Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SYSTEMS
WITH RADIANT PANELS
MARIO DONINELLI
andbooks
Caleffi
andbooks
Caleffi
MARIO DONINELLI
SYSTEMS
WITH RADIANT PANELS
andbooks
Caleffi
INTRODUCTION
This radiant panel equipment Handbook comes out at the same time as the manifolds
system Handbook.
First of all (ie. with the third Handbook), we considered that we should focus our
attention on manifold systems, as these are the most popular at present and are
therefore of greater design interest. However, we did not wish to delay the
presentation of panel systems excessively.
In fact, we consider that these systems are now likely to extend to Italy the
distribution and success they have achieved - and are still achieving - in the
technologically more advanced countries of Northern Europe.
We also consider that their distribution and success can be assisted by clear,
thorough information which is easy to understand. And this is the spirit in which we
have tried to provide our contribution.
As amply illustrated in this Handbook, there is no longer any reason to doubt the
validity of panel systems, and it is therefore important to look at these without
prejudice and with careful attention.
Knowing how to design and produce these systems in fact makes it possible to
complete and qualify the range on offer. And this is most important, in a sector like
ours, where everything changes very quickly and one can no longer stay tucked
away in a cosy niche market.
There is a continuous need to learn; we must know how to adapt to the
requirements of a continuously changing world. Only in this way can we offer
technologically advanced solutions, which are competitive and thus able to meet
our clientsreasonable demands.
Finally, I should like to express my warmest thanks to the Author of this publication
and all those who have contributed to writing it.
As always, any suggestions, opinions and impressions will be very welcome.
Franco Caleffi
Chairman, CALEFFI, S.p.A.
PREFACE
NOTES
GENERAL STRUCTURE
Definitions, graphs, tables, formulae, command functions, examples and advice are
given under items (or headings).
Each item, while forming part of the general context, can, in practice, stand alone.
The connections between items are indicated by appropriate referrals: each referral is
clearly shown in rounded brackets.
Graphs, tables and formulae have consecutive numbering linked only to the context
of the item in which they are contained. Longer items, sometimes introduced by a
short contents list, are broken down into chapters and sub-chapters.
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
The International System has not been rigidly applied. Traditional technical units of
measurement have sometimes been used instead, as:
1. they are more immediate and understandable from the practical point of view;
2. they are the actual units of measurement referred to in the working language of
the technicians and fitters.
GREEK ALPHABET
Physical sizes, numeric coefficients and constants are often represented by letters of
the Greek alphabet. These letters are shown below with their pronunciation.
Lower Case
Name
Upper Case
Lower Case
alpha
beta
gamma
delta
epsilon
zeta
eta
theta
iota
kappa
lambda
mu
Name
nu
xi
omicron
pi
rho
sigma
tau
upsilon
phi
chi
psi
omega
NOTES
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CONTENTS
Part one
GENERAL NOTES AND METHODS OF CALCULATION
GENERAL NOTES
Page 3
HISTORIC BACKGROUND.....................................................................................................................
ADVANTAGES OF PANEL SYSTEMS ....................................................................................................
- THERMAL WELL-BEING ..................................................................................................................................
- AIR QUALITY ....................................................................................................................................................
- HEALTH CONDITIONS ....................................................................................................................................
- ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ...........................................................................................................................
- HEAT USABLE AT LOW TEMPERATURE ......................................................................................................
- ENERGY SAVING .............................................................................................................................................
LIMITATIONS AND DISADVANTAGES OF PANEL SYSTEMS .............................................................
- LIMITATIONS CONNECTED WITH THE SURFACE TEMPERATURE OF THE FLOOR ............................
- THERMAL INERTIA AND METHOD OF USE OF SYSTEMS .........................................................................
- DISADVANTAGES CONNECTED WITH DESIGN ASPECTS ........................................................................
COOLING OF ROOMS .............................................................................................................................
COST OF PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT ....................................................................................
APPLICATIONS .....................................................................................................................................
4
6
6
8
8
8
9
9
10
10
10
11
11
12
12
Page 13
14
15
16
16
17
17
17
18
18
19
23
CONTROL SYSTEMS
Page 24
Page 33
DIMENSIONING OF PANELS
34
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
Page 44
45
50
50
51
51
52
52
53
54
58
62
62
64
64
65
65
66
66
66
66
66
Part two
PROGRAMME FOR THE DIMENSIONING
OF SYSTEMS WITH PANELS
PRINTER CONFIGURATION
Page 68
MATERIALS ARCHIVES
Page 69
70
72
74
Page 77
Page 82
CALCULATION PROGRAMME
Page 83
78
80
81
84
85
86
86
88
89
90
90
91
91
92
Part three
EXAMPLE OF CALCULATION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
94
96
100
100
101
102
103
128
130
130
Page 136
GENERAL NOTES
AND
METHODS OF CALCULATION
Summary
GENERAL
NOTES
RUGOSIT
CONSTRUCTION
RUGOSIT
OF RADIANT
PANEL SYSTEMS
CONTROL
SYSTEMS
RUGOSIT
FLOW OF HEAT
RUGOSIT
FROM
A PANEL
PANELRUGOSIT
DIMENSIONING
GENERAL NOTES
HISTORIC BACKGROUND
THERMAL COMFORT
AIR QUALITY
HEALTH CONDITIONS
ADVANTAGES
OF PANEL SYSTEMS
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
HEAT AVAILABLE
AT LOW TEMPERATURE
ENERGY SAVING
LIMITATIONS CONNECTED
WITH SURFACE TEMPERATURE OF FLOOR
THERMAL INERTIA
AND METHOD OF USE OF SYSTEM
DISADVANTAGES LINKED
WITH DESIGN ASPECTS
COOLING OF ROOMS
COST OF CONSTRUCTION
AND MANAGEMENT
APPLICATIONS
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
It may be of use to analyse the history of panel heating to give a better overall
view of its development in the context of systems in general, and, in particular, this may serve to illustrate why these systems are sometimes seen with a
certain diffidence, and used only for applications which are entirely secondary
and partial.
The idea of using the floor as a heat emission surface goes back over two thousand
years. Heating systems inspired by this idea were built by the Chinese, Egyptians
and Romans.
The system adopted by the Chinese and the Egyptians was fairly simple. It consisted
of building an underground hearth and sending smoke under the flooring of the
rooms to be heated; it was, in practice, single room heating.
The Romans, however, used far more complex, advanced systems. Using the smoke
from a single external hearth, they were able to heat several rooms and even several
buildings, thus achieving the first central-heating type system.
However, it was not until the start of this century that underfloor heating appeared
in its present form. And it was an Englishman, Professor Baker, who was first to
patent this type of system using the title systems for heating rooms with hot water carried by underfloor piping. In London in 1909, Crittal Co. acquired the patent rights
and heated one of the Royal palaces with this new system.
However, it was not until the period of the great reconstruction after the second
world war that a significant spread of panel heating took place.
POST-WAR SYSTEMS
In the early years after World War II, there were two main reasons for the spread of
panel heating - these were the constant unavailability of heat emitters and the ease
of insertion of the panels in prefabricated floor slabs.
The technique used consisted of burying 1/2 or 3/4 steel tubes in the flooring,
without overlying insulating materials.
In Europe, from 1945 to 1950, over 100,000 homes were heated by this technique.
