INTRODUCTION This textbook is for advanced students willing to build up their comprehension of political social and economic texts!

The textbook has six chapters" #! Rule of $aw %! &lections '! (isits! Talks! )greements *! International Organi+ations ,! &conom- .atters /! Natural Disasters &ach chapter is a coherent unit presenting and practicing vocabular- points skills of summar- translation annotation and rendering! It also aims at helping students expand their knowledge of extralinguistic issues! The methodological principles serving as the basis for the textbook are a s-stematic and functional approach and the communicative nature of the used teaching materials and instruction methods! The textbook is in conformit- with the re0uirements of the course 12ractice of Oral and 3ritten 4peech5 which has the advanced module 1.ass .edia5 as one of its constituent parts! )part from a structural overview of the units to be studied within the .ass .edia course this Introductor- Unit also presents an attempt to provide students with helpful recommendations and tips which hopefull- will enhance the value of this book as a source of practical knowledge and help have a better understanding of the intricacies the mass media language entails! 6aving completed the present course students will substantiall- improve their awareness of the ma7or contemporarpolitical and economic issues and will be able to draw on a broad range of vocabular- items presented and practiced in the units to freel- discuss the topics introduced in the book! Other benefits students will derive from closel- stud-ing the contents of the course include skills of translation and summar- translation! &ach unit consists of three parts" 8ocus on (ocabular- 8ocus on Texts and 8ocus on Rendering and Translation! 3e suggest that students observe the following se0uence of actions while working with the book! 9efore completing an- exercises in the book the student is advised to make a careful stud- of the related vocabularsection in )ppendix #! :lossar-! Once the student is comfortable with the glossaritems the- can move on and complete the exercises in the 8ocus on (ocabularsection which will help them both check up on what the- have learnt and identifareas of concern re0uiring further additional practice! The 8ocus on Texts section offers a selection of background texts where the student has a chance to 1feel5 the language studied in a broader context and use the glossar- memori+ed in a variet- of communication;oriented exercises! In the 8ocus on Rendering and Translation section students have a variet- of Russian and 9elarusian newspaper articles to translate and render! 3hereas translation presents an activit- which has traditionall-

received a lot of attention in .insk 4tate $inguistic Universit- summar- translation or rendering is a relativel- new concept! The student rendering an article is expected to meet the following re0uirements! 8irst the text being rendered has to be preceded with an introduction mentioning some ke- facts such as the name of the article and a brief overview of the topic or events discussed! 4econd the student proceeds to relate the contents of the piece! )s the- do so the- are expected to leave out unnecessarparticularities concentrate on the basic facts and use their functional vocabularwherever possible! The translation accomplished in this wa- should be an ade0uate condensed version of the source article retain its structural integrit- and preserve around <=> of the original volume! 3hatever the task the student is faced with we recommend that the- use the most reliable bilingual and monolingual dictionaries available including comprehensive dictionaries published b- $ongman Oxford Cambridge and other authoritative publishers! $ast but not least we hope -ou en7o- the course immensel- and make the most of what it has to offer -ou!

Unit I. Rule of Law

1. Focus on Vocabulary
1.1. Choose the best variant and translate the italicized parts. #! The prosecution and defence in the criminal ordeal/trial/offence of )ndersen the once;might- accounting firm have had their sa-! Now it is up to the jury to decide whether )ndersen the auditors of &nron were guilty of obstruction/prevention/hindrance of justice b- shredding documents in an effort to thwart an interrogation/investigation/insinuation b- the 4ecurities and &xchange Commission! The rule of law took a knock in .alawi when 2resident 9akili .ulu+i said he would ignore a court ruling/agreement/compromise that his censorship/sanction?ban on street demonstrations was unconstitutional! .r .ulu+i is seeking to amend/alter/adjust the constitution to allow himself a third term in office and has ordered police to arrest those who publicly object! ) federal 7udge entered a plea of not guilty for @acarias .oussaoui the onlman to be charged in connection with the 4eptember ##th attacks arguing that the defendant/plaintiff/inmate did not understand the implications of pleading "no contest" as he had wanted! 8ederal and state charges were brought for/against/to Aohn .uhammad the alleged/suggested/proposed 3ashington sniper! The Justice Department will decide where he will first stand/stay/keep trialBhe faces the death penalty in all courts! 6is #<;-ear;old companion Aohn .alvo has also been charged! ) .uslim woman has sued/blamed/investigated the state of 8lorida for the right to be full- veiled in the photograph on her driving licence! Two anti;racist and human rights movements are to send?take/put former 8rench film star 9rigitte 9ardot /C to court over her charges/offensives/attacks on Islam ga-s the unemplo-ed and illegal immigrants in her book Un Cri Dans $e 4ilence!

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1.2. Fill in the blan spaces to co!plete the news stories. "o not use the pro!pts unless necessary. #! %! 2resident :eorge 9ush maintained he would not D the Cuban trade embargo unless 8idel Castro D political D democratic D and D a number of other conditions! The authorities in 6ong Eong refused entr- to a human;rights D 6arr- 3u and briefl- D a prominent scholar 2err- $ink!

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Aimm- Carter a former )merican president caused a stir on a visit to Cuba! In a speech D live on television he D restrictions on opponents of 8idel CastroFs regime and spoke approvingl- of a petition D b- dissidents that seeks to D the constitution to allow free speech and free elections! The notoriousl- liberal ninth;circuit D of appeals in 4an 8rancisco found the pledge of allegiance to be D ! It ruled that it was illegal to ask schoolchildren to vow D to Gone nation under :odG sa-ing it was e0uivalent to a profession that )merica was a nation under Aesus! Ra+ali Ismail the United NationsF special D to .-anmar said he planned to return to the countr- soon to seek D for more political D! .r Ra+ali a .ala-sian is credited with persuading the militar- government to D )ung 4an 4uu E-i .-anmarFs opposition leader from house arrest! The biggest D trial in 8rench histor- opened in 2aris with '< D accused of milking &lf )0uitaine a former state;D oil compan- of more than H%==m during the #IC=s and earl- #II=s! Declaring in effect a state of D @imbabweFs 2resident Robert .ugabe decreed that an-one arrested for public;order D or for corruption can be held for '= da-s without D !

Prompts: #J to release to end prisoner to hold to meet electionK %J campaigner detainK 'J to organi+e to change to broadcast to critici+eK *J unconstitutional fealtcourtK ,J envo- freedom prisoners releaseK /J own corruption defendant! <J emergenc- trial offences! 1.#. $ranslate the followin% phrases usin% the words in bold type. ; discrimination LMNMOPQR ST?SUTVTWWT ST Xto crusade forJ NTYZM[NTY\] ^]Z_\Z?NT`ZT[NT`] ^TZabZ c[NMO\Y d\QeN\U\ZTW\\?Qf[NTWP dbQeNbUgZTWbghJK d\QeN\U\ZTW\R [N\ [N\]U] ZT NTLMOf?dbQeNbUgZTWbR [NT ZTiU] ZT [NTWfK d\QeN\U\ZTW\R [M NTQMYMUf [N\SZTef?dbQeNbUgZTWbR [T NTQTYbU [NbU]OTUK fZ\aOM^\OP \QeMN]Z\OP d\QeN\U\ZTW\j [M [N\SZTef [MkT?SZglabWP dbQeNbUiZTWbj! [T [NbU]W] [MkfK ; liberty [Mefl]Z\] ZT aP\;k\LM \QeMZZb] QYMLMdb?STUTm ZT ab]QPWg Z]TdF]UZbR [NTYbK Z]MOn]Uk]UM] [NTYM ZT QYMLMdf?Z]TdF]UZT] [NTYT ZT QYTLMdfK QYMLMdT QMY]QO\ QkMYT?QYTLMdT QfUk]ZZR QkMYTK ; right MQf_]QOYkROP [NTYT?T^bWWR`kRWP NoTkgSTYTWP [NTYbK []N]dTOP eMUf;k\LM [NTYT?[]NTdTWP eTUfQPWg [NTYbK MOeTSTOP eMUf;k\LM Y [NTY] d]kTOP aOM; k\LM?TdUMYgWP eTUfQPWg ` [NTY] NTLgWP lOMQPWgK k\l]Z\] VNT^dTZQe\m [NTY?[TSLTYgWP VNTUTdSRZQegm [NTYM`K [MQRVTOP ZT aP\;k\LM [NTYT?[TNflTWP ab]QPWg [NTYbK [NTYMMLkTdTO]kP?ZTdS]k]Zb [NTYTU OMi mOM UT] [NTYT NTLgWP lOMQPWgK YST\UZb] [NTYT \ MLRSTZZMQO\?fST]UZbR [NTYb g TLTYRSegK

