Professional Documents
Culture Documents
net/antepithesi/
DNA
. DNA !
, 400 .
! To DNA ( ) 99,5%
( ).
, , ,
, 0,5%! To DNA ,
, , - 400 !
. ,
, ... , !
( )
.
... - - ,
, ,
. ,
, ,
,
. ,
- - ,
. .
. , , 5
( ).
.
, J,
:
. , 44
DNA
2.400 29 ( , ,
, ).
143 .
J .
.
DNA . ,
400
DNA . , , .
400 .
, 7
, . , 925
, 0,4% .
. , , .
,
DNA .
.
, , ,
, 4 5 .. , .
, : ,
DNA . DNA , ""
, ,
:
, , ,
.
.
. :
: , ,
, ,
. ,
DNA .
, : .
T DNA .
, , 50%
10% , .
,
DNA.
: DNA
, , , - 20%, DNA .
, .. .
. ,
7% 22% ,
.
,
, ,
2.500 , ,
.
'' '' . .
, ,
- .
. ,
. . . H
70 3000
1949 . . (.. , ,
, ),
DNA. , ,
(
),
(30.000 ). ,
, . ,
( )
,
.
, ( ),
,
.
" ",
.
, 6-1-1962: 150 /
. ,
,
' . . . ,
, :
.
.
, .
,
,
. ,
,
,
.
. . ,
, '
. '
. "
'
". (.:
.
, - -
-
).
. . : ...
'
, .
... . .
. ,
.
. . : " . .
".
, ...,
Smithsonian Institute . . American Journal of Physical Anthropology (
. 22, . 5, 1964, . 343)
: ...
....
, 25-1-1962: . .
, 1790-1861,
- () ,
-
- .
.
'
. ,
.
. .
. 23 1924.
1942-3 .... 1948-9 ...
'' '' . .
- - - .
- .
(. , 1971, 1999)
( 3.000 ) .
.
, .
1-3 %
, , .
15.000 .
1987 . 2
50.000 ,
(Homo sapiens)
. ,
.
1999 Tissue Antigens ( , . 53, )
. ...
,
( 4000
) ...
10.000 . 7 3
135
HLA. , ,
( , .
). ,
. (" ", .
., 1976, . 1055 ), HLA,
,
.
1965 -
DNA, ,
, (.. . NEW YORK
TIMES - "Cretans labeled non-Greek people", 17/4/1966,
15/4/1966, :
(. ).
,
,
. , :
10.000 ,
. , ( )
, , , ;.
,
; 10.000
; 5.500 ( , Scientific American
Oct. 1999).
,
, .
Tissue Antigens
, , .
3
.
.
("", 1977, . 4, . 5-36)
. ,
" ",
1582 . 1978
" , . 2", ( )
.
.
,
( ) , ,
-.
.
.
1. , ,
.
Homo sapiens,
,
, , ,
700.000 .
2. ,
,
,
(~ 50.000 ).
3. , ,
, (
) ,
,
,
. , , , ,
.
, ,
,
, .
, ,
. (
kulturtregeiter) , , , .
.
.
.
, ,
. ,
21 . , , (!!)
. ,
, ,
,
, ,
.
4.
, , .
.
. :
.
(continental) , .
. ,
,
.
( . : : , 1993).
().
(1790-1861)
(Stuttgart, 1830-1836, 2 pts.) .
,
,
. :
Das Geschlecht der Hellenen ist in Europa ausgerottet ... Denn auch nicht ein Tropfen edlen und
ungemischten Hellenenblutes fliet in den Adern der christlichen Bevlkerung des heutigen
Griechenlands.
...
.
.
Graeci , .
,
. ,
,
. ,
, ;
,
, , ...
. ,
, ,
. '
.
,
DNA. , ,
. '
(Pontikos, 2007a,
):
.
7% ,
.
.
,
[ ].
.
[10,11].
.
(
) (())
.
, [37]
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
DNA
DNA (mtDNA)
.
,
. ,
mtDNA .
mtDNA
(Achilli et al. 2007).
.
155 , 202 , 60 , 42 .
:
.
,
. , , , ,
.
, ,
, .
,
. mtDNA ,
, ,
- .
.
(Roewer et al. 2005)
. :
:
.
,
.
: , ,
. -
.
.
,
.
2 , -,
, , .
44% 27% .
53% 28% ,
57/24% 53/34%. ,
"".
(20%)
(18%).
.
, (Pericic et al. 2005),
,
R1a I1b*
(xM26) E3b1. , ,
R1a I 25% (Pontikos, 2007b) E3b1
20%. , ( ),
, E3b1 47%
(Semino et al. 2004). E3b1
,
. (Firasat et al. 2007).
DNA
DNA
.
(Bauchet et al. 2007) .
STRUCTURE,
K
. ,
,
"" .
,
"" , ""
.
- .
:
* .
*
: DNA,
Y, DNA.
* (-)
.
*
, .
,
.
,
.
.
.
500.000 .
Affymetrix 500.000
DNA 2.500
, 51
.
:
* .
. , ,
.
* .
,
.
* (.. ES1, ES2
SE).
( S1 S2 ).
( IE UK).
(.. YU EL
).
,
-. ,
.
, .
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
-
.
,
, (12 )
.
.
51 . To
,
, (
), .
" " (best overall match).
. ,
" " .
.. 25 (DE1 DE2) 7
(EL). ,
. 983
51 . , ,
983/51 19 "
" . 25/7
3.5 . ,
5.4 " "
.
.
;
.
" "
.
G1 G2 :
G1:
a: ACGTA
b: AGACT
c: ACATT
G2:
d: CCGTA
e: CGACT
f: CCATT
G1 G2 A C
, " " a G1 d
G2.
, mock false positive rate. ,
(YU), (IT1 IT2),
(AT), (FI), (DE1), (NL),
(UK), (NO).
,
.
DNA .
,
,
"
DNA",
(Annals of Human Genetics),
. ,
,
. "
,
", . ,
, :
,
.
. ,
20%.
( ), ( )
.
, .
""
.
( )
V13,
. "
.
.
,
", . .
2001 HLA genes in Macedonians and the sub-Saharan origin
of the Greeks, Tissue Antigens 57, 118-127. ,
, "
() ".
2002, Nature,
(Neil Risch, Alberto Piazza, LLuca Cavalli-Sforza)
.
(
)
28 2007.
, ,
.
.
:
, , .
:
, , STRs ,
DNA.
:
, . , .
, , . , . ,
, , . , ,
, , . , -
. (Torino Pavia), .. (Newcastle Upon Tyne,
Oxford), H.II.A. (Stanford)
13
.
( ).
DNA
. ,
.
. DNA. :
* 75-80% (DNA)
. 20-25%
( 9.000 ).
*
. . .
* ,
. 5-20%
DNA
. ' DNA
.
.
J-M102..
7900 . ,
,
.. , .
- :
( )
. , ,
.
.
-78 ]- 172. .. - 78
47%,
44%. . ' .
7%
22% .
. DNA
2001 : HLA genes in Macedonians and the sub-Saharan origin of
the Greeks, Tissue Antigens 57, 118-127. (
), "
(), ".
,
.
.
.
, .
: Dropped genetics paper lacked scientific merit,
Neil Risch, Alberto Piazza and L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza, 2002
, Nature.
:
* , ,
HLA ( 10 ),
. : ..
. ,
.
* 3 :
.
D D
:
D .
,
15 , .
D D .
.