Very soon, however, it was noted that the equipment was causing numerous
physiological problems, such as poor circulation, high blood pressure, headaches
and excessive sweating. Problems of this nature were so serious and well-documented
that certain European countries set up Commissions to identify the causes.
The results of the various Commissions of enquiry agreed that, in the systems
constructed, the physiological problems were due to two values being too
high: (1) the surface temperature of the flooring, and (2) the thermal inertia of
the floor slabs.
It was demonstrated in particular that, in order to avoid feelings of discomfort, the
floor temperature should not exceed 2829C. In fact, in the systems examined,
far higher temperatures were found, even in excess of 40C.
It was also demonstrated that the excessive heat accumulated in the floor slabs of the
systems meant overheating of the rooms above physiologically acceptable levels.
The Commissions themselves, however, did not publish any negative judgements of panel systems. They demonstrated that these systems, if constructed for a
low surface temperature and with a not excessively high thermal inertia, can offer
heat comfort greatly superior than that which can be obtained with radiator or convector equipment.
Whilst not being a condemnation, the Commissions results in fact constituted
a strong dis-incentive to produce panel systems, and it was some years before
they made any significant comeback.
The event which again drew attention to these systems was the energy crisis
in the 1970s.
Under the impetus of this crisis, almost all European countries issued laws which required efficient heat insulation of buildings, and it was thus possible to heat rooms
with less heat and so (in the case of panels) with lower floor temperatures.
In addition, in most cases, the degree of insulation required made it possible to heat
the rooms with floor temperatures lower than the physiological maximum, and this
in turn made it possible to reduce the thermal inertia of the system.
A further reduction in thermal inertia was obtained by producing floating floors
with heat insulation either under the panels or towards the walls.
And it was precisely this innovation, of a legislative and technical nature,
which finally made it possible to produce thoroughly reliable panel systems
with a high heat output.
Nowadays in Europe, the new panel systems are installed mainly in the
Northern countries, where they are experiencing a deserved success, largely
due to the advantages (analysed below) which they can offer.
HEAT COMFORT
As shown by the ideal curve shown opposite, in order to ensure comfortable heat
conditions in a room, slightly warmer areas must be maintained at floor level
and slightly cooler ones at the ceiling level.
The system most suited to providing these conditions consists of radiating
floors, for the following reasons:
1. the specific position (i.e. on the floor) of the panels;
2. the fact that they give off heat above all by radiation, thus avoiding the formation of convection currents of hot air at ceiling level and cold air at floor level.
AIR QUALITY
Panel heating can prevent two inconveniences which are typical of systems
with heat emitters:
1. burning of the dust in the air, which can cause a feeling of thirst and irritation of the throat;
2. high dust circulation which (especially in rooms which are not regularly
cleaned) can cause allergies and respiratory problems.
HEALTH CONDITIONS
Panel systems have a positive contribution to maintaining good environmental health conditions as they prevent:
1. the formation of damp floor areas, thus removing the ideal conditions for
dust mites and bacteria;
2. the occurrence of moulds (and the related bacterial fungi) on the walls bordering the heated floors.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
In new buildings and refurbishment works with renewed flooring, panel systems have the least environmental impact because:
1. they do not impose any aesthetic requirements. The invisible nature of the
panels is of great importance, especially when air-conditioning buildings of historic or architectural importance, where the presence of heater emitters can compromise the balance of the original spaces;
2. they do not restrict freedom of layout, thus allowing the most rational use of
the available space;
3. they do not contribute to deterioration of plasterwork, wooden flooring
and hardware, as:
they
they
Due to their high dispersion area, panel systems can use the heat-carrying fluid at
low temperatures.
This characteristic makes their use convenient with heat sources whose efficiency (thermodynamic or economic) increases when the temperature required
is reduced, as in the case of:
heat pumps,
condensing boilers,
solar panels,
district heating systems, with heat cost linked (directly or indirectly) to the return temperature of the primary fluid.
ENERGY SAVING
the
the
On average, panel systems, in comparison with traditional systems, produce energy savings of between 10 and 15%.
10
In order to avoid conditions of physiological discomfort, the surface temperature of the floor must be below the values given under the heading DIMENSIONING OF PANELS, sub-chapter SURFACE TEMPERATURE OF THE FLOOR.
As specified in the said sub-chapter, these values make it possible to determine the
maximum heat output (Qmax) which can be transferred by a panel.
If Qmax is less than the required output (Q), there are two possible situations:
1. Qmax is less than Q only in a few rooms,
in which case additional heat emitters can be used. For example, Qmax can come
from the panels and the remaining output from radiators.
2. Qmax is less than Q in all or most of the rooms,
a traditional type system should be used.
Panel systems are characterised by having a high thermal inertia as, in order
to transfer heat, they use the structures in which the panels themselves are
buried.
In environments heated with a certain degree of continuity (and good insulation under the panels), the thermal inertia of the system poses no problems and
permits:
On the other hand, in environments which are only heated for brief periods
(such as weekend homes), the thermal inertia of the panel system has considerable phase variations between the starting times and the times of actual use.
Thus in these cases, other heating systems should be used.
11
Unlike the traditional systems with heat emitters, panel systems require:
more complex, laborious calculations, although due to the greater commitment, these can be considerably reduced with the use of computers.
less adaptation to variants during the work or when the system is completed,
as it is not possible to add or remove panel portions, as is done with radiators.
COOLING ROOMS
Panel systems also permit cooling of premises. It should however be considered that these have two very clear limitations:
1. the limited cooling output,
2. the inability to dehumidify.
The low cooling output depends on the fact that in panel systems it is not
possible to reduce the floor temperature too far without causing surface condensation phenomena. For this reason, it is difficult to obtain a cooling output
greater than 40-50 W/m2.
The inability to dehumidify depends in fact on the nature of the panel system
itself, whose surfaces (i.e. the floor) cannot cause condensation and evacuation
of part of the water contained in the air. Healthy hygrometric conditions can,
therefore, only be obtained with the use of dehumidifiers, in conjunction with panel
systems, with a cost and space requirement which is not always acceptable.
12
APPLICATIONS
On their own, or integrated with air-conditioning systems, panel systems can
be used to heat: detached and terraced houses, homes in high-rise blocks, nursing
homes, schools, gyms, swimming pools, museums, libraries, hospitals, hotels, shops
and workshops.
They can also be used to clear ice and snow - car parks, garage ramps, steps, runways and sports fields.
13
CONSTRUCTION
O F R A D I A N T PA N E L S Y S T E M S
INSULATING MATERIALS
PERIPHERAL JOINTS
MAIN JOINTS
PANEL CONTAINMENT
STRUCTURES
EDGE JOINTS
SLABS
FLOORS
MANIFOLDS
DISTRIBUTION
OF HEAT-CARRYING FLUID
PANELS
14
15
INSULATING MATERIALS
The insulation under the panels is used (1) to reduce the heat given off downwards and (2) to limit the thermal inertia of the system.
The most commonly used insulating materials are polystyrene and polyurethane.
Sometimes, lightened concretes are also used, but their use is generally not recommended, because they have high thermal inertia values.
Insulation systems can have flat surfaces or pre-formed surfaces for direct anchorage of the pipes.
Flat surface insulation materials are normally used in buildings to insulate traditional floors.
As they have no supports for anchoring pipes, they require the use of electro-welded
frameworks or suitable metal profiles with junction clips and fixing supports.