[NTYM ZT Z][N\eMQZMY]ZZMQOP k\aZMi ^\SZ\?[NTYT ZT Z][TNflZTQWP TQTLgQOTVT ^bWWRK NTQl\NROP [NTYT?[TlbNTWP [NTYbK ; treatment QONTdTOP MO L]Qa]kMY]aZMVM MLNT_]Z\R?[TefOTYTWP Td L]QaTkTY]aZTVT QOT`k]ZZR! 1.&. $ranslate the followin% sentences into 'n%lish. Use the functional vocabulary where possible. #! pTe\] [NTYT eTe [NTYM VNT^dTZ ZMQ\OP \ mNTZ\OP MNf^\] \ [NTYM ZT UTO]N\TkPZM] ML]Q[]a]Z\] Y QOTNMQO\ Z] ZTlk\ QYM]VM MONT^]Z\R Y qMZQO\OfW\\! %! rMQQ\iQeM] O]k]Y\d]Z\] VNfLM [M[NTkM [NTYM ZT Z][N\eMQZMY]ZZMQOP aTQOZMi ^\SZ\ [MeTSTY sNTVU]ZO Y\d]MST[\Q\ [MNMaT_]i t]Z]NTkPZMVM [NMefNMNT! '! uMkM^]Z\] d]k Q QMLkjd]Z\]U TYOMNQe\m \ QU]^Zbm [NTY Y QONTZTm LbYl]VM vMjST Y aTQOZMQO\ rMQQ\\ \ w]kMNfQQ\\ MQOTYkR]O ^]kTOP kfal]VM! *! xTQOM [N\ ZTiU] ZT NTLMOf ^]Z_\Zb QOTke\YTjOQR Q d\QeN\U\ZTW\]i [M [N\SZTef [MkT! pTeM] [MkM^]Z\] Y]_]i [N\Y]kM Y NRd] QONTZ e [MRYk]Z\j OTe ZTSbYT]UMi d\QeN\U\ZTW\\ ZTMLMNMO eMVdT [N\ ZTiU] ZT NTLMOf [N]d[MaO]Z\] MOdT]OQR QkTLMUf [Mkf! ,! y[N]d]kRR U]Nf ZTeTSTZ\R QfdPR fa\ObYT]O UZM^]QOYM sTeOMNMY" OR^]QOP QMY]Nl]ZZMVM [N]QOf[k]Z\R QO][]ZP M[TQZMQO\ [MdQfd\UMVM dkR ML_]QOYT ]VM Q]U]iZM] \ UTO]N\TkPZM] [MkM^]Z\]! uN\ M[N]d]k]ZZbm fQkMY\Rm QfdPR UM^]O MVNTZ\a\OPQR ZTSZTa]Z\]U fQkMYZMVM ZTeTSTZ\R! /! yeMZaTO]kPZM] N]l]Z\] QfdT Z] UM^]O LbOP ML^TkMYTZM! <! vfd]LZTR [NTeO\eT [MeTSbYT]O aOM Y MOZMl]Z\\ [MdQfd\Ubm ZTNflTj_\m [MNRdMe Y STk] QfdT Xdisruptive defendantsJ YbZMQROQR LMk]] QfNMYb] [N\VMYMNb! C! zT MQZMYTZ\\ UTO]N\TkMY d]kT [N\QR^Zb] [N\lk\ e YbYMdf aOM [MdQfd\Ubi Z]Y\ZMY]Z! I! qTe MOU]aT]O TYOMN\O]OZTR U]^dfZTNMdZTR [NTYMST_\OZTR MNVTZ\STW\R {|UZ]QO\ }ZO]NZ]lZk~ oeMZMU\a]Qe\i [NMVN]QQ Z] QM[NMYM^dT]OQR Y q\OT] fkfal]Z\]U Q\OfTW\\ Y MLkTQO\ QMLkjd]Z\R sfZdTU]ZOTkPZbm [NTY \ QYMLMd! #=!uNTY\O]kPQOYM NTSNTLMOTkM [NMVNTUUf N]sMNU eMOMNTR ML]Q[]a\O fYT^]Z\] [NTY a]kMY]eT Y Lfdf_]U! ##!uNTY\O]kPQOYM fOY]N^dT]O aOM [NMdY\VT]OQR Y ZT[NTYk]Z\\ LMkPl]VM QMLkjd]Z\R U]^dfZTNMdZbm QOTZdTNOMY Y Qs]N] [NTY a]kMY]eT ZM ZT [NTeO\e] [N]Qk]dMYTZ\R \ZTeMUbQkR_\m [NMdMk^TjOQR! #%!M \UR QMmNTZ]Z\R {QOTL\kPZMQO\~ YkTQO\ STd]N^Tk\ LMkPlM] a\QkM kjd]i eMOMNb] MQU]k\k\QP U\NZbU [fO]U N]Tk\SMYTOP QYM] [NTYM ZT QYMLMdf

