1

Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 1

2.1. i cng
Ngun nc mt, nc ngm thng cha cc tp cht
khng ph hp mc ch s dng (sinh hot, sn xut)
cn x l.
i tng x l thng gm:
Cc cht rn l lng (SS)
Cc cht v c ha tan (Fe
2+
, Ca
2+
, Mg
2+
, NH
4
+
, NO
3
-
,)
Cc cht hu c ha tan
Mu
Cc vi sinh vt gy bnh (vi khun, protozoa,)
Cc qu trnh x l nc cp c th l c hc, ha-l, ha
hc hay sinh hc.
Kt hp cc qu trnh x l theo trnh t nht nh cng
ngh x l.
Chng
Chng
2
2
.
.
X
X
L
L
N
N

C C
C C

P
P
2
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 2
Bng 2.1. Tm tt cc qu trnh x l nc
Loi mt s cht nhim bn v c (nh Fe, Mn, radium) Lc kt hp oxy ha
Loi mt s cht nhim bn v c, gm cc cht to cng Trao i ion
Loi hu ht cc cht nhim bn v c Thm thu ngc, in thm tch
Ngn nga s to cn va n mn Kim sot n mn
Loi cc VOC, H2S, cc khi ha tan; oxy ha Fe (II) va Mn (II). Thng khi (Lm thong)
Loi cc cht hu c ha tan: thuc tr su, dung mi, THMs,.. Hp phu bng than hot tnh
Tiu dit cc sinh vt gy bnh. Kh trng
Loi cc ht khng lng c, c th gm c cc vi sinh vt. Lc
Loi cng Lm mm
Loi cc ht lng c Lng
Chuyn cc ht keo thnh cc ht c th lng. Keo t/To bng
Loi si, ct, bn va cc vt liu ht khc. Lng s b
Loi tr to, kh trng s b, oxy ha s b Fe, Mn X ly ha hc s b (Cl
2
, O3)
Loi cc mu vn th (l cy, cnh cy, c,..) Chn rc
Mc ch x ly Qu trnh
Chng
Chng
2
2
.
.
X
X
L
L
N
N

C C
C C

P
P
3
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 3
Chng
Chng
2
2
.
.
X
X
L
L
N
N

C C
C C

P
P
La chn cng ngh x l ph thuc:
Loi ngun nc (mt, ngm) (xem bng 2.2) <t c thm>
c im cht lng ngun nc
Yu cu cht lng nc cp (theo quy chun, tiu chun xem Chng 1).
V d:
Vi ngun nc mt ch yu x l lm trong, kh mu v kh trng:
Hnh 2.1. S cng ngh in hnh x l nc mt Hu
Vi ngun nc ngm ch yu loi st, kh trng:
Hnh 2.2. S cng ngh in hnh x l nc ngm H Ni
Keo t/
To !"ng
#c m$t
%ng
%&c ct
nh'nh
Kh tr(ng
#c )ch
*h+t ,eo t
*l
2
%-m thong
./n g0n
#c ng1m
%&c ct
nh'nh
Kh tr(ng #c )ch
*l
2
4
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 4
Chng
Chng
2
2
.
.
X
X
L
L
N
N

C C
C C

P
P
Cc vi khun Fe Vi khun, virus, to, Cc VSV
Thng nng cao Thp NO
3
-
Thng c nng cao Thng c nng TB SiO
2
Thng c Khng H
2
S
Thng c Xut hi!n cc ngun n"c
nhi#m bn
NH
3
/NH
4
+
Thng khng tn ti Thng g$n bo ha O
2
ha tan
Thng xuyn c Rt thp, tr% y h Fe, Mn
t thay &i, cao hn n"c m't
cng mt vng
Thay &i theo cht l(ng t,
l(ng ma
Khong ha tan
Thp ho'c h$u nh khng c Cao, thay &i theo ma Cht r)n l l*ng
Tng +i &n ,nh Thay &i theo ma Nhi!t
N"c ng$m N"c m't 'c i-m
X ly: ch yu lm trong, kh trng ch yu loi st, kh trng
Bng 2.2. Mt s c im khc nhau gia ngun nc mt va nc ngm
5
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 5
Chng
Chng
2
2
.
.
X
X
L
L
N
N

C C
C C

P
P
2.2. Keo t- To bng (Coagulation Flocculation)
2.2.1. C s l thuyt
Kch thc cc ht trong nc v kh nng tch chng:
Cc qu trnh c hc (lng, lc, ly tm) chi tch hiu qu cc ht l lng c ng
knh ht >10
-3
mm (bn, ct, to, protozoa,...)
i vi cc ht l lng rt nh v dng keo ng knh 10
-6
10
-3
mm (st, i
phn t hu c,) thng rt kh lng lc (mt thi gian di); tch hiu qu
thng s dng bin php keo t - to bng trc khi lng, lc.
i tng x l ch yu ca keo t l cc ht keo
Ha tan
12
34
12
35
12
36
12
32
12
31
1 12 12
2
12
6
12
4
m
mm 1 12
36
12
31
Keo
L lng
12
34
12
37
12
32
Lng trng lc, lc, tuyn ni Keo t
Th
12 12
35
12
38
12
39
Hnh !"#" K:ch thc ht trong nc ;- ,h n<ng tch
6
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 6
Chng
Chng
2
2
.
.
X
X
L
L
N
N