The most frequently used flat surface insulating materials are expanded and extruded
polystyrene. The latter, in particular, due to form and high density, make it
possible to produce very compression-resistant floors.
Pre-formed insulation, on the other hand, is made specifically for the panel system.
Its surfaces have profiles and grooves which allow the pipes to be fitted directly.
These insulators have the advantage of speeding up the fitting of the panels.
They are, however, not highly compression-resistant and thus cannot be used to
make floors subject to compression stresses, such as for example industrial flooring.
If several materials are to be used for making the insulating layer, the least
compression-resistant materials must be positioned in the upper layers. In addition, the insulating panels must be fitted in close contact with each other and (in
the case of multiple layers) have offset joints.
In order to prevent deterioration of the insulating materials in use, two types
of protection must be provided for:
1. Protection against the dampness of the concrete.
This is always required and can be made above the insulation with polyethylene
sheets (min. thickness 0,15 mm) or other equivalent protection;
2. Protection against rising damp.
This is only required for floors in direct contact with the ground or in very
damp rooms. It can be made under the insulation with polyvinyl chloride sheets
(min. thickness 0,4 mm) or other equivalent protection
16
PERIPHERAL JOINTS
These are used to provide (1) expansion of the floor slab, (2) heat insulation
between the slab and the walls, (3) a sound gap between floor and walls.
This is done using insulating strips (normally expanded polyethylene 68 mm
thick) positioned along the walls and bounding the various construction elements of the floor and slab (see diagram in the chapter PANEL CONTAINMENT
STRUCTURES).
The strips must be positioned carefully and overlapped by at least 10 cm at the junction points. Their upper parts must protrude beyond the block and be trimmed only
when the floor is finished.
MAIN JOINTS
These permit expansion of the slab at the locations of the structural joints of
the building and in the case of large floor areas.
Without joints of this type, constructing floors of area exceeding 40 m2 or of length
greater than 8 m is not advisable. In L-shaped rooms, the maximum area can be extended to 80 m2.
17
EDGE JOINTS
These are used to guide the positioning of the slab in relation to doors and
other openings.
They are made using a trowel (up to a depth of 34 cm) when the slab begins to dry.
SLAB
This must be made with a fluid mixture to prevent the formation of small air
pockets which can obstruct normal heat transfer. Appropriate chemicals can be
added to improve the fluidity of the casting.
The components and proportions of the mix depend on the class of strength
to be obtained.
The minimum thickness of the slab over the pipes must be:
20 mm
for flush slabs, i.e. for slabs on which a sub-base is to be made later,
onto which the tiles will be fitted.
40 mm
for finish slabs, i.e. for slabs on which the floor is to be laid or stuck
directly afterwards.
18
MANIFOLDS
These are normally made of brass with independent flow and return connections. For correct operation and maintenance of the system, they must have:
main on/off valves,
panel on/off valves,
micrometric panel regulating valves,
automatic air vents,
drain cocks.
19
PANELS
The analysis of their main characteristics is broken down into three parts:
the choice of pipes,
the formation of the panels,
the installation of the pipes.
Selection of pipes
Plastic pipes are the most suitable for forming the panels, being different
from metal pipes in that they:
are easy to install,
are not subject to corrosion,
do not allow the formation of scale.
Normally, cross-linked polyethylene (PEX), polybutene (PB) and polypropylene (PP) pipes are used.
All the plastic pipes must have barriers to prevent the diffusion of oxygen. The
oxygen contained in the air must be prevented from diffusing into the pipes, as this
gas can cause corrosion of the boiler and any metal pipework.
The diameters usually used for making the panels are 16/13 and 20/16. 12/10 and
25/20 are used only for special applications.
Each room must be heated with one or more specific panels. This makes it possible to control room temperatures independently, in other words without altering
the heat balance of other rooms.
The panels can be made spiral or coiled. These are systems which, with the same
distance between centres and surface, deliver the same amount of heat, but the spiral
system is generally preferable as:
it provides a more even surface temperature as (unlike the case of the coil), its
flow and return pipes lay alternately;
it is easier to implement, as the shape of the spirals only requires two bends at
180 to the central ones, in other words those in which the formation of the spiral
is inverted.
The coil formation is suited above all to rooms of irregular shape or special
applications, such as, for example, de-icing ramps.
20
The panels can have constant or variable centre-to-centre distances with pipes
closer together where there are areas of glass or highly dispersive walls.
21
With coil panels, the flow must be towards the outer walls in order not to increase the already sensitive differences in surface temperature at the floor, which
characterise this distribution system.
The distances between pipes and the structures bounding the environment
must be at least:
22
Installation
The pipes must be transported, stored and fitted in such a way as to avoid site
damage and direct exposure to sunlight.
Various systems can be used when installing the pipes, such as:
pre-formed insulation of appropriate profiles and grooves,
electro-welded frameworks with fixing clips or clamps,
metal profiles with fitting and jointing clips.
In all cases, only fitting systems must be used which are able to:
permit good pipe anchorage,
prevent damage to the pipes themselves (metal connections are not permitted),
permit the design centre-to-centre distances to be implemented.
It is advisable not to pass pipes through the main expansion joints.
If this is not possible, the work must be done in such a way that:
1. the expansion joints of the building are only crossed by the pipes of the main
distribution system;
2. the other main joints are crossed only by pipes protected with a sheath of compressible material of
min. length 30 cm on either side of the joint,
diameter double the external diameter of the pipe.
23
24
CONTROL SYSTEMS
Climatic control
with pre-assembled unit
Climatic control
with 3-way valve
Climatic control
with 2-way valve
upstream from a heat exchanger
Climatic control
with 3-way valve
and anti-condensation pump
Climatic control
with 3-way valve,
anti-condensation pump and by-pass
25
26
This solution is valid for small to medium-sized systems. Generally, the pre-assembled units available do not permit flows greater than 5.0006.000 l/h.
27
This control can be adopted in systems where there are not problems with
flue gas condensation; for example in systems with heat pumps or heat exchangers.
28
29
30
This system is mainly suited to panel systems of medium and large dimensions.
Advantages:
It is easy to operate and check, as it is similar to the control systems used in heating plant.
Disadvantages: The 3-way valve operates in a limited opening range.
In order to prevent chatter and wear on the valve (seat and obturator),
high-quality materials and equipment must be used.
31
This system is mainly suited to panel systems of medium and large dimensions.
Advantages:
The 3-way valve operates throughout its whole opening
range, thus preventing any chatter and wear on the valve.
Disadvantages: Requires skilled personnel for commissioning and calibration.
32
The diagram on the previous page shows the regulating and by-pass valves dimensioned on the basis of the following flows:
Q tot
G v =
1,16 . ( t m t r )
(1)
Gb = Gp Gv
(2)
where:
G v = flow through 3-way valve, l/h
Q tot = total heat output of panel circuit, W
tm
tr
33
F L O W O F H E AT
F R O M A PA N E L
CALCULATION PARAMETERS
LOGARITHMIC MEAN
BETWEEN FLUID TEMPERATURE
AND ROOM TEMPERATURE
FACTOR RELATING
TO PIPE CHARACTERISTICS
FACTOR RELATING
TO FLOOR THERMAL RESISTANCE
*
*
*
FACTOR RELATING TO PIPE
CENTRE-TO-CENTRE DISTANCE
FACTOR RELATING
TO OUTER DIAMETER OF PIPE
*
*
In order to be able to use the programme, you do not need to read the chapters and sub-chapters marked with an asterisk (see preface).