YbNT^]Z\R UZ]Z\R \ [N\VMYMN\k\ Z]eMOMNbm \S Z\m e dk\O]kPZbU QNMeTU OjN]UZMVM STekja]Z\R ST {[MdNbYZfj d]RO]kPZMQOP~! #'!TQQMYb] d]UMZQONTW\\ Q[NMYMW\NMYTk [N\ZRObi [TNkTU]ZOMU STeMZ M VMQfdTNQOY]ZZMi L]SM[TQZMQO\! qTe [MkTVTjO Z]eMOMNb] TZTk\O\e\ MZ MOeNbYT]O TNU\\ [fOP e STmYTOf YkTQO\! zMYbi STeMZ ZTd]kR]O [N]S\d]ZOT [NTYMU YYMd\OP aN]SYbaTiZM] [MkM^]Z\] Y OMi aTQO\ TNm\[]kTVT eMOMNTR MmYTa]ZT YMkZ]Z\RU\ \ dT]O TNU\\ Z]MVNTZ\a]ZZb] [MkZMUMa\R [MdTYkROP \ZTeMUbQkR_\m! yZ\ UMVfO eMZONMk\NMYTOP []N][\Qef [M [MaO] [NMQkfl\YTOP O]k]sMZZb] NTSVMYMNb MLbQe\YTOP \ TN]QOMYbYTOP {[MdMSN\O]kPZbm k\W~ L]S [N]dnRYk]Z\R MNd]NT! {|OM eMZ]W d]UMeNTO\\ \ dMNMVT e sTl\QOQeMUf VMQfdTNQOYf~ ;; QeTSTk Md\Z \S [NMO]QOMYTYl\m d^TeTNOQe\m QOfd]ZOMY! #*!uT `^M iQZfjaTi [NTeObWb [NT]eOb [NTYTYbm TeOT` ReiR UTjWP TQTLkiYT] SZTaoZZ] i UMVfWP iQOMOZT [T`[kbYTWP ZT ^bWW L]kTNfQeTVT VNTUTdQOYT TLURNeM`YTjWWT ZT `SNM`Zi [NoSidoZOT S [NbWRVZ]ZZ]U lbNMeTVT eMkT Q[]WbRkiQOT`! #,!L eTZWo[OfTkPZbm [TkT^oZZRm ZMYTi NodTeWbi TeMZf {L QNMdeTm UTQTYTi iZsTNUTWbi~ dTkT^b` UiZiQON iZsTNUTWbi kTdSiUiN rfQTe]Yia! uTYMdk] STekjaoZZR UiZiQONT jQObWbi ieOTNT tTkTYTZTYT STeMZT[NT]eO WTkeTU Td[TYRdT] qTZQObOfWbi i ZMNUTU Ui^ZTNMdZbm TeOT` ReiR NoVfkjjWP dS]iZTQWP vI! #/!e [NTiZsTNUTYTki vOTNlbZR RNmM`ZTVT vfdT TkRZWiZ vfeTkT i vOTNlbZR bloilTVT tTQ[TdTNaTVT vfdT ieOTN qTURZeM` [NT]eO STLRQ[]aYT] dTQOf[ZTQWP [NTYTQfddSR ` Qs]Nb dS]iZTQWi vI! #<!dZT S [NbZWb[MYbm fUM` YbkfaTZbm [NoSidoZOTU B ZMYb TeMZ Zi ` ReiU Yb[Tdef Z] [TYiZ]Z fONbUkiYTWP {dNTeMZT`QeiR~ U]Nb Qkf^bWP []NTleMdTi dkR NoTkiSTWbi [NTYT ZT QYTLMdf QkMYT i []NTleMdTi dkR QTUTNoTkiSTWbi kjdS]i ReiR YbLNTki [NTs]Qij ^fNZTkiQOT! rTSTU S ObU Re TdSZTab` [NoSidoZO ZMYb TeMZ [TYiZ]Z VTNTZOTYTWP U]ZTYiOT QYTLMdf QkMYT T Z] QYTLMdf [Tek[f i OoZdoZWbiZTVT YbekTdTZZR sTeOT`! #C! qiNT`Zie dSRN^TYb dTNfab` f QTUbR eTNMOeiR OoNUiZb dT[NTWTYTWP [NT]eO ZMYTi NodTeWbi TeMZf {L QNMdeTm UTQTYTi iZsTNUTWbi~ i [NTdQOTYiWP ZT NTSVkRd f uTkTOf [NTdQOT`ZieM` zTWbRZTkPZTVT QmMdf! #I!w]kTNfQei kidoN f aTNVMYb NTS [TdeNoQki` lOM ZTlT eNTiZT VTOMYTR iQWi ZT LMkPl W]QZfj iZOoVNTWbj S LNTWeTi rTQiRi! dZTe QTjS S rTQiRi Re i kjLMi iZlTi dSRN^TYTi LfdS] LfdTYTWWT YbekjaZT ZT NT`ZT[NT`ZTi TQZMY]!

2. Focus on Texts
2.1. "o the followin% before you read the piece. #! %! '! *! .ake a list of issues this article is most likel- to address! .ake a list of the 0uestions -ou would like answered after -ouve read the text! 4kim the text looking onl- for the answers to -our 0uestions! Now read the text more attentivel- and complete the exercises that follow! Freedom and rights 8reedom of the individual is considered one of the essential features of western civilisation which is itself sometimes called the 8ree 3orld! This freedom is often expressed in terms of rights to do certain things or to be treated in a particular wa-! 3hen a person does something that others think strange 9ritish and )merican people will often sa- 1its a free countr-5 meaning that although the- disagree with the choice the- recognise the other persons right to make it! )mericans sometimes call the U4 the land of the free a phrase from its national anthem! 9ritish people have alwa-s strongl- defended their freedom and do not like being told what to do! The fear that the- will lose the freedom to decide their own future is behind man- peoples lack of enthusiasm for &uropean unit-! Constitutional rights .an- of the rights of the U4 citi+ens are laid down in the Constitution and the first ten amendments to it which are together called the 9ill of Rights! The constitution was written in the late #<==s to explain not onl- how the U4 government would work but also what limits there would be on its power! )t that time people were beginning to believe that the rights of individuals were important and that the government was the main threat to those rights! $imiting the federal governments power was also seen as necessar- to protect the rights of states within the United 4tates! 9ritain does not have a written constitution or legal document describing the rights of individuals! 4ome legal experts believe that a bill of rights should be introduced! 3ithout it the- argue the rights of the individual will graduall- be eroded! To man- 9ritish people freedom to live without interference b- the government is extremel- important! .ost take this freedom for granted and onlrealise how fortunate the- are when the- see people elsewhere being oppressed! Personal freedoms In 9ritain and the U4 the most basic rights include freedom of expression freedom of choice and freedom of worship! 8reedom of expression does not impl- complete freedom for people to sa- what the- like! In the U4 the 8irst )mendment protects freedom of speech and of the press but the courts especiall- the !upreme Court decide how it should be applied! 8or

instance a newspaper is not allowed to print something bad about a person that is known not to be true" this is libel! The courts do not practise prior restraint i!e! thecannot stop a newspaper from printing something but the- can punish the newspaper afterwards! 6owever in a few cases e!g! when national securit- is involved the courts ma- order newspapers not to print a report! The right to free speech in the U4 has not alwa-s been respected! In the #I,=s when .cCarth-ism was at its height people who were suspected of being Communists were called before Congress to answer 0uestions! 2eople who used their right to free speech and said the- believed in Communism or took the 8ifth i!e! used their right under the 8ifth )mendment not to give evidence against themselves often lost their 7obs or went to prison! The 4upreme Court has ruled that certain actions are s-mbolic speech! During the (ietnam 3ar some people burned the )merican flag to indicate their disagreement with the war! This was seen as s-mbolic speech and man- )mericans thought it should be limited! Censorship of the press was ended in 9ritain in the #I/=s and newspapers and television companies are expected to behave responsibl-! In #ICC the publication of 4alman Rushdies novel "he !atanic #erses which was considered insulting bfollowers of Islam led to a fierce debate about freedom of artistic expression! 4ome people thought the author had been foolish to write things which he knew would cause offence but man- strongl- defended his right to free expression! Legal rights .an- freedoms such as freedom of choice are linked with specific rights that can be enforced by law! These include the right of e$ual opportunity! This right is enforced in 9ritain through Race Relations )ct and the 4ex Discrimination )ct! In the U4 the civil rights movement of the #I/=s influenced the making of new laws to protect the rights of minority groups especiall- )frican )mericans! In #I<% an &0ual Rights )mendment which would have given women the same rights and opportunities as men failed to get the support of enough states to be passed! $ater however several laws were passed making it illegal to discriminate against women! 2eople in 9ritain and the U4 have a much valued right to privacy! 8or instance the police have to obtain permission to enter a persons house or stop them in the street without good cause! The U4 8reedom of Information )ct and the 9ritish Data 2rotection )ct allow a person access to information held about them on a computer and the opportunit- to correct it if it is wrong! If a person breaks the law he or she still has rights that the law is expected to defend! In the U4 several amendments to the Constitution deal specificall- with the rights of people suspected or accused of a crime! In 9ritain a person detained b- the police has a right to be released if he or she is not charged within %* hours! )s in the U4 people also have the right to remain silent! The police are heavil- criticised if these rights are infringed!