C C
C C

P
P
Cu to ht keo:
Trong nc t nhin, cc ht keo c th mang in tch m
(a s) hoc dng

Ht keo mang in m ht cc
cation n gn b mt trung ha
in tch, phn b thnh 2 lp:
Lp th nht rt mng, mang in tch
dng v lin kt cht ch vi ht keo
gi l lp Stern.
Lp th hai dy hn, l hn hp cc ion
(hu ht l cation), lin kt lng lo, gi
l lp khuch tn.
Tp hp hai lp trn gi l lp kp. Th
in ng xut hin gia 2 lp gi l th
zeta.
trng thi tnh, in tch ht c b
bi in tch lp khuch tn.
Hnh 2.4. Cu to ht keo m
7
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 7
Chng
Chng
2
2
.
.
X
X
L
L
N
N

C C
C C

P
P
Gia hai ht keo lun lun tn ti hai loi lc tng tc:
Lc y tnh in Coulomb gia hai lp kp c in tch cng du,
Lc ht van der Waals tc ng trong mt khong ngn.
Lc tng hp quyt nh trng thi n nh ht keo:
Khi lc y > lc ht (lc tng hp l y): h keo bn vng;
Khi lc y > lc ht (lc tng hp l ht hay bng khng): khng cn
"hng ro nng lng, cc ht keo dnh kt vi nhau v xy ra s keo
t. Nh vy, qu trnh keo t din ra khi trng thi n nh ca ht keo b
ph v.
Cc ht keo mt n nh hay tp hp khi u ca chng
s c tng cng kh nng tp hp to bng cn kch
thc ln khi c mt cc cu ni qu trnh to bng.
Keo t =co'gul't0on> l- )? @h ;A trng th0 Bn .Cnh cD' cc ht ,eo .E
to r' )? tF@ hG@ ,hH0 .1u cc ht ,eo .
T$o %ng =Iloccul't0on> l- )? tB hG@ cc ht ,eo .J !C ,eo t.
8
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 8
Chng
Chng
2
2
.
.
X
X
L
L
N
N

C C
C C

P
P
Hnh 2.5. S minh ha keo t v to bng
9
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 9
Chng
Chng
2
2
.
.
X
X
L
L
N
N

C C
C C

P
P
Cht keo tu thng dng: Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
.18H
2
O (phn nhm);
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
.8H
2
O; FeCl
3
; Al
n
(OH)
m
Cl
x
(SO
4
)
y
(Polyaluminum
chloride hay PAC).
C ch loi cc ht keo vi mui Al (III), Fe (III):
Ion Al
3+
, Fe
3+
i vo lp in kp, trung ha in tch ht keo gim th
zeta keo tu.
Thy phn to cc ion phc a nhn tch in cao Al
x
(OH)
y
n+
(v d
Al
8
(OH)
20
4+
, Al
3
(OH)
4
5+
, Al
13
O
4
(OH)
24
7+
) trung ha in tch ht keo
gim th zeta keo tu.
Thy phn to kt ta Al(OH)
3
, Fe(OH)
3
ko theo cc ht keo lng xung.
Hiu qu keo tu phu thuc pH: 4,5 7,0 vi phn nhm; 8,5 -
10,0 vi Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
; 4,5 7,5 vi PAC.
Cc cht to bng (hay tr keo tu) thng dng:
Polymer thin nhin: dextrin, chitin,
Polymer tng hp: polyacrylamide [CH
2
CH(CONH
2
)]
n
, polyacrylic acid
[CH
2
CH(COOH)]
n
,
10
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 10
Chng
Chng
2
2
.
.
X
X
L
L
N
N

C C
C C

P
P
2.2.2. p dng
Hai cng on x l nc bng keo t-to bng tin hnh vi
cc iu kin khuy trn khc nhau:
Keo t: Khuy nhanh trong thi gian ngn lm bt n nh ht keo
v to cc bng keo c kch thc nh (gradient vn tc G = 500
1000 s
-1
, thi gian khuy t =30 120 s)
To bng: Khuy chm trong thi gian di to bng keo ln (G = 30
60 s
-1
; t = 15 45 pht)
C th thc hin khuy bng thit b khuy c hc hay theo
nguyn tc thy lc (dng vch ngn to dng chy zikzak).
Trc khi p dng thc t, cn tin hnh thc nghim keo t
trong PTN xc nh cc iu kin keo t: liu keo t, liu
tr keo t, pH, tc khuy, thi gian khuy,.. Thng s
dng h thng JAR TEST.
11
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 11
Chng
Chng
2
2
.
.
X
X
L
L
N
N

C C
C C

P
P
Hnh 2.6. H thng JAR TEST.
12
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 12
Chng
Chng
2
2
.
.
X
X
L
L
N
N

C C
C C

P
P
2.3. L)ng (Sedimentation/Clarification)
2.3.1. C s l thuyt
Lng (hay lm trong): qu trnh tch cc cht rn c th lng
c hay cc bng cn sau keo t-to bng.
Nguyn tc: di tc dng ca trng lc, ht c khi lng
ring ln hn khi lng ring ca nc s lng xung y
thit b v c loi khi nc.
L thuyt lng
Theo nng v s tng tc gia cc ht c bn dng lng:
lng loi 1 hay lng ht ring l (discrete particle settling) - ht khng thay
i kch thc trong qu trnh lng
lng loi 2 hay lng to bng (flocculent settling) - cc ht kt hp nhau,
kch thc ht ln dn trong qu trnh lng,
lng loi 3 hay lng vng (zone settling)
lng loi 4 hay lng nn (compression settling).
Trong XL nc, lng ht ring l v lng to bng ng vai tr quyt nh
L thuyt lng kh phc tp, nht l lng loi 2, 3, 4.
13
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 13
Chng
Chng
2
2
.
.
X
X
L
L
N
N

