International Journal of Applied Engineering Research and Development (IJAERD) ISSN(P): 2250-1584; ISSN(E): 2278-9383 Vol.

4, Issue 1, Feb 2014, 63-68 TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

INFLUENCE OF CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION ON WATER QUALITY

RAID AL-KHATEEB Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Muthanna University, Al-Muthanna, Iraq

ABSTRACT
This research involved measuring the concentration of chloride in the water of three rivers, inwater produced from plants liquidation and in the water used in residential areas in the Muthanna city. The results illustrate that the height concentration was found in the water of Khuther River and Muthanna project. The level ofchloride amount in water of all Muthanna alive conformity with Iraqi standard specification.

KEYWORDS: Chloride Analysis, Water Quality, Environmental INTRODUCTION

Water is a vital part of life, 67% of our bodies are water and access to an adequate supply of water is in dispensable for every human being. It has been estimated that 1.2 billion people in the word lack. Access to save supplies of drinking water.[1]. Chloride in the form of the Cl- ions is one of the major inorganic anions or negative ions in saltwater and freshwater. It originates from the dissociation of salts such as sodium chloride or calcium chloride in water. NaCl (s)----Na+ (aq)+Cl-(aq) CaCl2 (s)----Ca+ (aq)+2Cl-(aq) These salts and their resulting chloride ions originate from natural minerals saltwater intrusion into estuaries and industrial pollution. These are many possible sources of manmade salts that may contribute to elevated chloride readings. Sodium chloride and chloride and Calcium chloride used to salt roads contribute to elevated chloride levels in streams. Chlorinated drinking water and sodium chloride water softeners often increase chloride levels in wastewater of a community. In drinking water the salty taste produced by chloride depends upon the concentration of the chloride ion. Water containing 250 mg/L of chloride may have a detectable salty taste if the chloride came from sodium chloride. The recommended maximum level of chloride in U. S. Drinking water is 250 mg/L[2]. The permitted level of chlorideconcentration in Iraqi water is 200 to 600 mg/L according to Iraqi standard specification [3]. Chlorides are widely distributed as salty of calcium, sodium and potassium in water and wastewater. In potable water, the salty taste produced by chloride concentrations is variable and dependent on the chemical composition of water. The major taste producing salts in water are sodium chloride and calcium chloride. The salty taste is due to chloride anions and associated cat ions in water. In some water which is having only 250 mg/L of chloride may have a detectable salty taste if the cat-ion present in the water is sodium. On the other hand, a typical salty taste may be absent even if the water is having very high chloride concentration for example 1000mg/L. This is because the predominant cation present in the water is not sodium but either calcium or magnesium may be present. [4]

ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE
Chlorides associated with sodium (sodium chloride) exert salty taste when its concentration is more than 250mg/L. These impact a salty taste to water Chlorides are generally limited to 250mg/L in the water supplies intended for public water supply. In many areas of the world where water supplies are scare, sources containing as much as 2000 mg/L

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are used for domestic purposes without the development of adverse effect, once the human system becomes adapted to the water. It can also corrode concrete. Magnesium chloride in water generates hydrochloric acid after heating which is also highly corrosive and creates problem in boilers. Chloride determination in natural waters are useful in the selection of water supplies for human use. Chloride determination is used to determine the type of desalting apparatus to be used. Chloride determination is used to control pumping of ground water from locations where intrusion in the determination of chemical oxygen demands (COD)[4].

EXPERIMENTAL WORK
The amount of chloride concentration in water was determined by the Mohr method. This method uses chromate ions as an indicator in the titration of chloride ions with a silver nitrate standard solution. After all the chloride has been precipitated as while silver chloride, thefirst excess of titrate results in the information of a silver chromate precipitate, which signals the end point. The reactions are: Ag+ +Cl- AgCl (s) 2Ag+ +Cro4-2 Ag2CrO4 (S) By knowing the stoichiometry and moles consumed at the end point, the amount of chloride in an unknown sample can be determined. This report describes experiments aimed at determining the concentration of chloride in a solid sample[5].

SAMPLE HANDLING AND PRESERVATION

Preservation of sample is not practical. because biological activity will continue after a sample has been taken, changes may occur during handling and storage. If analysis is to be carried out within two hours of collection, cool storage is not necessary. If analysis cannot be started with in the two hours of sample collection to reduce the change in sample, keep all samples at 4oC. B. Do not allow samples to freeze. Do not open sample bottle before analysis. Begin analysis with in six hours of sample collection[6].