In the U4 an individuals right to own weapons continues to cause disagreement! 3hen this right was included in the 4econd )mendment )merica had 7ust finished fighting for independence! 4ince the U4 did not want to keep a permanent arm- its defence in the case of future attacks depended on ordinar- people having weapons! .an- people believe that since the U4 does now have a professional armindividuals do not need guns and that the interpretation of the amendment should take account of the modern situation! 9ut others want to keep the right to have weapons and resist an- changes to the law!
Oxford :uide to 9ritish and )merican Culture! #III

2.2. (u%%est the 'n%lish e)uivalents. ST_\_TOP [NTYT?TLTNTZRWP [NTYbK [NM[\QbYTOP Y qMZQO\OfW\\?[NT[gQYTWP f qTZQObOfWbgK [M[NTYeT?[T[NT`eTK QYMLMdT Y]NM\Q[MY]dTZ\R?QYTLMdT Y]NTYbSZTZZRK ]NmMYZbi Qfd?RNmM`Zb QfdK QYMLMdT QkMYT?QYTLMdT QkMYTK [N]dYTN\O]kPZbi ST[N]O?[T[RNodZRR STLTNMZTK QY\d]O]kPQOYMYTOP [NMO\Y QTUMVM Q]LR?QY]dabWP Qf[NTWP QRL]K U]ZPl\ZQOYT?U]ZlTQWgK ZTNflTOP STeMZ?[TNflTWP STeMZK [NTYM mNTZ\OP UMkaTZ\]?[NTYT STmM`YTWP UT`aTZZ]K [N]dnRY\OP MLY\Z]Z\R?[NbY]QWg TLYgZTYTaYTZZgK MQYMLM^dTOP X\S;[Md QONT^\J?YbSYTkgWP XS;[Td QONT^bJ! 2.#. $rue or false. #! 9ritish and )merican people will often sa- 1its a free countr-5 when a person does something that others do not approve of! %! 9ritain has a legal document describing the rights of individuals! '! In 9ritain and the U4 the most basic rights include the freedom of choice freedom of artistic expression freedom to live without interference form the government! *! The courts never stop newspapers from printing something that is known not to be true or ma- 7eopardise national securit-! ,! 2eople who take the 8ifth use their constitutional right not to answer personal 0uestions! /! .utilation of the flag is considered to be s-mbolic speech in the U4! <! In the U4 an individuals right 1to bear arms5 is protected b- the Constitution! 2.&. "iscussion points. #! Think of the factors that ma- be 7ustifiable excuses for the government curbing an individuals freedom! %! 3h- do -ou think 9ritain still has no legal document codif-ing the human rights and liberties of the citi+enr- and the states commitments to honour and uphold them '! 3hat is privac-

*! Continue the statements" people should have unconditional and unrestricted access to weapons of an- sort becauseD people under no circumstances should be allowed to bu- and own guns becauseD! ,! If a person accused of a grievous felon- has been arrested b- the police he should be kept in detention and not released till the law enforcement agencies make sure he or she will spend the rest of his life in prison! /! Do -ou agree that burning of the national flag is s-mbolic speech 3h- XnotJ Can -ou think of an- other forms of s-mbolic protest <! )rtists should be allowed to sa- whatever the- feel inclined to sa- in their works for no other reason that the- are artists people voicing the epoch! 2.*. Usin% the italicized parts+ su!!arize the articles to follow.

New terror laws should be scrapped!

)mnest- International is calling for anti;terrorism laws introduced to the UE in the wake of 4eptember ## to be scrapped! The charit- sa-s the )nti;Terrorism Crime and 4ecurit- )ct passed in November %==# contravened fundamental human rights! It also claims the UE was the onl- countr- to breach basic human liberties in the wake of the attacks! )mnest- has called for an immediate repeal of section * which empowers the 6ome 4ecretar- to detain foreign nationals indefinitely without charge or trial if the- pose a risk to national securit-! It also demands the release of terrorist suspects being held b- the U4 at Camp ;ra- in Cuba unless the- were charged and tried! 14uch detention is inconsistent with the right to liberty and securit- as guaranteed under )rticle ,X#J of the &uropean Convention for the 2rotection of 6uman Rights5 the report stated! 1The UE is the onl- countr- that has derogated from the &C6R in the aftermath of the events of 4eptember ##5 it added! )ccording to the report detainees under the )ct suffered %cruel inhumane or degrading treatment& as a result of their imprisonment! The seven UE nationals held at Camp ;ra- are according to the report routinel- denied the right to counsel have had limited communications with their families face potential trial b- militarcommission with the power to pass death sentences and the prospect of indefinite detention without charge or trial! The report calls for the :overnment to ensure their rights are restored and that if charged the- be tried b- an independent and impartial court without threat of the death penalt-!
)nanova!com ,th 4eptember %==%

Nigerian go"ernment silent on stoning appeal

The Nigerian government has remained silent over an Islamic court ruling that a single mother should be stoned to death! The government has come under growing international pressure to overturn the sentence! ) spokesman for 2resident Olusegun Obasan7o declined to comment on the verdict ;; or the resulting protests from governments and human rights groups! )n Islamic court in the northern town of 8untua rejected an appeal by )mina $awal against the death sentence for having sex

outside marriage! The womanFs law-ers said the- will appeal to a higher court! 6uman rights groups said the sentence violated international conventions and called on Obasan7oFs government to stop it! 1The death penalt- is never an appropriate punishment for a crime and in this instance the ver- nature of the crime is in doubt5 said $a4hawn Aefferson of the New ork;based 6uman Rights 3atch! $ondon;based )mnest- International said stoning people to death was 1the ultimate form of torture5 and that the 1sentence should not be carried out5! &U spokesman .ichael Curtis said" 13e are concerned about this case! Our opposition to the death penalt- is clear5 he said! $awal '= was first sentenced in .arch after giving birth to a daughter more than nine months after divorcing!
)nanova!com %#st )ugust %==%

Former #ast Timor police chief cleared by court

IndonesiaFs last police chief in &ast Timor has been ac$uitted of allowing massacres of civilians in the province! The deaths came during its blood- break with Indonesia in #III! Relatives and fellow officers burst into cheers as the verdict against 9rigadier :eneral Timbul 4ilaen was read out in the Aakarta court! 8ive more defendants were cleared 7ust hours after 4ilaen was ac0uitted! The ac0uittals of the ma7ors and colonels appeared to mark the collapse of efforts to bring to justice the perpetrators of the violence! 6uman rights groups and former independence fighters insist 4ilaen is a war criminal! 'rosecutors claimed he had failed to stop anti; independence militiamen and police from storming a church in $i0uica %= miles west of the capital Dili and killing at least #C people! 6e was also linked to deadlattacks on a United Nations office a church diocese office and the homes of two pro; independence leaders! The trials of #C former officials in &ast Timor including 4ilaen have been widel- criticised for failing to portra- ade0uatel- the role of the Indonesian securit- forces in the violence! The UN and foreign governments sa- the securit- forces orchestrated the atrocities! The provinceFs former governor ;; )bilio 4oares ;; has been sentenced to three -ears in 7ail for his part in the bloodshed! It was the first verdict in the series of trials!
)nanova!com #,th )ugust %==%