C C
C C

P
P
L thuyt l)ng ht ring l.
Vn tc lng ca ht tun theo phng trnh Newton:
[2.1]
hoc trong trng hp ring, theo phng trnh Stokes:
[2.2]
v
s
vn tc lng (m/s)

s
,
w
- khi lng ring ca ht v nc (kg/m
3
)
s
s
t khi ca ht so vi nc (khng th nguyn)
g gia tc trng trng (9,81 m/s
2
)
d ng knh ht (m)
C
D
h s ma st
nht tuyt i (N.s/m
2
)
nht ng hc (m
2
/s)
V d: ht c d=0,1 mm v t khi 2,65 s lng trong nc 15
0
C (=1,13110
-6
N.s/m
2
) vi vn tc v
s
8 mm/s (cn khong 2 pht lng xung 1 m).
w D
w s
s
C
d g
v

3
) ( 4
=
( ) ( )
2 2
1
18
hay
18
d s
g
v d
g
v
s s w s s
= =

14
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 14
Chng
Chng
2
2
.
.
X
X
L
L
N
N

C C
C C

P
P
0.37110
-6
0.3010
-3
963.0 93
1.56810
-6
1.5710
-3
1000 4
0.68710
-6
0.6810
-3
993.1 38
0.86410
-6
0.8610
-3
996.6 27
0.98410
-6
0.9810
-3
998.0 21
1.13110
-6
1.1310
-3
999.0 15
1.31010
-6
1.3110
-3
999.7 10
1.79510
-6
1.7910
-3
999.9 0
nht ng
hc , m
2
/s
nht tuyt i
, N.s/m
2
Khi lng ring
ca nc , kg/m
3
Nhit ,
0
C
Ngun: Brater et al. (1996)
/ng 2.3. Khi lng ring va nht ca nc mt s nhit khc nhau
15
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 15
Chng
Chng
2
2
.
.
X
X
L
L
N
N

C C
C C

P
P
B lng hnh hp, dng chy ngang- mt ht trong b lng s chu:
-chuyn ng theo dng chy - vn tc v
h
(=Q/A = lu lng/tit din)
-lng do trng lc - vn tc lng v
s
(tnh nh trn).
iu kin ht b gi li trong b lng: v
s
< v
0
v
0
: vn tc lng ti hn (ng vi ht i vo im trn cng u vo n
im di cng u ra vng b lng)
[2.3]
(L: di, B: rng, H: su)
d
0
(ng vi vn tc lng v
0
): c ht thit k
Ht c c ht < d
0
s lng 100%
Ht c c ht d
x
< d
0
s lng vi hiu qu v
x
/v
0
(v
x
: vn tc lng ng vi d
x
)
Thi gian lu nc t = LBH/Q = H/v
0
0
v
H
v
L
h
=
h
v
L
H
v =
0
B L
Q
B H
Q
L
H
v

=
0
K
%
;
h
;
2
B
L
;
h
;
x
L
16
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 16
Chng
Chng
2
2
.
.
X
X
L
L
N
N

C C
C C

P
P
B lng ng dng chy ngc (di ln)
iu kin ht b gi li trong b lng: v
s
> v
u
v
u
: vn tc dng chy = Q/A
Thi gian lu cn thit:
[2.4]
Thc t: nc cha nhiu c ht khc nhau, khng th xc
nh c ht, khi lng ring. Thng tin hnh th nghim
lng xc nh cc thng s thit k.
u
v
H
Q
H A
t =

=
M
L
;
u
;
)
K
17
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 17
Chng
Chng
2
2
.
.
X
X
L
L
N
N

C C
C C

P
P
2.3.2. p dng
Vai tr ca lng trong dy chuyn cng ngh x l nc:
X l nc ngm
Tch bng cn Fe(OH)
3
sau khi oxi ha Fe(II) thnh Fe(III);
X l nc ra lc.
X l nc mt
X l s b trc khi lc nhanh v chm;
Lng bng cn sau keo t - to bng, trc khi vo b lc nhanh
X l nc ra lc nhm c c bn t thit b lc.
Cc loi b lng trong x l nc:
B lng ngang dng hnh hp (Hnh 2.7)
B lng ng dng hnh tr (Hnh 2.8)
B lng vi cc ng nghing (tube settler) hay tm nghing (lamellar settler)
(Hnh 2.9)
B lng tip xc (contact clarifier) hay b lng to bng (clariflocullator) (Hnh
2.10)
18
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 18
Chng
Chng
2
2
.
.
X
X
L
L
N
N

C C
C C

P
P
Hnh !"&" BE lng ng'ng
1N c' @hOn PQng ;-oR 2N Sch ng<n PQng ;-oR 6N BT @hFn gom ;ngR
4N Sch .0Uu chVnh PQng r'R 5N Sch chnR 7N B<ng t0 c-o !(nR 8N KW
chX' !(nR 9N Yng PZn !(n r'
Th"ng )W th0[t ,[N
;
2
\ 22 ] 72 m
6
/m
2
/P
\ 2^26 ] 2^82 mm/)
t \ 2 ] 4 h
K \ 6 ] 5 m
T_ l` %/K \ 6/1 ] 5/1
aT PWc .bN 5 39 c
19
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 19
Chng
Chng
2
2
.
.
X
X
L
L
N
N