34
CALCULATION PARAMETERS
The parameters which are used to determine the heat output delivered by a panel can
be broken down into the following groups:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
35
36
(1)
(1)
37
(1)
(2)
38
For pipes of different thickness and thermal conductivity, the factor (B) is calculated
using the formula (3) shown below:
1
1
1,1
1
De
1
De
= + . F p . F I . F m . F D . I . ln ln
B
B0
2 t
D e 2s t 2 t 0
D e 2s t 0
=
=
=
=
ln = natural logarithm
(1)
39
This is shown with the symbol F p. Its value can be determined from Table 1,
or using formula (4).
Conductivity
of slab
W/mK
0,00
0,05
0,10
0,15
2,0
1,196
0,833
0,640
0,519
1,5
1,122
0,797
0,618
0,505
1,2
1,058
0,764
0,598
0,491
1,0
1,000
0,734
0,579
0,478
0,8
0,924
0,692
0,553
0,460
0,6
0,821
0,632
0,514
0,433
Fp
given:
s m0
m0
1
s m0
+
m0
=
1
s m0
+ + R p
m
= 10,8 W/m2K
= 0,045 m
= 1,0 W/mK
(1)
(4)
40
(5)
where the factor A I can be determined from Table 2 and the exponent x (for
pipe centre-to-centre distances varying between 0,050 and 0,375 m) can be calculated using the equation:
I
x = 1
0,075
(6)
0,00
A I = 1,230
Rp =
0,05
A I = 1,188
Rp =
0,10
A I = 1,156
Rp =
0,15
A I = 1,134
Table symbols:
R p = thermal resistance of floor, m2K/W
A I = dimensionless factor
N.B.:
For centre-to-centre distances greater than 0,375 m, the heat flow (Q) can be
calculated using the formula:
0,375
Q = Q (0,375 ) .
I
(7)
where Q (0,375 ) represents the heat flow from a panel with centre-to-centre distances
equal to 0,375 m.
(1)
41
(1)
(8)
where the factor A m can be determined from Table 3 and the exponent y (for thickness
of the slab above the pipes greater than 0,015 m) can be calculated using the equation:
y = 100 . ( 0,045 s m )
(9)
Centre-tocentre
distance
(1)
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,050
1,0690
1,056
1,0430
1,0370
0,075
1,0660
1,053
1,0410
1,0350
0,100
1,0630
1,050
1,0390
1,0335
0,150
1,0570
1,046
1,0350
1,0305
0,200
1,0510
1,041
1,0315
1,0275
0,225
1,0480
1,038
1,0295
1,0260
0,300
1,0395
1,031
1,0240
1,0210
0,375
1,0300
1,024
1,0180
1,0160
42
(10)
where the factor A D can be determined from Table 4 and the exponent z (for
diameters between 0,010 and 0,030 m) can be calculated using the equation:
z = 250 . ( D e 0,020 )
(11)
Centre-tocentre
distance
(1)
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,050
1,013
1,013
1,012
1,011
0,075
1,021
1,019
1,016
1,014
0,100
1,029
1,025
1,022
1,018
0,150
1,040
1,034
1,029
1,024
0,200
1,046
1,040
1,035
1,030
0,225
1,049
1,043
1,038
1,033
0,300
1,053
1,049
1,044
1,039
0,375
1,056
1,051
1,046
1,042
43
(12)
The flow through the panel can be calculated using the formula (13) given below:
1
sm
+ R p +
m
Q
S . ( ta ts )
G = . 1 + +
( t e t u ) . 1,16
Rs
Q . Rs
given:
and where: G
= 10,8 W/m2K
te
tu
s m = thickness of slab, m
m = thermal conductivity of slab, W/mK
(1)
Rp
Rs
ta
ts
44
D I M E N S I O N I N G O F PA N E L S
CALCULATION OF PANELS
CENTRE-TO-CENTRE DISTANCES
PRESET HEAD
MAX. DESIGN TEMPERATURE
HEAT OUTPUT REQUIRED
PARAMETERS REQUIRED
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE OF ROOM
OR GROUND BELOW
THERMAL RESISTANCE OF FLOOR
THERMAL RESISTANCE UNDER PANEL
PARAMETERS
TO BE DETERMINED
FLUID VELOCITY
TOTAL HEAT OUTPUT FROM PANEL
45
F.
(1)
46
(1)
where:
Q
Q max
S
q max
=
=
=
=
where:
q max = 100 W/m2 in continuously occupied environments;
q max = 150 W/m2 in bathrooms, showers and swimming pools;
q max = 175 W/m2 in perimeter areas of rooms rarely used.
If Q is greater than Q max, a heat output less than or equal to Q max must be
emitted by the panel and the remaining output made up by an integrated
heat emitter.
47
In this case, the panel is not capable of emitting the required heat, and is
therefore under-dimensioned.
As an alternative solution, one can:
select (if possible) a panel with smaller centre-to-centre distances i.e. a panel with a greater heat output;
provide for an integrated heat emitter.
B2. The return temperature is not higher than the ambient temperature.
In this case, the panel only operates intermittently in the heat transfer to
the environment, and is thus over-dimensioned.
As an alternative solution, one can:
select (if possible) a panel with larger centre-to-centre distances - i.e.
a panel with a lower heat output;
provide for a panel with a smaller emission surface.
B3. The return temperature is between the flow and ambient tem-
peratures.
In this case, the value of the return temperature does not (at least from the
theoretical point of view) restrict the acceptability of the solution under
consideration.
However, the difference between the maximum flow temperature
and the return temperature is below the limits given in the sub-chapter TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE OF HEATING FLUID.
C - Calculation of flow
Noting the parameters defined in B, the return temperature (tu), the thermal resistance under the panel and the temperature of the room or ground below, the
panel flow can be calculated using the formula (13) given in the previous
item.
48
L = La
(2)
where:
L = panel length, m
La = route length (both ways) between manifold and panel, m
S = covered surface of panel, m2
I = panel centre-to-centre distance, m
The total head losses of the panel are calculated by adding together the continuous and localised losses of head, the value of which is determined as follows:
- the continuous head losses are calculated by multiplying the length of the
panel by the unit head losses;
- the localised head losses are calculated by adding together head losses due to:
the panel shut-off valves,
the panel pipe bends (on average these losses are considered to be between
20 and 30% of the continuous head losses).
On the basis of the value of the head required at the ends of the panel (which
coincides with the head losses determined above), there are two possible cases:
F1. The head required is lower than that pre-established.
In this case, the panel is acceptable and the difference between the head required and that pre-established is offset by adjustment of the regulating
valve provided for each panel.
49
In addition to the limits connected with the temperature of the floor and
the pre-established head , solutions whose velocity is too low must also be
avoided (see sub-chapter FLUID VELOCITY)
In addition, in order to be able to proceed with the dimensioning of the
heat generator and other panels, the following parameters must also be
determined (see sub-chapter PARAMETERS TO BE DETERMINED):
Q t = total heat output emitted by panel,
Q s = heat output emitted downwards by panel,
e p = mean heat output emitted upwards by one metre of pipe,
e s = mean heat output emitted downwards by one metre of pipe.