$ilitary court appro"es expulsion of three Palestinian relati"es

6uman rights groups sa- the-Fll contest a decision b- an Israeli militar- court to expel three relatives of suspected 2alestinian attackers from the 3est 9ank to :a+a! The decision is a precedent ;; the first time a court has ruled that relatives of suspected bombers and other attackers can be punished! 6owever the real legal precedent is expected in the appeals process when the case reaches (srael)s highest court! In its attempts to put a stop to 2alestinian suicide bombings IsraelFs government is targeting the families of potential bombers and other attackers! The Israelis hope militants will realise their families will suffer as the result of attacks and have second thoughts! In a statement the Israeli militar- sa-s it will carr- out the

expulsions 1in the framework of the struggle against suicide terrorism and its supporting environment5! The militar- court delayed implementation of the expulsions to allow an appeal to Israeli civilian courts! The .oked human rights group representing the three sa-s it will appeal! *ttorney +eneral &l-akim Rubinstein ruled that onl- relatives who were directl- connected to the attacks could be punished!
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Unit II. 'lections 1. Focus on Vocabulary

1.1. '.plain the !eanin% of the followin% words and e.pressions. incumbent impeachment constituenc- to rig an election contested nomination suffrage electoral college 1.2. /araphrase the followin% e.pressions+ usin% different %lossary ite!s. to get the vote to vote to take part in an election a heav- poll electoral district to get /=!=== votes 1.#. Read the article below and decide which phrase fro! the bo. best fits each space. opinion pollsK shift allegianceK dissolve 2arliamentK overall vote of no confidenceK general electionK vote with Tories Face Test on Cow _isease $ONDON ` 9ritains Conservative government will face a tough da- in 2arliament on .onda- when the house votes on a motion of no confidence in )griculture .inister Douglas 6ogg over his handling of the crisis over bovine spongiform encephalopath- or 1mad cow5 disease! If it loses the government could face an immediate D ! If this too were successful 2rime .inister Aohn .a7or would be forced to D and call a D immediatel-! .r! .a7or currentl- has until .a- # to call the election which according to the latest D would be won comfortabl- b- the opposition $abour 2art-! The vote will be tough for the Conservatives who no longer have a ma7orit- in the 6ouse of Commons! Its outcome will effectivel- be decided b- the nine .2s from the Ulster Unionist 2art-! The- have traditionall- D the Conservatives but the mad cow issue is a sensitive one for them and the- ma- choose to D ! 1.&. /iece the phrases to%ether to !a e co!plete stories. #J election due in 4eptember in their last part- conference :erman-Fs ruling 4ocial Democrats a strong show of confidence :erhard 4chroeder gave the chancellor before the general!

%J prominent Turks 9ulent &cevit said that because of his ill;health a growing number of should step down their prime minister! 'J of 8rances general election opinion polls in the first of two rounds for the centre;right suggested a victor-! *J to sta- in power 2resident @ine el;)bidine 9en )li of the votes in a referendum designed to allow him for a fourth term in %==* and a fifth in %==I in Tunisia claimed to have won more than II>! ,J Aean Chretien increasing speculation that lost two safe seats in might announce his retirement before the end of the -ear the ruling $iberal part- b-;elections in Canada the prime minister! /J without bloodshed a high turnout and was held with an election in 4ierra $eone! )hmed Te7an Eabbah to win the presidenc- was expected the incumbent! 1.*. /araphrase or e.plain the italicised parts of the followin% sentences. #! The decision to advance the date for presidential elections in Ea+akhstan b- two -ears gave little time for potential candidates to organi+e electoral campaigns! %! To win a ma7orit- in the 6ouse of Representatives the Democrats need to attract votes on a wide basis! '! 4ome of the people elected as Democrats to state and national offices could be considered as being on a left?right scale more to the right than their Republican opponents! *! The da- before )lgerias groundUbreaking election of a civilian president all the candidates but one withdrew! The- said the arm- was manipulating the result in favour of )bdela+i+ 9outeflika the one remaining candidate b- rigging the preUelection army and police ballots! ,! Turke-s top court refused to ban the onl- Eurdish part- running in a general election! /! One interesting phenomenon is the voting intentions of women! 8orecasts show that the number who are going to vote for the !ocialist 'arty is rising! <! 2opular support for the old Communist 2art- is strong in the runUup to the election! C! .exicos ruling part- announced that it would hold an open primary election in November to choose its presidential candidate breaking a long tradition in which incumbent .exican presidents have chosen their successors! I! In a referendum notable for a low turnout voters in :uatemala re7ected ,= proposed reforms aimed at giving rights to indigenous people and curbing the securit- forces! 2roponents saw this as a setback for the peace process! #=!.ore than I=> of Italians who voted in a referendum called for an end to proportional representation for choosing members of parliament but a shade less than ,=> of registered voters turned out so the result was invalid! No prospect therefore of electoral reform!

##!RussiaFs Eremlin;backed Unit- part- onl- three months old became the second largest in the Duma the lower house of parliament after a general election! The Communists won most votes without gaining ground! The prime minister (ladimir 2utin who should be able to co;operate better with the new parliament looks well set to bid for the presidency in the summer! 1.,. $ranslate the followin% sentences payin% special attention to the italicised words. #! ) ballot on selfUrule for &ast Timor was again postponed until august '= th because of securit- concerns! %! 4enator 9ob smith of New 6ampshire who was seeking the Zepublican nomination to the presidency abandoned his part- to run as an independent! '! uri $u+hkov .oscows ma-or who is a leading contender for Russias presidenc- said he would back the candidac- of evgen- 2rimakov if he were to run too! *! )bdela+i+ 9outeflika was sworn in )s )lgerias new president! ,! Opinion polls confirmed the likelihood of firstUround reUelection on October *th for 9ra+ils president 8ernando 6enri0ue Cardoso! /! Ukraines Communist 2art- and its allies won the biggest share of seats in a general election! That ma- st-mie reforms planned b- 2resident $eonid Euchma! <! Robert Eocharian was elected president of )rmenia amid allegations of electoral fraud! C! Indias new coalition government survived its first vote of confidence on 2arliament with a ma7orit- of #'! I! In Niger where a coup in )pril has installed a military government a referendum brought a low turnout of 7ust '=> but a vote in favour of powerUsharing between the arm- and civilians! #=!The ruling leftUofUcentre !ocial Democrats led b- :oran 2erson won 4wedens general election but with the lowest share of votes for *= -ears! The ex; communist $eft 2art- which doubled its vote to #%> ma- help them form a government in return for more spending on welfare and a referendum on joining [urope\s single currency! 1.0. $ranslate the followin% sentences usin% the functional vocabulary where possible. #! vMVkTQZM dTZZMi MVMYMNe] Y [TNkTU]ZO dM[fQeTjOQR k\lP [TNO\\ [Mkfa\Yl\] Z] U]Z]] [RO\ [NMW]ZOMY [MdTZZbm d]iQOY\O]kPZbm VMkMQMY \SL\NTO]k]i! %! bLMNb YM YQ] MNVTZb ZTNMdZMVM [N]dQOTY\O]kPQOYT RYkRjOQR YQ]ML_\U\ [NRUbU\ QYMLMdZbU\ \ NTYZbU\! tMkMQMYTZ\] OTiZM]! '! uNTYM \SL\NTOP \U]]O eT^dbi VNT^dTZ\Z eMOMNMUf \Q[MkZ\kMQP #C k]O!