C C
C C

P
P
Thng s thit k:
t = 2 - 4 h
H = 3 5 m
D = 10 30 m (ng knh)
dc y = 5 10 %
Hnh 2.8. B lng ng
20
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 20
Chng
Chng
2
2
.
.
X
X
L
L
N
N

C C
C C

P
P
Thng s thit k:
nghing = 40 60
0
Khong cch gia cc tm = 2,5 - 5 cm
Hnh 2.9. B lng lamellar
21
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 21
Chng
Chng
2
2
.
.
X
X
L
L
N
N

C C
C C

P
P
Xy ra ng thi keo t-to bng-lng trong 1 b
p dng c vi nc c c cao, chi ph thp
Thng s thit k: vn tc chy ngc > 5 m/h
Hnh 2.10.
B lng tip xc
22
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 22
Chng
Chng
2
2
.
.
X
X
L
L
N
N

C C
C C

P
P
2.4. L0c (Filtration)
2.4.1. C s l thuyt
Lc c s dng tch cc ht l lng nh v cc vi sinh vt khng loi
c trong qu trnh lng ra khi nc.
Lc l qu trnh tch cc cht rn l lng khi nc bng cch cho chy
qua vt liu lc (VLL).
C ch gi cht rn trong lp vt liu lc phc tp, bao gm cc qu trnh
vt l-ha hc v i khi c sinh hc. V d cc c ch:
sng (straining) ht b gi do kch thc ln hn khe h gia cc VLL
lng (sedimentation) ht nh hn s lng trng lc ln b mt VLL
chn (interception) dng nc mang ht chuyn ng n gn b mt VLL
trong khong cch 1 bn knh ht s b va p v chn li
hp ph (adsorption) ht b hp ph ln b mt VLL bi cc lc vt l (hp
dn, ht tnh in) hay to lin kt ha hc.
hot ng sinh hc (biological action) cht bn hu c trong nc nm li
trn b mt lp VLL s gi cc vi sinh vt v to lp nhy
23
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 23
Chng
Chng
2
2
.
.
X
X
L
L
N
N

C C
C C

P
P
Theo thi gian, SS bm trn VLL tng dn khong h cho dng chy
gim dn tn tht p lc (head loss, h
L
) tng dn. Khi h
L
tng n gi tr
gii hn phi lm sch, phc hi kh nng lc ca VLL.
Vt liu lc
VLL s dng: ct, than anthracite, cc loi khong (ilmenite, diatomit), than
hot tnh, ht cht do (nha tng hp)
Cc c trng quan trng ca VLL:
T khi (s
s
) hay khi lng ring (
s
)
C ht hiu qu (ES: Effective size, d
10
) c ry (mm) cho php 10%
khi lng VLL lt qua.
H s ng nht (UC: Uniformity coefficient) t s gia c ry cho php
60% VLL lt qua v c ht hiu qu. UC = d
60
/d
10
Ty theo vn tc lc, phn bit 2 loi b lc:
Lc nhanh (Rapid filter)
Lc chm (Slow filter).
24
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 24
Chng
Chng
2
2
.
.
X
X
L
L
N
N

C C
C C

P
P
2.4.2. p dng
2.4.2.1. B lc chm
i tng:
quy m nh (nng thn)
Ngun nc c c thp (<40 NTU hay <50 mg-SS/L).
u im: X l trc tip nc t nhin vi hiu qu loi SS v vi khun
cao, thit b v vn hnh n gin.
Nhc im: tn din tch, khi lng xy dng ln
Cu to b lc chm (Hnh 2.11), gm (t trn xung):
Lp ct lm VLL (c ht hiu qu 0,2 0,35 mm) (n lp)
Lp si ct lc, hoc nhiu lp mng c c ht ln dn (lp trn gp 4
ln c ht ct, lp tip theo gp 4 ln c ht lp trn,)
Mng thu nc lc c dc.
Lm sch: Co lp ct bn trn b mt 3-5 cm ra, sau 10-15 ln ra
cn b sung ct sch; sau nhiu nm phi thay ct sch.
Thng lp 2 hay nhiu b lc hoc chia nhiu ngn lun phin lm
sch.
25
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 25
Chng
Chng
2
2
.
.
X
X
L
L
N
N

C C
C C

P
P
Hnh 2.11. Cu to b lc chm
26
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 26
Chng
Chng
2
2
.
.
X
X
L
L
N
N

C C
C C

P
P
2.4.2.2. B lc nhanh
i tng:
quy m ln (cc nh my nc)
X l nc mt: sau keo t-to bng-lng; nu c thp c th b qua lng.
X l nc ngm: sau lm thong
u im:
x l c nc c c cao
ti trng lc cao
din tch lc nh
Nhc im: hiu qu loi SS v vi khun khng cao, cn x l tip theo
(lc chm, kh trng)
Cu to b l!c nhanh (Hnh 2.12)
VLL: c th 1 lp ct; tuy nhin tt hn s dng 2 lp (dual-media) hay nhiu
lp (multi-media), v d: than anthracite-ct
H thng thu nc lc (c th dng lp si)
H thng ra ngc (back-washing)
27
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 27
Chng
Chng
2
2
.
.
X
X
L
L
N
N

C C
C C

P
P
Hnh !"'!" *+u to !E l&c nh'nh
()
()
()
()
*+ng
*+ng
*+ng
*+ng
28
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 28
Chng
Chng
2
2
.
.
X
X
L
L
N
N

