SeanSullivan Dr.Lennox Period7 October31,2013 UltrastructureConclusionQuestions A.Thecontrastbetweentheelodeaandcheekcellsissimply,ashasbeenobserved,thatthe elodeahasacellwallandchloroplastsandthecheekcellsdonot.Theyaresimilarintheirother characteristics,however,suchasthecellmembraneandnucleus. B.Thecheekcellsthatwereobservedwereflatandrelativelysmoothsidedfigures,mostly hexagonal.Thisshapeisperfectforcoveringtheinsideofonescheekasthesecellsdo,asthey functionandareshapedsimilartotiles.Theredbloodcellsshapeallowsittotransportoxygento partsofthebodywithmaximumefficiencyasithasahighratioofsurfaceareatovolumeandis nottoojagged. C.Theintroductionofsaltwatertotheelodeacausedthecellmembranetoshrinkdueto dehydration.

Thedehydrationofthecellisultimatelycausedbythediffusionofthehigher concentrationofwaterwithinthecelltothatofthesaltwateroutsidethecell. D.Inpotatocells,leucoplastsareusedtostorestarch.Inanelodeacell,therewouldalsomost likelybeleucoplastsaselodeacellsalsohaveaneedtostorenutrients. E.Nucleoli,ribosomes,andvacuolesallwentunobserved.Thefirsttwomostlikelybecauseof theirminutesize,whereasthevacuolewasmostlikelynotviewedbecauseofitsseethrough quality. F.Inafluidmosaicmodelofthebilayerofamembrane,lipidsandproteinsarepresent.

Carbohydratesidechainscouldalsobepartofthebilayerofamembrane. G.Thestructureofamembranemustbefluidbecauseitallowsformovementofproteinsand lipidswithinthemembraneitself.Thismakestransportwithinandthroughthemembrane significantlyeasier.Theasymmetricalstructureofthemembranehelpsittomaintainhomeostasis. Witharigidlymaintainedsystemofasymmetryontheouterandinnersidesofthemembrane,the cellisabletokeepastableinnerenvironment. H.Biochemicalmoleculestructureisimportantinstructureinfunctionofcellsinamultitudeof ways.Inthemembrane,specifically,lipidsallowforfluidityandhelptokeephydrophilic substancesout.ThisfluidityalsoallowsfortransportasmentionedinG.Nucleicacidsallowfor thereproductionofcellsandkeepthegeneticinformation.Carbohydrateshelptostoreenergyfor cellsintheleucoplastsofpotatoesforexample.Lastly,proteinsresidingwithinthemembrane allowsforasymmetrythatprovidesthehomeostasisofthecellnecessaryforlife. I.Cellsmustpackagesomeoftheirownproductsinsuchorganellesasvesicles,inordertoprotect theproductsfromtheenvironmentsinwhichtransportwouldbeinefficientorlesseffective.Some reactionscanoccuronlyatcertainpHlevelssobystoringitsownproductsthecellisableto optimizethesereactions.Somematerialsthecellhas,also,couldbedestroyedbyenzymeswithin thecytoplasm,makingitnecessaryforthemtobepackaged. J.Macrophagesengulfpathogensandhelpwithdirectingotherimmunecells.Essentially,they playanessentialroleinprotectingthehostthroughtissuerepairandthedestructionofpathogens. Theymovethroughoutthehosttocompletetheseactionsbyformingapseudopodiawiththeir cytoplasmintheactofamoeboidmovement.