*! uNRUb] YbLMNb Y \SL\NTO]kPZMU MeNfV] dTjO YMSUM^ZMQOP VNT^dTZTU MOdTOP QYMi VMkMQ M[N]d]k]ZZMUf [Mk\O\a]QeMUf d]RO]kj! ,! uN\iO\ ZT \SL\NTO]kPZbi faTQOMe \ [NMVMkMQMYTOP dMkV eT^dMVM VNT^dTZ\ZT w]kTNfQ\! /! z\SeTR TeO\YZMQOP \SL\NTO]k]i Y[MkZ] UM^]O LbOP QYRSTZT Q Z]Y]N\]U ZTQ]k]Z\R Y Q[MQMLZMQOP \ ^]kTZ\] YkTQOP \Uf_\m \SU]Z\OP Q\OfTW\j e kfal]Uf! <! xk]Zb \SL\NTO]kPZMi eMU\QQ\\ MLRSTZb Qk]d\OP ST O]U aOMLb YbLMNb [NMlk\ L]S Qf_]QOY]ZZbm ZTNfl]Z\i! C! z]eMOMNb] N]V\MZb rMQQ\\ YQ]VdT VMkMQfjO ST eMUUfZ\QOMY! I! ]ZON\SL\NeMU fa]k Ml\Le\ \ [NMQa]Ob [N]dbdf_]i \SL\NTO]kPZMi eTU[TZ\\ \ Y oOMO NTS Y mMd] [MdVMOMYe\ e Ma]N]dZbU YQ]ML_\U YbLMNTU Qd]kT]O YQ] YMSUM^ZM] aOMLb [N]dMOYNTO\OP \Q[MkPSMYTZ\] eTZd\dTOTU\ VNRSZbm [N]dYbLMNZbm O]mZMkMV\i! #=! uT eTZaTOeMYbm dTdS]Zbm SRN^T`ZTi YbLTNaTi eTUgQig gOYb ST dS]jaTVT [NoSgdoZOT [NTVTkTQTYTkT ,* #,> YbLTNlabeT` Td Obm mOM LNT` fdS]k f VTkTQTYTZZg! ##! %< eTQONbaZgeT %==% V! f uMkPlab [NTmMdSgkg YbLTNb ` URQWMYT] QTUTegNTYTZZ]! Zb UTjWP aTObNb `SNM`Zg" YbLTNb do[fOTOT` VUgZb [TY]Of YTRYMdQeTVT QMiUgeT T OTeQTUT [NMQObR YbLTNb LfNUgQONT` YMiOT` g [NoSgdoZOT` VTNTdM`! #%! bLTNb [NTmMdSRWP ZT [NTWRVf TdZTVM dZR! bLTNaTR `NZT `Y]QP aTQ SZTmMdSgWWT ` STk] dkR VTkTQTYTZZR! ] [TQOTRZZT LTaTWP fQ] ak]Zb eTUgQgg! zgRegm YbZTQZbm fNZT` ZRUT! #'! zT YbLTNabU faTQOef g ` eTUgQgRm fQgm fSNM`ZR` SZTmMdSRWWT dTY]NTZbR TQMLb eTZdbdTOT` RegR UTjWP dMQOf[ dT `Qi gZsTNUTWbg! uTQkR STeTZaoZZR [Tdkgef VTkTQM` [NTOTeMk YbY]lYT]WWT dkR TVfkPZTVT TVkRdf lOM ZTdTk]i [NTdfmgkR] UTVabUTQWP sTkPQgsgeTWbR`! #*! bLTNb do[fOTOT` VUgZb [TY]Of YTRYMdQeTVT QMiUgeT [NTmMdSRWP [T [TNObiZbm Q[gQTm TLM Q[gQTm YbLTNabm eTUgOoOT` [NbabU Z]TLTYRSeMYT TQMLb ` Q[gQTm SR`kRjWWT QRLNTUg [TNObg! MiOb LfNUgQONb g [NoSgdoZOb VTNTdM` YbLgNTjWWT [NTUbU VTkTQTYTZZ]U! #,! zTiLMkPl QekTdTZTi Q[NTYTi dkR YbLTNabm eTUgQgR` SR`kR]WWT NoVgQONTWbR eTZdbdTOT`! qTZdbdTO [TYgZ]Z [NT^bYTWP ZT OMi OoNbOMNbg dS] Z LTkTOf]WWT! wTkTOTYTWWT Z UM^T OMkPeg ` TdSgZ YbLTNab MNVTZ g OMkPeg [T TdZbU Q[gQ]! #/! qTZdbdTO TLTYRSTZb `SVTdZRWP fQ] QYT] YbdTOeg S YbLTNabU lOTLTU! Z Z] UT] [NTYT []NTLMkPlbWP YbSZTaTZfj eYMOf! #<! uTdaTQ [TdNbmOM`eg dT YbLTNT` QOYTNTjWWT YbLTNabR eTTkgWbg [TkgObaZbm [TNObR` YbLTNabR eTUgOoOb VNTUTdQegm TNVTZgSTWbR` g VNf[T` VNTUTdSRZT` RegR NoVgQONfjWWT ` dSRN^T`ZTi YbLTNaTi eTUgQgg! U]^Tm eNTgZb VoObR eTTkgWbg UMVfWP TdNMSZgYTWWT f Z]eTOMNbm U]QWTm [TNObg gdfWP QTUTQOMiZT Z] QOYTNTjab eTTkgWbg!

2. Focus on $e.ts
2.1. Read the article and co!plete the e.ercises that follow.

#lections to Parliament
The #lectoral aystem &ach of the /,I .embers of 2arliament or .2s in the 6ouse of Commons represents a particular part of the United Eingdom called a constituenc-! The countris divided into areas of roughl- e0ual population Xabout I= === peopleJ! Cities have several constituencies! .2s are expected to be interested in the affairs of their communit- and to represent the interests of local people their constituents in 2arliament! .an- hold regular surgeries sessions at which the- are available for local people to talk to them! 2eople ma- also write to their .2s if the- want to protest about something! )n-one who wants to become an .2 must be elected b- the people of a constituenc-! 9efore an election one person is chosen b- each of the main political parties to stand for election in each constituenc-! 2eople usuall- vote for the candidate who belongs to the part- the- support rather than because of his or her personal 0ualities or opinions! Onl- the candidate who gets the most votes in each constituencis elected! This s-stem is called first past the post! In a general election when elections are held in all constituencies the winning part- which forms the next government is the one that wins most seats in 2arliament even though it ma- have received fewer votes overall than the opposition parties! ) proposal that 9ritain should use a s-stem of proportional representation wherebseats in 2arliament would be allocated according to the total number of votes cast for each part- has been put forward on various occasions! 8eneral #lections 9- law a general election must take place ever- five -ears! The government decides when to hold an election and the 2rime .inister ma- decide to go to the countr- earlier than is legall- necessar- if there seems to be a good chance of winning! :eneral elections are alwa-s held on Thursda-s! )fter the date has been fixed an-one who wants to stand for 2arliament has to leave a deposit of ,== with the Returning Officer the person in each constituenc- responsible for managing the election! The local offices of the ma7or offices pa- the deposit for their own candidates! If a candidate wins more than ,> of the votes he or she gets the deposit back! Otherwise candidates lose their deposit! This is intended to stop people who do not seriousl- want to be .2s from taking part in the election! 4ometimes people who feel ver- strongl- about an issue e!g! protecting the lives of unborn babies become