C C
C C

P
P
Vt liu lc
Cc VLL thng dng trong lc nhanh:
Ct: s
s
= 2,6 - 2,65; ES = 0,45 0,55 mm; UC = 1,2 1,7.
Than antracite: s
s
= 1,4 - 1,6; ES = 0,7 mm; UC < 1,75
Sa khong (ilmenit): s
s
= 4,2
Plastics: s
s
= 1,05
Nguyn tc xp lp: lp trn c c" ht ln hn, khi lng ring (hay t#
khi) nh$ hn lp di.
,nthracite
P \1 mm
-.t
P \2^5 mm
52 cm
25 cm
,nthracite
P\1^2 ] 1^5 mm
-.t
P \ 2^5 mm
/a 0ho.ng
P\2^2 ] 2^4 mm
45 cm
22 cm
12 cm
Hnh !"'#" S: P !W tr: cc cTt l&c 2 ;- 6 l@
% Pod
29
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 29
Chng
Chng
2
2
.
.
X
X
L
L
N
N

C C
C C

P
P
Ra ngc
Khi h
L
tng n 2,5 3,0 m
Khi ra: kha van nc vo; cho mc nc ngp b mt 15 20 cm; ng
van nc sch ra; m van nc ra; nc ra chy ngc mang theo cn
bn trn qua mng thu.
Cc thng s:
Thi gian ra ngc = 4 - 10 pht
gin n th tch lp VLL: 10 30 %
Lng nc dng cho ra ngc = 3 - 6 % cng sut x l
Phng php ra ngc: nc hay nc + khng khi
Vn tc ra ngc: qu ln s lm tri VLL hoc trn ln 2 lp VLL; qu nh
khng ra sch VLL. Thc t:
v
W
= 0,3 ~ 10d
60
m/min i vi ct
0,3 ~ 4,7d
60
m/min i vi than anthracite
(d
60
: c ry cho php 60% khi lng ht lt qua)
Tm h0Eu them qu' !-0 tF@ nhm
30
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 30
Chng
Chng
2
2
.
.
X
X
L
L
N
N

C C
C C

P
P
Bng 2.4. So snh b lc ct chm v lc nhanh
Cao Thp Chi ph vn hnh
Thp hn (~90 99 %) Cao (~99,9 %) Hiu qu x l vi khun
Nhanh chng Kh Kh nng iu chinh u ra
Cao Cao Chi ph u t
3 6 % nc sch 0,2 0,6 % nc sch Tiu th nc lm sch
n lp, 2 lp hoc a lp n lp Cu trc VLL
Ra ngc Co, ra lp b mt Phng php lm sch
1 2 ngy 20 90 ngy Thi gian lm vic
> 3 m > 1 m Tn tht p lc (h
L
)
0,5 1,5 mm 0,2 0,35 mm C ht
nh, > 100 m
2
ln, 100 2.000 m
2
Tit din lc
5 10 m/h
(120 250 m
3
/m
2
/d)
0,1 0,4 m/h
(2,5 10 m
3
/m
2
/d)
Vn tc lc
Ti trng lc
L0c nhanh L0c ch1m Thng s+
31
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 31
Chng
Chng
2
2
.
.
X
X
L
L
N
N

C C
C C

P
P
2.5. Kh* trng
Trong ngun nc th cha nhiu VSV, trong c cc VSV gy bnh.
Cc qu trnh keo t-to bng, lng, lc loi c mt phn cc VSV.
Kh trng: tiu dit cc VSV gy bnh trong nc cn li ph hp nhu
cu s dng nc. (kh% &'(ng: disinfection v &'(ng: sterilize)
2.5.1. Cc phng php kh* trng
2.5.1.1. Cc PP vt l
(1). Kh trng b)ng nhit: nhit si ca nc (100
0
C) hu ht VSV b
tiu dit; 1 s t sng st do to bo t.
(2). Kh trng b)ng tia UV: cho nc chy qua thit b c n UV (Hnh
2.14); hiu qu kh trng gim nu hm lng cht hu c v c
cao.
(3). Kh trng b)ng siu m
(4). Kh trng b)ng vi l!c: dng lp lc c kch thc khe lc < 1 m gi
cc VSV (kch thc 1-2 m, tr virus).
32
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 32
Chng
Chng
2
2
.
.
X
X
L
L
N
N

C C
C C

P
P
2.5.1.2. Cc PP !a c
(1). Kh% &'(ng b)ng clo va* cc hp cht clo: Cl
2
, NaClO (natri hypoclorit),
Ca(ClO)
2
(canxi hypoclorit) (chi tit phn 2.5.2).
(2). Kh% &'(ng b)ng ozon:
Uu im: thi gian tc dng nhanh, trong cng iu kin hot tnh kh
trng gp 600-3000 ln clo, khng to ra cc sn phm ph nguy hi, t
chu tc ng ca yu t pH
Nhc im:gi thnh x l cao (2-3 ln clo), t ha tan trong nc nn
kh duy tr d lng ozon trnh qu trnh ti nhim khun
Hnh 2.14. Thit b kh trng
vi tia UV
33
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 33
Chng
Chng
2
2
.
.
X
X
L
L
N
N