H - Zone Head
50
PARAMETERS REQUIRED
In order to be able to dimension a panel, the following parameters must be known:
centre-to-centre distances (in the case of panels with variable centre-to-centre distances);
outer diameter, thickness and thermal conductivity of pipe;
pre-established head;
maximum design temperature;
heat output required;
manifold-panel travel distance;
ambient temperature;
temperature of room or ground below;
covered surface of panel;
thickness and conductivity of slab;
thermal resistance of floor finish;
thermal resistance under panel;
fluid-dynamic characteristics of the manifold and valves.
CENTRE-TO-CENTRE DISTANCES
These may vary up to 30 cm in applications of a domestic nature or in permanently inhabited environments. They may, however, vary up to 40 cm in applications of an industrial or commercial nature (e.g.workshops, warehouses or
garages).
The grid (or series) of possible centre-to-centre distances depends on the fixing
supports (framework or profiles) or the pre-formed panels to be used.
The most frequently used grids are as follows:
7,5
15,0
22,5
30,0
37,5
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
30,0
8,0
16,0
24,0
32,0
40,0
51
PRESET HEAD
This is the head which is assumed to be available at the ends of the panel.
It is generally agreed that this can vary from:
1.200 to 1.500 mm w.g.
It is thus considered that low temperature heating is possible only with floors
of limited thermal resistance (see sub-chapter THERMAL RESISTANCE OF
FLOOR).
It is advisable that the maximum design temperature should not exceed 55C
in order to avoid:
wave floor temperatures, i.e. with considerable variations of hot zones and cold
zones.
52
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
This is the air temperature to be achieved within the room. Its value is generally imposed by law or by contractual clauses.
Given equal ambient temperatures, it is considered that in a room heated with panels, the operating temperature (i.e. the temperature which will give a good approximation to heat comfort in the room) is on average 11,5C higher than that
which can be obtained by heating with heat emitters (see Item GENERAL
NOTES, sub-clause ENERGY SAVING).
53
Average temperature
temperature
of ground
under floor
- 20C
- 15C
- 10C
- 5C
0C
+ 5C
+ 3C
+ 5C
+ 8C
+ 10C
+ 11C
+ 12C
54
where: R p
sp
p
(3)
Table (2) shows the thermal conductivity of materials used for making floor finishes.
Conductivity
W/mK
Ceramic
Brick
Rubber
Granite
Linoleum
Marble
Carpet
Parquet
PVC flooring
1,00
0,90
0,28
3,20
0,18
3,40
0,09
0,20
0,23
55
Table (3) shows the indicative values of the maximum specific heat output
which can be transferred by a panel, in relation to two variables; the thermal resistance of the floor and the maximum design temperature.
These values (averagely valid for temperature differences of 8-12C and for plastic
pipes of outer diameter between 20 and 16 mm) can be used to determine (always
with a certain degree of approximation):
1. the heat output of a panel when the floor type is varied;
2. the maximum design temperature in relation to the specific output requested
and the thermal resistance of the floors used.
Rp
m K/W
2
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
0,000
48
58
68
79
89
99
109
119
130
140
150
0,010
45
54
64
74
83
93
102
112
121
131
141
0,020
42
51
60
69
78
87
96
105
114
124
133
0,030
40
48
57
66
74
83
91
100
108
117
126
0,040
38
46
54
62
70
79
87
95
103
111
119
0,050
36
44
52
59
67
75
83
90
98
106
114
0,060
34
42
49
57
64
72
79
86
94
101
109
0,070
33
40
47
54
61
68
76
83
90
97
104
0,080
31
38
45
52
59
66
73
79
86
93
100
0,090
30
37
43
50
57
63
70
76
83
90
96
0,100
29
35
42
48
55
61
67
74
80
87
93
0,110
28
34
40
46
53
59
65
71
77
83
90
0,120
27
33
39
45
51
57
63
68
74
80
86
0,130
26
32
37
43
49
55
60
66
72
78
83
0,140
25
31
36
42
47
53
58
64
70
75
81
0,150
24
30
35
40
46
51
57
62
67
73
78
56
CERAMIC
TAB. 4 - Value of R p for p = 1,00 W/mK
Rp
0,006
0,008
10
0,010
12
0,012
BRICK
TAB. 5 - Value of R p for p = 0,90 W/mK
Rp
10
0,011
15
0,017
20
0,022
30
0,033
RUBBER
TAB. 6 - Value of R p for p = 0,28 W/mK
Rp
0,007
0,011
0,014
0,018
57
MARBLE
TAB. 7 - Value of R p for p = 3,40 W/mK
Rp
10
0,003
15
0,004
20
0,006
30
0,009
PARQUET
TAB. 8 - Value of R p for p = 0,20 W/mK
Rp
0,030
0,040
10
0,050
12
0,060
14
0,070
16
0,080
18
0,090
20
0,100
58
given:
and where: R s
= 5,9 W/m2K
= thermal resistance under panel, m2 K/W
(4)
59
Table (9) shows the conductivity and thermal resistance of materials commonly located under the panels.
Material
W/mK
Expanded clay
Concrete
Fibreglass
Plaster with lime and gypsum
Plaster with lime mortar
Polystyrene
Polyurethane
Brick floor slab:
Boards:
Thermal
resistance
m2K/W
0,100
1,300
0,040
0,700
0,900
0,035
0,028
20 cm
0,32
24 cm
0,35
28 cm
0,37
15 cm
0,36
20 cm
0,40
25 cm
0,43
Cork sheets
Expanded cork with binders
Expanded vermiculite
0,040
0,045
0,070
The following pages contain tables with precalculated values of thermal resistance Rs for floor slab in brick, boards and floors on the ground.
60
TAB. 10 - R s as function of h e s
TAB. 11 - R s as function of h e s
20
24
28
Rs
2,0
Rs
1,061
2,0
1,101
2,5
1,204
2,5
1,244
3,0
1,347
3,0
1,387
3,5
1,490
3,5
1,530
4,0
1,633
4,0
1,673
4,5
1,776
4,5
1,816
5,0
1,919
5,0
1,959
2,0
1,091
2,0
1,141
2,5
1,234
2,5
1,284
3,0
1,377
3,0
1,427
3,5
1,520
3,5
1,570
4,0
1,663
4,0
1,713
4,5
1,806
4,5
1,856
5,0
1,949
5,0
1,999
2,0
1,111
2,0
1,171
2,5
1,254
2,5
1,314
3,0
1,397
3,0
1,457
3,5
1,540
3,5
1,600
4,0
1,683
4,0
1,743
4,5
1,826
4,5
1,886
5,0
1,969
5,0
2,029
15
20
25
61
8 12
Rs
2,0
0,687
2,5
0,830
3,0
0,973
3,5
1,115
4,0
1,258
4,5
1,401
5,0
1,544
62
PARAMETERS TO BE DETERMINED
For the correct and complete dimensioning of a panel, it is necessary to determine the following parameters:
tp = ta +
8,92
1
1,1
(5)
In order to comply with such values, precise limits of the heat output which
can be transferred by a panel are required.
63
Multiplying the value of q max by the area of the panel gives the maximum heat
output which the panel can transfer to the environment without causing a
feeling of discomfort (see item DIMENSIONING OF PANELS , sub-chapter
CALCULATION OF PANELS).
64
not to over-reduce the average temperature of the fluid, and thus the heat
output of the panel;
to avoid surface temperatures which differ too much from each other, especially with coil panels;
PANEL FLOW
This is calculated using the formula (13) given in the item FLOW OF HEAT
FROM A PANEL.