candidates and campaign specificall- about that issue! ) few people become candidates for a 7oke especiall- in the constituenc- which the 2rime .inister is defending because the- know the- will get a lot of publicit-! 9efore an election takes place candidates campaign for support in the constituenc-! The amount of mone- that candidates are allowed to spend on their campaign is strictl- limited! $eading members of the government and the opposition parties travel throughout the countr- addressing meetings and 1meeting the people5 especiall- in marginals constituencies where onl- a slight shift of opinion would change the outcome of the voting! $ocal part- workers spend their time canvassing going from house to house to ask people about how the- intend to vote! )t national level the parties spend a lot of mone- on advertising and media coverage! Thecannot bu- television time" each part- is allowed a number of strictl- timed partpolitical broadcasts! &ach also holds a dail- televised news conference! 7y+elections If an .2 dies or retires a b-;election is held in the constituenc- which he or she represented! 9-;elections are closel- watched b- the media as the- are thought to indicate the current state of public opinion and the governments popularit-! boting )n-one over the age of #C has the right to vote at elections provided that theare on the electoral register! This is a list of all the adults living in a constituenc-! ) new revised list is compiled each -ear! Copies are available for people to look at in local public libraries! (oting is not compulsor- but the turnout at general elections is usuall- high about <,>! )bout a week in advance of an election ever-one on the electoral register receives a polling card! This tells them where their polling station is! One the da- of the election polling da- voters go to the polling station and are given a ballot paper! This lists the names of all the candidates for that constituenc- together with the names of the parties the- represent! &ach voter then goes into a polling booth where nobod- can see what the- are writing and puts a cross next to the name of one candidate onl- the one the- want to elect! 2olling stations often local schools or church halls are open from < a!m! to #= p!m! to give ever-one an opportunit- to vote! During a general election people leaving the polling station ma- be asked bprofessional anal-sts called pollsters how the- voted! 4imilar exit polls taken all over the countr- are used to predict the overall election result! )fter the polls close the ballot papers from all the polling stations in a constituenc- are taken to a central place to be counted! In most constituencies counting takes place the same evening continuing for as long as necessar- through the night! If the number of votes for two candidates is ver- close the candidates mademand a recount! 4everal recounts ma- take place until all the candidates are satisfied that the count is accurate! 8inall- the Returning Officer makes a public

announcement giving the number of votes cast for each candidate and declaring the winner to be the .2 for the constituenc-! On general election night television and radio keep ever-one informed of the results throughout 9ritain and make predictions about the overall result and the si+e of the winning part-s ma7orit- in 2arliament!
Oxford :uide to 9ritish and )merican Culture! #III

2.2. '.plain the !eanin% of the followin% word co!binations in 'n%lish. to stand for electionK a s-stem of proportional representationK go to the countr-K canvassingK marginalsK televised news conferenceK electoral registerK exit pollsK recount 2.#. Find the words or word1co!binations which collocate with the followin%. election seat vote part- campaign voting ballot 2.&. 2uestions and points for discussion. #! %! '! *! ,! /! <! C! I! 3hat does it take to become an .2 3h- is the 9ritish electoral s-stem referred to as 1first past the post5 Does a winning part- need to receive an absolute ma7orit- of votes in elections 3hich electoral s-stem is fairer" the one the 9ritish have in place or a s-stem of proportional representation 3h- does an individual willing to stand for 2arliament has to leave a deposit with the Returning Officer 3h- are b-;elections closel- watched b- the media 3hat is the purpose of exit polls 3hat are the functions of the Returning Officer 3hat do -ou think elections in 9elarus and UE have in common

2.*. Read the article and co!plete the e.ercises that follow.

#lectoral shocc
On October #= it will be #== -ears since &mmeline 2ankhurst founded the 3omenFs 4ocial and 2olitical Union determined to win the battle for the vote! Aust #, -ears later 9ritish women had the suffrage for which the- had shouted and sung and starved and marched! 9ut there is one countr- left where women are still engaged in that struggle! Onl- in Euwait are women specificall- still denied the vote! Onl- there are women in

the demeaning situation of living where there is at least partial democrac- a national assembl- elected b- popular vote but the vote is solel- male! GThis is uni0ue G sa-s 8atima al;)bdali a 7ournalist and environmental engineer in Euwait! G&ven in 9ahrain in atar in Oman women can vote! 3e have had a democrac- for *= -ears but still women donFt have this right!G It seems all the more ironic because women in Euwait are taking up directl- appointed political posts including that of ambassador and deput- secretar- in the ministr- of higher education! &ver since Euwait decided to start elections for the national assembl- in #I/% women have been lobb-ing for their rights and over the past decade the campaign has grown in urgenc-! 3omen in Euwait are now no strangers to street protests! In a countr- of onl- % million people activists have managed to call out more than #=== women on demonstrations! The- have also brought legal cases to the highest courts suing the minister of the interior or the speaker of parliament for failing to register their votes! G3e invade the registration centres and then we file cases because the- donFt allow us in G explains @ainab al;6arbi a leader of the main organisation that campaigns for womenFs suffrage the 3omenFs Cultural and 4ocial 4ociet-! )ll the cases so far have failed but one is still pending in the constitutional court! .ock ballots have also been staged the last during the elections three months ago in which fake polling booths are set up so that hundreds of women can place votes for real candidates! )fter the invasion of Euwait in #II= women thought that the- would get the vote on the rise of patriotic feeling that came their wa- because of the much;admired part the- pla-ed in the resistance to the Ira0i occupation! )nd indeed the invasion did seem to help to change popular feeling about womenFs suffrage 7ust as the first world war is credited with having changed feelings about womenFs suffrage in 9ritain! 9ut menFs goodwill towards womenFs political enfranchisement even for patriotic reasons can never be taken for granted and a bill to give women the vote in #II% was defeated in parliament! ) vote in #III was the closest -et the suffrage bill was defeated b- onl- two votes! Dr &btehal )hmad a lecturer in literature at Euwait Universit- sa-s" GI cried like a bab- when the proposal was thrown out the last time!G 4uffragettes in 9ritain found that long after the- felt the- had won all the arguments the vote was being used as a bargaining chip in the games of politics! This is exactl- what is happening to Euwaiti women! The government is headed b- the 4abah famil- but laws must be approved b- the national assembl-! The emir 4heikh Aaber al;)hmed al;Aaber al;4abah keeps promising support for a suffrage bill but his ministers keep failing to push it through! The national assembl- is divided %# of the ,= members are identified b- observers as Islamists #* as government supporters three as liberals and #% as non;partisans! In such a finel- balanced situation the government is clearl- reluctant to push a controversial measure!