C C
C C

P
P
2.5.2. L thuyt qu trnh kh* trng b2ng clo
Ha h0c qu trnh
Khi cho khi clo vo nc, s c cc phn ng:
Cl
2
+ H
2
O HClO + H
+
+ Cl
-
[2.5]
K = [HClO][H
+
][Cl
-
]/[Cl
2
] = 4,5 10
-4
( 25
0
C)
HClO H
+
+ ClO
-
[2.6]
K = [H
+
][ClO
-
]/[HClO] = 2.9 10
-8
( 25
0
C)
T Pt.[2.5] v [2.6]: pH>4 (iu kin nc bnh thng), khng cn tn ti dng Cl
2
Tc dng kh trng l do HClO v ClO
-
, trong hot tnh HClO mnh hn
ClO
-
(40 - 80 ln).
Tng nng ca HClO v ClO
-
gi l clo t+ do (free available chlorine) hay d lng
clo t+ do (free chlorine residual). D lng clo t do trong nc cp thng quy
nh t 0,3-0,5 mg/L.
Khi s dng cc hp cht hypoclorit, s c cc phn ng to ClO
-
v HClO:
Ca(ClO)
2
Ca
2+
+ 2ClO
-
[2.7]
NaClO Na
+
+ ClO
-
[2.8]
ClO
-
s cn bng vi HClO theo p. [2.6]
34
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 34
Chng
Chng
2
2
.
.
X
X
L
L
N
N

C C
C C

P
P
nh hng pH n kh
trng vi clo:
Cn bng gia HClO v ClO
-
ph thuc vo pH (Hnh 2.14):
pH < 7: ch yu dng HClO
pH > 8: ch yu dng ClO
-
pH = 7,5: [HClO] = [ClO
-
]
V HClO c hot tnh kh trng
cao hn ClO
-
qu trnh kh
trng cn tin hnh pH 7.
tiu dit c 99% s VK
E.coli c trong nc vi liu
lng 0,1 mg/L clo t do, thi
gian cn thit tng t 6 pht khi
pH=6 n 180 pht khi pH=11.
pH
%

H
C
l
O
%

C
l
O
-
Hnh !"'1. T_ l` g0f' K*lg ;- *lg
3
@h
thuTc ;-o @K
35
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 35
Chng
Chng
2
2
.
.
X
X
L
L
N
N

C C
C C

P
P
Cc yu t nh hng khc:
c ca nc tiu th mt lng clo t do, cn tr tiu dit cc
VSV do chng c th hp ph v c tr trn cc ht SS gim hiu
qu kh trng.
Nhit - cng cao tc tiu dit VSV cng tt; tuy nhin tng nhit
lm gim s ha tan cc khi trong nc clo t do s gim. Tt
nht nhit thng.
S c, m-t cc cht kh% trong nc (amoniac/amoni, sunfua, Fe(II), cc
cht hu c...) lm gim hiu qu ca vic kh trng do tiu th mt
lng clo t do.
-c bit, clo ./ oxy h,a cc hp cht h0u c h1a tan (DOC) &o ra .n
ph2m phu l3 cc THMs (trihalomethanes) c, kha% n4ng gy ung th!
36
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 36
Chng
Chng
2
2
.
.
X
X
L
L
N
N

C C
C C

P
P
Phn 3ng v"i NH
3
v clo ha i-m t"i hn
Khi clo ha nc c mt NH
3
, s xy ra cc phn ng:
NH
3
+ HOCl NH
2
Cl (monochloramine) + H
2
O [2.9]
NH
2
Cl + HOCl NHCl
2
(dichloramine) + H
2
O [2.10]
NHCl
2
+ HOCl NCl
3
(trichloramine) + H
2
O [2.11]
2NH
3
+ 3HOCl N
2
+ 3H
2
O + 3HCl [2.12]
Cc chloramine c hot tnh kh trng; clo di cc dng
chloramine gi l d lng clo kt hp (combined chlorine
residual).
Tuy nhin cc chloramine c hi cho sc khe
Bin thin d lng clo trong qu trnh thm clo vo nc
(Hnh 2.15.)
37
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 37
Chng
Chng
2
2
.
.
X
X
L
L
N
N

C C
C C

P
P
Hnh 2.15. th minh ha clo ha im ti hn (nng NH
3
: 1 mg-N/L)
2 ' ! # 1 3 4 & 5 6 '2
3
1
#
!
'
2
T7 l8 mol 9H:-l;<9=H
#
;> 2,3 ',2 ',3
?im t@i h$n
A%rea0BointC
%0Uu clo^ mg/%
h

G
n
g
c
l
o
^

m
g
/
%
h

G
n
g
c
l
o
,
[
t
h
G
@
h

G
n
g
c
l
o
t
?
P
o
:
,
D
-
a0Em t0 hn =l thub[t>N 8^7 mg *l
2
/mg3#
38
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 38
Chng
Chng
2
2
.
.
X
X
L
L
N
N