Considering that the maximum flow of a panel is on average between:
200 220 l/h, for pipes with D i = 16 mm
120 130 l/h, for pipes with D i = 13 mm
it is possible to determine (although approximately) the maximum heat output
(Q G. max) which a panel can transfer in relation to its internal diameter. In particular, considering a temperature difference of 8C, this gives:
for D i = 16 mm
These values can be used as guidance parameters for establishing (as a first approximation) whether a room needs one or more panels.
65
HEAD REQUIRED
This is calculated as shown in the chapter CALCULATION OF PANELS and
must not exceed the preset head. The difference between these two heads is offset
by the panel micrometric regulating valve.
It is advisable that the difference between the preset head and that required
(i.e. the value of the offsetting by adjustment) should be at least 200 300 mm w.g.
It is thus possible (by opening the micrometric valve) to increase the flow through
the panel and thus its heat output when the operating conditions are more demanding than those considered, for example when carpets, which were not provided for,
are laid over the flooring, covering large areas.
66
FLUID VELOCITY
It is advisable not to accept solutions where the fluid velocity is too low, essentially for two reasons: (1) to prevent the formation of air bubbles; (2) to prevent
the flow of liquid from becoming laminar, as the panel emission formulae are only valid for turbulent flow.
Normally, velocities higher than 0,1 m/s are acceptable. Higher velocities must
be provided for when panels are made with reverse gradients (see 1st Handbook, VELOCITY OF FLUID).
PRINTER CONFIGURATION
MATERIALS ARCHIVES
CALCULATION PROGRAMME
68
P R I N T E R C O N F I G U R AT I O N
This option allows you to set the top and left hand margins of the page layout.
It also allows you to carry out a printing test.
Variable data:
top margin (in lines)
left hand margin (in characters)
Fixed data:
maximum number of characters per line = 66
maximum number of lines per page
= 58
There are three commands managing the inputting of the printed page:
F1
F2
69
M AT E R I A L S A R C H I V E S
2-way valves
3-way valves
normal valves
valves with thermostatic option
thermostatic valves
thermoelectric valves
lock shield valves
modular radiators
non-modular radiators
convectors
fan coils
70
Brand
name
model
KV0,01 (3/4)
KV0,01 ( 1 )
71
COMMAND FUNCTIONS
The zone valves archive can be managed by means of the following command functions:
Scroll
F1
F2
Modify
F3
Cancel
F5
Go to ...
F6
F7
Save
72
Valve types:
- 1 normal valves,
- 2 valves with thermostatic option
- 3 thermostatic valves,
- 4 thermoelectric valves,
- 5 lock shield valves.
Brand
name
Model
KV0,01 (3/8)
KV0,01 (1/2)
73
COMMAND FUNCTIONS
The valves for heat emitters archive can be managed by means of the following command functions:
Scroll
F1
F2
Modify
F3
Cancel
F5
Go to ...
F6
F7
Save
74
N.B.:
This archive is also used by the programme for dimensioning systems with
manifolds and makes it possible to store three types of heat emitter
- radiators;
- convectors;
- fan coils.
Only radiators are already recognised and used by the programme for the dimensioning of panels.
All the archive elements are presented below, including those for convectors and fan
coils.
-1
-2
-3
-4
Brand
name
Model
modular radiators,
non-modular radiators,
convectors,
fan coils.
75
tm
Width of boss, mm
(*)
76
COMMAND FUNCTIONS
The heat emitters archive can be managed by means of the following command functions:
Scroll
F1
F2
Modify
F3
Cancel
F5
Go to ...
F6
F7
Save
77
G E N E R A L D ATA A R C H I V E S
DATA ANALYSIS
DATA ANALYSIS
MANIFOLD CHARACTERISTICS
ARCHIVE
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
DATA ANALYSIS
78
79
80
2.
3.
4.
7.
81
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
N.B.:
The grid must be supplemented with the entry (from the smallest centre
distance) of the five centre distances provided for. For this purpose, the support
values can also be entered, thus avoiding accepting the relative solutions.
82
This part of the programme makes it possible to store and recall the data
(files) for each project processed.
The files are saved in a suitable directory and can be opened or recalled with the options specified below.
New
Old
Delete
83
C A L C U L AT I O N P R O G R A M M E
First Part
MANIFOLD MANAGEMENT AND PROCESS PRINTING
Provides:
Second part
MANAGEMENT OF BRANCH CIRCUITS
Provides:
Third part
SELECTION OF SOLUTIONS PREPARED
84
New manifold
Examine manifold
Modify manifold
Modifies the project data or accepted solutions for the branch circuits
relating to a specific manifold.
F1
General data
- Checks the data of the general archives.
- Also varies the data of the main parameters. However, it is not possible (once
the project has started) to vary the data on manifold, pipes and centre distances.
F6
Print project
Prints the solutions accepted and the metric calculation.
85
Panel
Dimensions a panel.
Heat emitter
Dimensions a heat emitter and the relevant circuit.
Examines the data (for the panels or heat emitters) not normally shown
on screen.
Esc
Exits
Stores the solutions relating to the circuits dimensioned (on the project files).
Also stores these solutions several times so that the materials in the
system with equal branches can be calculated more easily: for example in
multi-storey buildings or detached houses.
86
PANEL DIMENSIONING
This is done in three stages:
project data acquisition,
development of calculations,
presentation of data processed.
The project data required can be broken down into two groups:
data requested by programme: - data relating to the manifold,
- data relating to the panel.
data derived from the archives.
tmax (*)
cvz (*)
N.B.
This data is only required when dimensioning of a new manifold is started.
(*)
87
Szp (1)
La
ta (*)
Ambient temperature
- values accepted 10 to 25C.
- whole numbers only shown on screen.
Rp (*)
sm (*)
Thickness of slab
- values accepted from 2 to 20 cm.
- whole numbers only shown on screen.
Rs (*)
vi (*)
N.B.(1):
The value of Szp (peripheral zone area) cannot be greater than 40% of S (total
panel area).
(*)
88
DEVELOPMENT OF CALCULATIONS
Having acquired the project data, the programme prepares the solutions relating to each centre distance of the available grid (see PIPES AND CENTRE DISTANCES ARCHIVE) and breaks down these solutions into two categories: acceptable and unacceptable.
Acceptable solutions
The programme accepts all solutions where the cases specified below do not
arise.
Unacceptable solutions
The programme does not accept the solutions where at least one of the following conditions arises:
Q max (I) Q
The maximum heat output which can be transferred by the panel (in relation to
the centre distance in question) is not able to handle the output required: this
means that the panel is under-dimensioned (see DIMENSIONING OF PANELS)
(-) is the symbol on screen showing unacceptability.
Q min (I) Q
The minimum heat output which can be transferred by the panel (in relation to
the centre distance in question) is too high in relation to the output required; this
means that the panel is over-dimensioned (see DIMENSIONING OF PANELS).
(+) is the symbol on screen showing unacceptability.
H (I) H pann
The head required (in relation to the centre distance considered) is too high in relation to that pre-set (see DIMENSIONING OF PANELS).
(H) is the symbol on screen showing unacceptability.
89
tzp
dt
Velocity of fluid
In addition, the programme indicates, in flashing characters, cases where the velocity of
the fluid is lower than the limit defined in the GENERAL PARAMETERS ARCHIVE.
