to the next Lesson. Note Drawing D18
3.39
how the plans and sections have thicker lines than the
elevations, which is a way of indicating on a drawing that a
particular line is in section, and not in elevation.
Alternative Orthographic Projection
Again, in the US and other countries, orthographic
projections are prepared differently from the above.
The information presented is the same, but the format
is different. To prepare these drawings, it may be easy
for you to consider the space a box with the top (ceiling)
removed. On the bottom of the box is the oor plan and
on each side (the walls) are appropriate elevations. If you
cut down the corners of the sides (walls) they will fall
away from the bottom (oor). The opening of this box
allows it to become a two-dimensional work as opposed
to the three-dimensional box. If you take this another
step and cut the joints where the sides (walls) join the
bottom (oor) so that there are 5 separate drawings,
you have the idea of how this alternative orthographic
projection is presented. The oor plan is in the middle
with elevations of each wall positioned as they relate to
the oor plan. See Drawing D20.
Paraline Drawings
These drawings are used to show three-dimensional
volumes of space and objects. The reason they are called
paraline drawings is because they are constructed with
parallel lines. Because of the way they are constructed,
they will show objects that appear to be out of scale. They
are not intended to be used to represent space realistically,
Drawing D19
Orthographic Projection
10 Projection lines
up from C D E F
11 Continue
horizontal
4 Mark off height
of block
5 Draw horizontal line
joining the two verticals
7 Project verticals
from points A & B
8 Continue
horizontal
9 Draw arcs
which will give
width of block and
thickness of sides on
base line
12 Thicken lines as required
3 Project broken lines up
6 Draw arcs
which will give
width of block
on base line
2 Draw
base line
1 Draw plan
PLAN
FRONT ELEVATION C D CROSS SECTION E F B A SIDE ELEVATION
:
Sketch of
block above
3.40
but they are good at showing three-dimensional block
diagrams, objects as they appear in space and the plan
view of the space.
Paraline drawings are mechanically easy to construct,
because vertical lines remain vertical and parallel lines
remain parallel. Paralines can be scaled, but this can
happen only along the axis.
There are different types of paraline drawings the interior
designer uses. These include the isometric that uses
30/30 angles and the axonometric that uses 45/45
angles. The oblique versions of these drawings can be
constructed in a variety of ways:
30/60 oblique utilizes 30 and 60 angles
Elevation oblique utilizes 90 angles with the bottom of
the object parallel to the oor plane.
Cavalier oblique is an oblique utilizing full size height,
width and depth are true and the angle is variable, but
is typically 45
Cabinet oblique is an oblique also utilizing full size
with the exception of depth which is cut in half to
reduce distortion
Drawing D20
Alternative Orthographic Projection
3.41
As a true plan is shown, and the outside edges are at right
angles to each other, a square on plan in axonometric
projection would remain a square (see Drawing D22,
Figure 1) and a circle on plan in axonometric projection
would remain a circle (see Drawing D22, Figure 2), but
a circle on elevation would be an ellipse as shown in
Drawing D22, Figure 3.
Axonometric Projection
This is a true plan to a particular scale drawn at an angle to
the horizontal of 45 (see Drawing D21, Figure 1) and then
projected vertically to show two elevations at once, and
the top of the object. See Drawing D21, Figure 2.
If it is desirable to show the inside of a room looking down,
as if the roof has been taken off, this can be drawn as
shown in Drawing D21, Figure 3. This is a very good way
to show interiors to scale.
Drawing D21
Figure 1
A true plan to
scale but at 45
to horizontal
Figure 3
Room with
ceiling removed
Figure 4
Room with ceiling
and one wall removed
Figure 2
3.42
Drawing D22
Figure 1
Projection of true square
Figure 2
Circles on plan appear as true circles
Figure 3
Circles in elevation appear as ellipses
Figure 4
Circles shown on plan and all elevations
3.43
Isometric Projection
This is a similar projection to axonometric projection but
the angles are at 30. The corners of the gure are not at
right angles and it is, therefore, not a true plan; the result
is a rather distorted image. However, for certain shapes
you will nd it most useful. See Drawing D23. Circles in
this case will appear as ellipses. See Figures 2 and 3 in
Drawing D23.
Figure 1
Projection of true square produces a hexagon
Figure 2
Circles on plan appear as ellipses
Figure 3
Circles on elevation appear as ellipses
Figure 4
Circles shown on plan and all elevations
Drawing D23
Isometric Projection
3.44
Figure 1
Projection of true plan with oblique
lines at 45 to the horizontal. Note
distances along the oblique lines
are measured at half scale
Drawing D24
Oblique Projection
Figure 3
Projection of true elevation with
oblique lines at 45 to the horizontal.
Note distances along the oblique
lines are measured at half scale
Figure 2
Projection of true plan with oblique lines
at 30 to the horizontal. Note that the
same scale is used for all lines. Figure 1
and 2 show use of oblique projection
to illustrate interiors
Figure 4
Projection of true plan with
oblique lines at 30 to the
horizontal. Note that the same
scale is used for all lines.
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3.45
Oblique Projection
Where one true elevation is needed but side elevations
are of secondary importance, Oblique Projection is used
to convey what is required. The main elevation is drawn
to scale as a true elevation, and the back part is drawn at
an angle of 45 or 30 to this elevation (See Drawing D24,
Figures 3 and 4).
When 45 is used as the angle (see Drawing D24, Figure
3) the oblique lines are usually drawn to a scale of half that
used for drawing the true elevation. When a 30 angle is
used (see Drawing D24, Figure 4) the scale is usually the
same for both true elevation and oblique lines.
NOTE: All projections are drawn to scale and therefore
measurements can be taken from these.
It is important for you to become familiar with these
drawings since they can be drawn quickly and efciently.
While some of them may be difcult for the untrained eye,
they will be an important communication tool for you to
have. It will be to your benet to explore their construction
and use.

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rhodec international extramural independent studies UNIT RD 3 drafting for the interior designer

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