C C
C C

P
P
Bin thin d lng clo trong qu trnh thm clo vo
nc (Hnh 2.15.):
Ban u ([HOCl]/[NH
3
] 1): to thnh mono- v
dichloramine d lng clo (dng d lng kt hp) t4ng
d5n (on OA).
Tng liu clo ([HOCl]/[NH
3
]>1): xy ra phn ng to
trichloramine v oxy ha NH
3
d lng clo kt hp gim
d5n (on AB).
Khi oxy ha ht NH
3
([HOCl]/[NH
3
] =1,5): d lng clo
li t4ng ln, lc ny l dng d lng t+ do (on BC).
im bt "u t#ng d lng clo t$ do gi l "im ti hn
hay "im gy (breakpoint)
39
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 39
Chloramine
Chloramine
-
-
B,
B,
Chloramine
Chloramine
-
-
T
T
y l 2 ha cht kh trng nc c s dng rng ri cho cng ng, c
tc dng c ch trao i cht ca cc vi khun
*hlor'm0ne3B
*
7
K
5
*l#g
2
ij#'
ioP0um #3*hloro!enkene)ulIon'm0Pe
BTt trng3;-ng nht
T'n tWt trong nc
*hFm @hOn hDb trong ,h"ng ,h:
*hlor'm0ne3T
*
8
K
8
*l#g
2
ij#'
ioP0um @3Toluene)ulIonchlor'm0Pe
BTt trng
T'n tWt trong nc
*hFm @hOn hDb trong ,h"ng ,h:
*K
6
40
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 40
Cu hi t hc:
1. So snh u im va hn ch ca kh trng
nc bng ozon va clo.
2. Khi kh trng nc cp bng clo, cn phi
c thng tin cc thng s cht lng no ca
ngun nc?
3. T thi Hnh 2.15, gii thch lm sao tnh
c ty l liu lng im ti hn l 7,6
mg Cl
2
/mg-N.
41
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 41
Chng
Chng
2
2
.
.
X
X
L
L
N
N

C C
C C

P
P
2.6. L4i s)t va5 mangan
Fe v Mn c quan tm trong nc cp khng phi do c tnh m do
nh hng n cng v tnh cht cm quan (mu, mi v).
QC nc ung VN: Fe < 0,3 mg/L, Mn <0,3 mg/L; TC nc ung M: Fe <
0,3 mg/L, Mn <0,05 mg/L.
Trong nc t nhin, Fe va Mn thng tn ti ng thi x l ng thi
X ly Fe va Mn trong nc ngm quan trng hn nc mt (&ho lun).
2.6.1. C% s% ly thuyt
Oxy ha Fe (II) v Mn (II) thnh Fe(III) v Mn(IV) di dng kt ta, d
tch khi nc bng lng, lc.
Tc nhn oxy ha c th l: O
2
, Cl
2
, O
3
, KMnO
4
. C ngha thc t nht l
oxy ha vi oxy khng kh bng qu trnh lm thong hay thng kh:
4Fe
2+
+ O
2
+ 4H
2
O 4Fe(OH)
3
+ 8H
+
[2.12]
2Mn
2+
+ O
2
+ 2H
2
O 2MnO
2
+ 4H
+
[2.13]
Tc oxy ha vi O
2
nhanh pH cao: thng oxy ha Fe, Mn pH > 8.
Fe (II) d b oxy ha hn Mn(II) trong cng iu kin.
42
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 42
Chng
Chng
2
2
.
.
X
X
L
L
N
N

C C
C C

P
P
2.6.2. p dng
(1). Loi st b&ng ph%ng php lmthong
Vic x l st bng bin php lm thong c th c tin hnh theo cc
k thut khc nhau:
Lm thong n gin trn b mt lc (Hnh 2.16.a)
dng ng khoan phun nc ln trn b mt b lc
chiu cao gin phun = 0,7 m; l phun = 5-7 mm; Q=10 m
3
/m
2
/h
Lm thong bng gin ma t nhin (Hnh 2.16.b)
dng thp lm thong 1 hay nhiu bc
nc c ti t nhin xung cc sn c cha vt liu tip xc (si, than cc)
Q=10 m
3
/m
2
/h; chiu dy lp vt liu 30-40 cm.
Lm thong cng bc (Hnh 2.16.c)
dng qut gi cp khng kh cho thp lm thong, khng kh i t di ln
Q=30-40m
3
/m
2
/h; lng khng kh cp: 4-6 m
3
/m
3
nc
Ngoi ra, c th tng kh nng tip xc vi O
2
bng thit b c lp tip xc
bng mng mng.
H
2
S, NH
3
, cc cht hu c ha tan trong nc ngn cn qu trnh oxy
ha Fe
2+
.
43
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 43
Chng
Chng
2
2
.
.
X
X
L
L
N
N

C C
C C

P
P
Hnh 2.16. Cc
dng thit b
lm thong
(a): Lm thong n
gin; (b): Thp
lm thong phun
ma t nhin;
(c): Thp lm
thong cng
bc
AaC
AcC
A%C
44
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 44
Chng
Chng
2
2
.
.
X
X
L
L
N
N

C C
C C

P
P
(2). Loi mangan b&ng ph%ng php lm thong
Quy trnh x l tng t st: gm lm thong, lng v lc.
Ring b lc, khi mun loi Mn, cn phi c b dy dy hn
(thng t 1,2 1,5 m) Mn(II) tip tc b oxy ha chm trn
b lc.
Mn(OH)
4
to thnh ph dn ln VLL c tc dng nh cht xc
tc thc y s hp th v oxy ha cc ion Mn
2+
.
Mn(OH)
4
+ Mn(OH)
2
2 Mn(OH)
3
[2.14]
4 Mn(OH)
3
+ O
2
+ 2 H
2
O 4 Mn(OH)
4
[2.15]
Nu c xc tc phn ng c hiu qu ngay t pH = 8,2 thay v
pH = 9. Trong thc t, b lc sm n nh cn thm vo
nc dd KMnO
4
vi liu lng 1-3 mg/L trong vi ngy u,
hoc nng pH ca nc ln 9.
45
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 45
Chng
Chng
2
2
.
.
X
X
L
L
N
N