The main commands for selecting the proposed solutions are shown in the
chapter SELECTION OF THE SOLUTIONS PROCESSED.
90
The project data required can be broken down into two groups:
data requested by the programme: - data regarding the manifold,
- data regarding the heat emitters.
data derived from the archives.
91
La
r (*)
ta (*)
Ambient temperature
- values accepted from 10 to 25C.
- whole numbers only shown on screen.
dt (*)
cv (*)
cd (*)
vi (*)
DEVELOPMENT OF CALCULATIONS
When the project data is acquired, the programme prepares the requested solution on the basis of the temperature difference input and considers these solutions acceptable only if a head lower than that available at the manifold connections is requested.
If the head is too high, the temperature difference input must be increased.
In this way the flow through the heat emitter, and thus the requested relative head,
is reduced.
(*)
92
15
Solutions to be accepted
This function is reserved for the panels and makes it possible (within
the scope of the possible solutions) to select the panel configuration
considered most appropriate.
Exec
Accepts
This function is reserved for the heat emitters and makes it possible
to accept the proposed solution.
Vary data
Makes it possible to vary the project data and carry out new dimensioning (for both panels and heat emitters).
Esc
EXAMPLE OF CALCULATION
94
Example:
Dimension a panel system for zone heating of dwellings represented in the page alongside. The following are considered:
ta = 20C ambient temperature
ts =
5C temperature of basement
heating requirement:
Room
- living
- kitchen
- bathroom A
- bedroom A
- bedroom B
- bathroom B
- corridor
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2nd floor
W
2.900
1.180
610
1.430
1.050
310
180
1st floor
W
2.420
990
520
1.150
770
250
90
mezzanine
W
2.420
990
520
1.150
770
250
90
N.B.: for rooms in the mezzanine, the heat losses of floor have not been taken into consideration
(see sub-chapter under DIMENSIONING OF PANELS).
structure of floor slabs:
- ceramic,
- slab,
- polystyrene insulation,
- brick floor slab,
- plaster,
s = 0,8 cm
s = 8,0 cm
..................... thickness to be defined
s = 20,0 cm
s = 1,5 cm
Solution:
The Caleffi Handbooks 99 software is used, and on the basis of this configuration, the system is broken down dimensionally into the following phases:
Analysis and selection of data regarding the main parameters archive
Selection of manifold and valves for control and regulation of panels
Selection of pipes and available centre-to-centre distances
Notes and conventions assumed
Activation of project file
Dimensioning of branches and manifolds on 2nd floor
Dimensioning of branches and manifolds on 1st floor
Dimensioning of branches and manifolds on mezzanine
Printing calculation and symbols
Dimensioning distribution network
Calculation of total heat output
95
96
Analysis and selection of data relating to the main parameters archive
On the basis of this method (the variation in head from floor to floor is considered on average to
be 100 mm w.g.) and in relation to the terms of the item DIMENSIONING THE PANELS (subchapter PRESET HEAD), the following is assumed:
H pann = 1.800 mm w.g. (2nd floor)
H pann = 1.900 mm w.g. (1st floor)
H pann = 2.000 mm w.g. (mezzanine)
97
Thermal resistance of floor
This can be calculated using formula (3) or the tables given under DIMENSIONING OF PANELS,
sub-chapter THERMAL RESISTANCE OF FLOOR.
The table on ceramics, for a thickness of 0.8 cm, gives: R p = 0,008 m2K/W.
Zone valves
Caleffi model 6480/6460 3-way zone valves are used with the following characteristics:
- 3/4 valve KV0,01 = 1.200 l/h
- 1 valve KV0,01 = 3.000 l/h
These valves are already on file with the code number: cvz = 1.
98
The thermal resistance under the panel can be calculated using the formula (4) or with the tables
given under the heading DIMENSIONING OF PANELS, sub-chapter THERMAL RESISTANCE
UNDER PANEL.
In the case in question, from the table regarding brick floor slab and polystyrene insulation, for
the thicknesses of insulation specified above, the following is obtained:
R s = 1,633 m2K/W (2nd floor)
R s = 1,061 m2K/W (1st floor)
R s = 1,633 m2K/W (mezzanine)
OMEGA
680/4
80C
145 W
60 mm
680 mm
1,10 l
99
Temperature difference across heat emitter
The default temperature difference for dimensioning the integrated heat emitters is:
t = 4C.
This value generally provides a good compromise between two different requirements: (1) not to
reduce the average temperature, and thus the output of the heat emitter excessively; (2) not to
call for excessively high flows and thus heads greater than available.
On the basis of the project data and the choices made, the following values are input in the GENERAL PARAMETERS file:
20
2
10
1
4
0,75
N.B.: The preset head, the temperature of the room below and the thermal resistance under the
panel refer to the last floor, in other words the floor from which the dimensioning of the system starts.
100
Selection of manifold and valves for control and regulation of panels
On the basis of the choices made (type of manifold and valves) the following values are input in the
MANIFOLD CHARACTERISTICS archive:
31,0
287
287
1
curve
Pipes
Pipes are used having the following characteristics:
- trade name,
- material,
SIGMA
PEX
1
6,0
2
18,0
3
21,0
4
27,0
5
31,0
6
42,0
7
53,0
8
70,0
9
89,0
10 115,0
101
Grid of available centre-to-centre distances
The following 5 centre-to-centre distances are used (see explanatory note in the item GENERAL DATA ARCHIVES, sub-chapter DATA ARCHIVES REGARDING PIPES AND CENTRE-TO-CENTRE
DISTANCES):
- 7,5 cm
- 15,0 cm
- 22,5 cm
- 30,0 cm
- 37,5 cm
On the basis of the selections made (type of pipes and grid of centre-to-centre distances) the following values are input in the PIPES AND CENTRE-TO-CENTRE DISTANCES archive.
SIGMA
1
[mm]
[mm]
20,0
16,0
15,0
10,0
Grid of available
centre to centre distances:
7,5
15,0
22,5
30,0
37,5
102
3. The column and manifold positions shown below are used:
PAN-ES
AA
BB
103
t max =
These values are accepted and the dimensioning is started from the first branch.
Q = 2.900 / 2 = 1.450 W
S =
34 / 2 =
17 m2
La =
=
1m
other data as proposed by the programme as default
n
1
2
/
/
/
7,5
15,0
22,5
30,0
37,5
(-)
(-)
(-)
tp
27,8
27,8
tzp
-
dt
10,5
6,0
L
228
114
v
0,18
0,32
Solution No. 2 is accepted. The same data is proposed and the same solution is also achieved
for branch No. 2 - Living room 1B
Q = 1.180 W
S =
14 m2
La =
8m
other data as proposed by the programme as default
n
1
2
/
/
/
7,5
15,0
22,5
30,0
37,5
(-)
(-)
(-)
tp
27,7
27,7
tzp
-
dt
11,0
6,0
L
195
101
v
0,14
0,26
104
Q = 450 W
S =
3 m2
La =
5m
other data as proposed by the programme as default
Processing this data does not give an acceptable solution. Therefore the panel is recalculated, reducing the output value required. For example, putting Q = 360 W makes solution No. 1 acceptable, in other words the solution which provides for a centre-to-centre distance of 7,5 cm.