PREPARATION OF REAGENTS
Standard Sodium Chloride Solution Switch on the electronic balance, keep the weighting pan, and set the reading to zero. Weight 1.648g of Sodium chloride Transfer the contents to the beaker containing distilled water. using glass rod, dissolve the contents thoroughly. Transfer the contents in the beaker to a100 mL standard flask; fill distilled water up to 100 mL mark. Transfer it to 100 mL standard flask using funnel

Standard Silver Nitrate (0.0282 N) Weight 4.791g of Silver nitrate and transfer it to the beaker with distilled water. Transfer the contents in the beaker to a 100 mL standard flask, fill distilled water up to 100 mL mark. Standardize it against 0.0282 N NaClsolution. Store it in an amber bottle.

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Potassium Chromate Indicater Weight 25 g of potassium chromate. Transfer it to the beaker contains distilled water. Add few drops of silver nitrate solution until slight red precipitate is formed. Allow it to stand for 12 hours. After 12hours filter the solution using filter paper and dilute the filtrate to 1000 mL using distilled water.

TESTING OF WATER SAMPLE

Before starting the titration rinse the burette with silver nitrate solution. fill the burette with silver nitrate solution of 0.0282. Adjust to zero and fix the burette in stand. Take 20 mL of the sample in a clean 250 mL conical flask Add 1 mL of potassium chromate indicator to get light yellow color Titrate the sample against silver nitrate solution until the color changes from yellow to brick red i.e, the end point. Note the volume of silver nitrate added(VA)

Blank Titration Take 20 mL of the distilled water in a clean 250 mL conical flask Add 1 mL of potassium chromate indicator to get light yellow color Titrate the sample against silver nitrate solution until the color changes from yellow to brick red i.e, the end point. Note the volume of silver nitrate added for distilled water (VB ) The amount of chloride present in water can be easily deterimined by this equation

Where: VA: Volume of Sliver Nitrate for sample VB: Volume of Sliver Nitrate for Blank N: Normality of EDTA V: Volume of sample taken Equivalent weight of chlorine=35.45

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The mount of chloride concentration in water of three rivers (Samawa, Rumaitha and Khuther) was measured for five months as shown figure 1. The results showed that the highest amount of chloride in the water of Khatherriver. This due to water concentration of the river excreta and organic sewage in addition to chemical waste industries the level of chloride concentration in water of these rivers less than maximum level in Iraqi standard specification.

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Figure 1: The Chlorine Concentration in Muthanna Rivers Figure 2 shows the chloride concentration in water produced in various liquidation projects of Muthanna province. This figure illustrate that the chloride amount in water of Muthanna project. Is small comparing with other water project. This due to the presence of sedimentation basinswhich sediment most impurities and this lead to reduce chlorine concentration.

Figure 2: The Chlorine Concentration in Water Liquidation Projects The concentration of chloride in water was measured for difference regions of Muthanna province. As shown in figure 3. The results showed that the level of chlorine concentrationin all these regions was less than 600(mg/L) except Jasera region that has 1400(mg/L). This highest amount found in this region not conformity with Iraqi standard specification.

Figure 3: The Chlorine Concentration in Different Muthanna Region

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Also figure 4 shows that all regions in Rumaitha province has level conformity with Iraqi specification except Huwishly region which has 900(mg/L). This highest concentration owing to the pollution excreta in these regions and organic cracked soil, which contains high concentration of sodium chloride.

Figure 4: The Chlorine Concentration in Different Rumaitha Region Figure 5 shows the chlorine concentrationin different residential regions of samawacity. The results illustrate that all these regions have chlorine amount comply with a less than 250ppm and this be conformity with minimum level in Iraqi standard specification of drink water.

Figure 5: The Chlorine Concentration in Different Alives of Samawa City

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work is supported in the University Al-MUTHANNA. The authors gratefully acknowledge. The outstanding support provided by the technicians of the workshop in the chemical engineering department

CONCLUSIONS
After the analysis the effect of chloride concentration on Muthanna water quality the following conclusionswas obtained: The level of chloride concentration in the water of all rivers in AL-Muthanna province is high because of the organic sewage. The liquidation projects have chloride concentration in the level conformity with Iraqi standard specification. The samawa city regions have chlorine amount less than 250(mg/L).

REFERENCES
1. Simon (2008),; chlorine for water treatment, Feb 5.

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2. 3. 4. 5.

Vernier Software &Technology, Water Quality with Vernier, http:www.vernier.com/cmat/wqv.htmi Iraqi foundation of measurement and specifications (1974), standard specification, number 417, bagdad, Iraqi. Method for Chemical Analysis of water and wastes, EPA -600/4-79-020, USEPA, Method 9253. Skoog D.A.,(1996) west D. M., HollerFij. fundamental of Analytical chemistry, 7th edition, Thomson Learning, Inc, USA.

6.

APHA Standard Methods for the Examination of water and Wastewater -20th Edition. Method 4500-ClB