C C
C C

P
P
2.7. Lm m6m n"c
2.7.1. Khi ni!m v phn loi c3ng
Nc cng: nc cn tr s to bt x phng, do c mt cc ion Ca
2+
, Mg
2+
, Sr
2+
,
Fe
2+
, Mn
2+
, trong ch yu l Ca
2+
, Mg
2+.
cng l tng nng ion Ca
2+
, Mg
2+
trong nc (n v: mg CaCO
3
/L).
Phn loi cng:
- cng tm thi (hay cng cacbonat): mt i khi un nng, do cc mui HCO
3
-
:
Ca(HCO
3
)
2
CaCO
3
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O [2.16]
Mg(HCO
3
)
2
Mg(OH)
2
+ 2CO
2
[2.17]
- cng v6nh c0u (hay cng phi cacbonat): khng mt khi un nng, do cc mui
tan khc ca Ca, Mg nh Cl
-
, SO
4
2-
, NO
3
-
,
Thang cng:
t
2
t
2
Rt cng > 300
Cng 150 300
Tng i cng 50 150
Mm 0 50
M3c c3ng mg CaCO
3
/L
46
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 46
Chng
Chng
2
2
.
.
X
X
L
L
N
N

C C
C C

P
P
2.7.2. Cc phng php lm m6m n"c
(1). Lm m7m b)ng vi-soda (Ca(OH)
2
+ Na
2
CO
3
)
Cc phn ng:
Ca(HCO
3
)
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
2CaCO
3
+ 2H
2
O [2.18]
Mg(HCO
3
)
2
+ 2Ca(OH)
2
Mg(OH)
2
+ 2CaCO
3
+ 2H
2
O [2.19]
SO
4
2-
SO
4
2-
Mg
2+
+ 2Cl
-
+ Ca(OH)
2
Ca
2+
+ 2Cl
-
+ Mg(OH)
2
[2.20]
2NO
3
-
2NO
3
-
SO
4
2-
SO
4
2-
Ca
2+
+ 2Cl
-
+ Na
2
CO
3
2Na
+
+ 2Cl
-
+ CaCO
3
[2.21]
2NO
3
-
2NO
3
-
Lu :
Nu chi dng vi th khi c cng phi carbonat, chi gim c Mg
2+
m khng gim
c cng ton phn, do to thnh mt lng tng ng Ca
2+
theo phn ng
[2.20]. Vic kt hp soda l loi trit Ca
2+
theo phn ng [2.21].
Thng thm phn st b lng gip lng CaCO
3
tt hn (khng dng phn Al do
pH >9).
Ti carbonat ha ha tan lng d CaCO
3
sau lng (Hnh 2.17)
47
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 47
Chng
Chng
2
2
.
.
X
X
L
L
N
N

C C
C C

P
P
Hnh 2.17. S h thng lm mm nc bng vi-soda
lhmn
ne
S"0o
)oP'
#c
cXng
#c .J l-m
mUm
*g
2
BE ,eo t
,[t hG@
lng
B(n c$n
T0 c'r!on't
h'
BE l&c c
@
48
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 48
Chng
Chng
2
2
.
.
X
X
L
L
N
N

C C
C C

P
P
(2). 83m m7m b)ng phosphate
Thng dng khi cn lm mm trit m PP vi-soda khng t c.
S dng mui natri phosphate (Na
3
PO
4
) hay tripolyphosphate (Na
5
P
3
O
10
)
Cc phn ng:
3M(HCO
3
)
2
+ 2Na
3
PO
4
M
3
(PO
4
)
2
+6NaHCO
3
[2.22]
3MCl
2
+ 2Na
3
PO
4
M
3
(PO
4
)
2
+ 6NaCl [2.23]
3MSO
4
+ 2Na
3
PO
4
M
3
(PO
4
)
2
+ 3Na
2
SO
4
[2.24]
(M: Ca, Mg)
(3). L-m m7m b)ng trao 9i ion vi zeolit (Na
2
Z)
Trao i: 2HCO
3
-
2HCO
3
-
M
2+
2Cl
-
+ Na
2
Z 2Na
+
2Cl
-
+ MZ [2.25]
SO
4
2-
SO
4
2-
Ti sinh nha: MZ + NaCl Na
2
Z + MCl
2
[2.26]
(M: Ca, Mg)
(4). L-m m7m b)ng nhit
Loi cng tm thi nh cc phn ng [2.16], [2.17]
Thng p dng cho cp nc cng nghip, tn dng ngun nhit d ca ni hi.
49
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 49
Chng
Chng
2
2
.
.
X
X
L
L
N
N

C C
C C

P
P
50
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 50
Chng
Chng
2
2
.
.
X
X
L
L
N
N

C C
C C

P
P
2.8. Mt s cng ngh7 x ly n"c cp
Cng ngh x ly nc ngm ti Nha my nc
Php Vn, H Ni
Cng ngh x ly nc mt ti Nha my nc
Qung T, Hu
51
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 51
Water Treatment Plant in Hanoi
Water Treatment Plant in Hanoi
Treatment technology Treatment technology
Groundwater
Aeration
Settling
Rapid filtration
Disinfection by chlorine
Reservoir/
Supplying
52
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 52
Raw groundwater pipe
Water Treatment Plant in Hanoi
Water Treatment Plant in Hanoi
Aeration Tower Aeration Tower
53
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 53
Settling tank
Filter
Water Treatment Plant in Hanoi
Water Treatment Plant in Hanoi
Setting tank and filter Setting tank and filter
54
Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu Bi ging Cng ngh Mi trng 2 - 54
Cng Cng ngh ngh! ! x x* * l l n n" "c c NM NM n n" "c c Qu Qu ng ng T T , , Hu Hu