The following is proposed for dimensioning the heat emitter:
Branch 5 - Bathroom 3B:
The solution prepared by the programme, which provides for a heat emitter consisting of 8
elements of model 680/4 (defined as default) is accepted
Q = 1.430 W
S =
20 m2
La =
6m
other data as proposed by the programme as default
n
1
2
3
/
/
7,5
15,0
22,5
30,0
37,5
(-)
(-)
tp
26,6
26,6
26,6
tzp
-
dt
14,0
10,5
5,5
L
273
139
95
v
0,13
0,18
0,34
105
Q = 1.050 W
S =
20 m2
La =
8m
other data as proposed by the programme as default
n
1
2
3
4
/
7,5
15,0
22,5
30,0
37,5
(-)
tp
25,0
25,0
25,0
25,0
tzp
-
dt
17,5
15,5
12,5
8,5
L
275
141
97
75
v
0,08
0,09
0,11
0,16
Q = 310 W
S =
2,8 m2
La =
6m
other data as proposed by the programme as default
n
1
/
/
/
/
7,5
15,0
22,5
30,0
37,5
(-)
(-)
(-)
(-)
tp
29,9
tzp
-
dt
3,5
L
43
v
0,12
The solutions prepared are accepted twice to confirm the calculation of the materials for
both the dwellings on the second floor.
A drawing follows, plus the print-outs which show the results obtained (see key to symbols used at
the end of the panel dimensioning).
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
Dimensioning of the branches and manifolds on 1st floor
For the GENERAL DATA function, enter:
The dimensioning of the second manifold is then required, and, accepting the relevant data offered
as default, the dimensioning of the branches is commenced.
Of the solutions relating to the data proposed, No. 3 is accepted (I = 22.5 cm). The same data is proposed and the same solution is also accepted for branch No. 2 - Living room 1 B.
Of the solutions relating to the data proposed, No. 3 is accepted (I = 22,5 cm).
The solution proposed by the programme is accepted, which provides for a heat emitter
consisting of 5 elements, model 680/4 (defined as default).
(1)
113
Of the solutions relating to the data proposed, No. 4 is accepted. (I = 30,0 cm).
Q =
770 - ( 97 / 2 ) = 722 W (1)
S =
20 m2
La =
8m
other data as proposed by the programme as default
Only Solution No. 5 was considered acceptable (I = 37.5 cm). However, it is advisable to
adopt a smaller centre-to-centre distance (see item DIMENSIONING OF PANELS, sub-chapter
CENTRE-TO-CENTRE DISTANCES). For this purpose, the surface (S) of the panel is reduced.
In particular, S = 14 m2 and the new solution No. 4 (I = 30,0 cm) is accepted.
Q =
250 - ( 29 / 2 ) = 236 W (1)
S =
2,8 m2
La =
6m
other data as proposed by the programme as default
Of the solutions relating to the data proposed, No. 2 is accepted (I = 15,0 cm).
The solutions prepared are accepted twice to confirm the calculation of the materials for
both the dwellings on the first floor. A drawing follows, plus the print-outs which show the results obtained (see key to symbols used at the end of the panel dimensioning).
(1)
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
The dimensioning of the third manifold is then required, and, accepting the relevant data offered as
default, the dimensioning of the branches is commenced.
Of the solutions relating to the data proposed, No. 3 is accepted (I = 22,5 cm). The same
data is proposed and the same solution is also accepted for branch No. 2 - Living room 1 B
Of the solutions relating to the data proposed, No. 3 is accepted (I = 22,5 cm).
The solution proposed by the programme is accepted, which provides for a heat emitter
consisting of 5 elements, model 680/4 (defined as default).
(1)
121
Of the solutions relating to the data proposed, No. 4 is accepted (I = 30,0 cm).
Q =
770 - ( 103 / 2 ) = 719 W (1)
S =
14 m2
La =
8m
other data as proposed by the programme as default
Of the solutions relating to the data proposed, No. 4 is accepted (I = 30,0 cm).
Q =
250 - ( 34 / 2 ) = 233 W (1)
S =
2,8 m2
La =
6m
other data as proposed by the programme as default
Of the solutions relating to the data proposed, No. 2 is accepted (I = 15,0 cm).
The solutions prepared are accepted twice to confirm the calculation of the materials for
both the dwellings on the mezzanine floor.
A drawing follows, plus the print-outs which show the results obtained (see key to symbols used at
the end of the panel dimensioning).
(1)
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
Dimensioning of distribution network
The distribution network is dimensioned using the method of constant linear head losses, taking as a
guide value r = 10 mm w.g./m and using Table 4 in the 1st Handbook, item STEEL PIPES.
The following is thus obtained:
2nd floor riser - manifold connection pipes
1st floor riser - manifold connection pipes
mezzanine riser - manifold connection pipes
1st floor - 2nd floor riser section
1st floor - mezzanine riser section
mezzanine - heating centre riser section
G =1.478 l/h
G =1.081 l/h
G =1.108 l/h
= 1 1/4
=
1
=
1
G=
1.478 2 = 2.956 l/h
G = 2.956 + 1.081 2 = 5.118 l/h
G = 5.118 + 1.108 2 = 7.334 l/h
= 1 1/2
=
2
= 2 1/2
The head obtained at the base of the circuit is determined (see practical methods, 1st Handbook) by
adding together:
the continuous loss of head from the circuit (Hcont) considered conventionally as equal to
the product of:
- r = guide value of linear constant head loss,
- l = circuit length;
the localised head losses (Hloc) taken as equal to 60% of the continuous head loss.
The result is thus: - Hzone (2nd floor) = 1.893 mm w.g.(see 2nd floor manifold print-out)
- Hcont = l r = (la + lc + lo ) r = 40 10 = 400 mm w.g.
where:
131
Project File:
Date:
Client:
Installer:
System
location:
Manifold:
Piping:
Centre-to-:
centre
distances
Notes:
panels:
D e = mm
D i = mm
Heat emitters:
D e = mm
D i = mm
I 1 = 7,5
I 2 = 15,0
I 3 = 22,5
I 4 = 30,0
I 5 = 37,5
I 1 = 5,0
I 2 = 10,0
I 3 = 15,0
I 4 = 20,0
I 5 = 30,0
I1 =
I2 =
I3 =
I4 =
I5 =
I N D I V I D U A L
M A N I F O L D
D A T A
S U R V E Y
Project File:
H pann:
Manifold n:
t max:
mm w.g.
cvz:
Room
Qdisp
Q ()
Sloc
Span
Szp
La
ta
ts
Rp
sm
Rs
vi
ta
dt
cv
cd
vi
Room
La
Heat Emitter
( code )
(
134
NOTES
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136
BIBLIOGRAPHY
J. RIETSCHEL - W. RAISS
Trait de chauffage et de ventilation
Librairie Polytechnique Ch. Branger - Paris et Lige
M. DONINELLI - P. RAFFAGLIO
Pannelli radianti a pavimento
Scantec - Bernareggio (Mi)
PIERRE FRIDMANN
Le calcul des planchers chauffant a eau chaude
Les editions parisiennes
A. MISSENARD
Le chauffage et le refraichement par rayonnement
Editions Eyrolles (Paris)
F. KREYTH
Principi di trasmissione del calore
Liguori Editore
J. J. BARTON
Electric floor warming
Georges Newnes (London)
AUTORI VARI
Il riscaldamento a pannelli radianti con serpentine in acciaio
Bollettino n. 26 Dalmine
137
DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS
Mario Doninelli
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