et given the vibranc- and 7ustice of their campaign wh- donFt we hear more about the struggle of the women of Euwait .an- women in the 3est seem to believe that it isnFt a great idea to be too vociferous in support of womenFs rights in .uslim countries in case we should be seen to be interfering in a culture that we donFt understand! 9ut the women activists in Euwait see their situation as something created not b- their religion but simpl- b- the same patriarchal chauvinism that has dogged women in all cultures and all times! G3hen the- sa- to us it is not in Islam that women should have political rights we sa- what about Aordan what about Turke- what about Iran what about &g-pt )renFt the women there .uslim and donFt the- voteG sa-s )bdali! Indeed women got the vote in Aordan in #I<* and in Iran in #I/' &g-pt in #I,/ and Turke- #I'= ; 7ust two -ears after women in the UE! )bdali believes international pressure and support is essential for their cause! 9ut 6arbi is fiercel- proud of the abilit- of Euwaiti women alone to achieve their goals! G3e donFt need others to help! 3e donFt have a problem campaigning and lobb-ing for our rights G she sa-s! 4till even she believes that exposure of her government to international media interest and pressure from other governments would onl- help! )lthough the- are -et to get the vote women in Euwait are in other wa-s 0uite liberated! The- have long en7o-ed the right to education more than <=> of universit- graduates are now women and )bdali sa-s proudl- GIt is impossible to find an illiterate Euwaiti woman!G The- have complete freedom of dress and movement so the- can walk down the streets in a veil or 7eans and the- can drive and travel without men giving them permission which is certainl- not the case in neighbouring 4audi )rabia! 4o the situation of Euwaiti women in its contradictor- mixture of growing power and continued powerlessness is not so different from other cultures! This idea that there is no fundamental separation between the feminist movements of different countries is dear to most of the Euwaiti women I spoke to! G3omen can learn from each other all over the world G sa-s Dr )hmad! GThere are some cultural differences but the feminist movement is alwa-s at core ver- similar! &ver- countr- goes through bad patches with regard to womenFs rights! $ook at -our own culture there was a time when women were burned as witches!G New @ealand was the first countr- to give women the vote in #CI'! Three countries den- both men and women a vote" 9runei 4audi )rabia and the United )rab &mirates! In the U4 native )mericans who lived on reservations were not granted the right to vote until #I%* four -ears after other U4 women! 2uerto Rican women did not win suffrage until #I%I when it was granted onlto Gliterate womenG! The- won universal suffrage in #I',! In )ustralia white women won the vote in #I=%! )boriginal women and men had to wait until #I/< when the- were granted full citi+enship! In 4outh )frica white women won the vote in #I'# Indian and GcolouredG women in #IC* and black women in #II*!

 In Denmark men and women were both given the vote in #I#,! 8rance saw a gap of I/ -ears between male and female suffrage! .en got the vote in #C*C and women in #I**! 4wiss women were onl- allowed in voting booths in #I<#! 9ahrain is the most recent countr- to give women the vote in %==#!
&conomist! %==%! * 4eptember!

2.,. Find words or word1co!binations which !ean the sa!e. suffrage X% wordsJK parliamentK political officesK movement for womens rights 2.0. '.plain the followin% phrases and translate the! into Russian. to elect a national assembl- b- popular voteK to lobb- for ones rightsK mock ballotsK fake polling boothsK a bill was defeated in 2arliamentK suffragettesK suffrage billK international pressure 2.3. 2uestions and points for discussion. #! %! '! *! ,! 3hat facts do -ou find surprising 3h- 3hat factors ma- become instrumental in giving women the vote 6ow do the women in Euwait fight for their voting rights 3hich of the measures mentioned do -ou find effective ineffective ridiculous 6ow do -ou feel about religion serving as 7ustification for den-ing some people something Xe!g! political rightsJ Do -ou think international pressure would be a positive influence on the situation in Euwait 3hat forms might it take

2.4. Read the article and co!plete the e.ercises that follow.

7usting Turceyds grey male monopoly

)s Turke- prepares to go the polls on )pril #C th a record number of women candidates for both parliament and local councils is adding a touch of colour to an otherwise drab electoral canvas! Take Demet Demir who is standing in Istanbuls bohemian 9e-oglu district! 4he feels perfectl- e0uipped to operate in the male; dominated world of Turkish politics! 3ell -es" she was once a chap herself until she had an operation to change sex a few -ears ago! Then there is .erve Eavakci a sleek Texas;educated computer engineer one of #< female candidates running for parliament on the Islamist (irtue 2art-s ticket! 9fielding such women (irtue hopes to look modern and avoid the fate of its predecessor 3elfare banned last -ear on the charge of tr-ing to impose Islamic rule

on Turke-! 9ut modernit- has its limits! .s Eavakci dutifull- wears an Islamic;st-le headscarf proof sa- Turke-s militar-;led secular purists that she is a religious radical! .s Eavakci argues that he scarf is a mere token of her faith not her politics which are determinedl- feminist! Turke-s election watchdog The 6igher &lection 9oard disagrees! It has ruled that no woman candidate who covers her head maappear on television! 9ut .s Eavakci and a fellow candidate )-senur Tekdal are likel- to win seats! 3hat happens when the pair turn up wearing scarves for the parliamentar- swearing in Down in Turke-s largel- Eurdish south;eats another glamorous woman is stirring hearts and minds! 8erda Cilalioglu Cemiloglu wants to be ma-or of Di-arbakir the 7ewel in the Eurdish municipal crown! Running for the Republican 2eoples 2art- which sticks firml- to the secular tenets of modern Turke-s founder Eemal )taturk she stands little chance against the main pro;Eurd part-! )nd what of Tansu Ciller Turke-s first woman prime minister and leader of the conservative True 2ath 2art- 4ince she defied the generals to form a ruling coalition with the Islamists in #II/ after previousl- presenting herself as Turke-s secular Aoan of )rc her reputation in most Turkish e-es has slumped! These da-s in an effort to snatch votes from (irtue she declares herself 1Islams onl- true defender5! Though he would have scowled at some of their headgear )taturk would probabl- have been proud of these women! )fter all he it was who gave women the vote in #I'*K a -ear later #C of them were in parliament! Oddl- their number has since been falling! The trend ma- now go the other wa-! 4ome '= Turkish women are tipped to win seats!
&conomist! #III! #* )pril!

2.15. $ranslate the followin% word co!binations into 'n%lish. uN\ZROP faTQO\] Y VMkMQMYTZ\\?[NbZRWP fdS]k f VTkTQTYTZZg [MiO\ ZT YbLMNb?[TiQWg ZT YbLTNbK faTQOYMYTOP Y [TNkTU]ZOQe\m YbLMNTm [M [TNO\iZMUf Q[\Qef?[NbUTWP fdS]k f [TNkTU]ZOQegm YbLTNTm [T [TNObiZTUf Q[gQfK YbdY\VTOP eTZd\dTOMY;^]Z_\Z?YbkfaTWP eTZdbdTOT`;^TZabZK eMU\O]O [M ZTLkjd]Z\j ST YbLMNTU\?eTUgOoO [T ZTSgNTZZj ST YbLTNTUgK [N\Y]d]Z\] e [N\QRV] X[N\ YQOf[k]Z\\ Y dMk^ZMQOPJ ?[NbY]QWg dT [NbQRVgK LTkkMO\NMYTOPQR MO eTeMi;k\LM [TNO\\?LTkTWgNTYTWWT Td ReMi;Z]LfdSP [TNObgK QsMNU\NMYTOP [NTYR_fj eMTk\W\j?QsTNUgNTYTWP egNfjafj eTTkgWbjK [N]dMQOTY\OP ^]Z_\ZTU [NTYM faTQOYMYTOP Y \SL\NTO]kPZMU [NMW]QQ]?dTWP [NTYT ^TZabZTU fdS]kPZgaTWP f YbLTNTm

2.11. 2uestions and points for discussion. #! 3h- is the election referred to as 1drab electoral canvas5 %! 3omen running for a seat in the parliament or an- other government bod- are career;minded upstarts! Do -ou agree '! Do -ou agree that the reason wh- Tansu Cillers reputation has slumped in most Turkish e-es is her failure to act in accordance with her election promises 3hdo -ou think the author ironicall- labels Ciller as Turke-s secular Aoan of )rc 3hat idea is implied *! Is it true that men never vote for female candidates 3h- XnotJ ,! The female;dominated world would be a brighter place to live in! Do -ou agree 2.12. Read the article and co!plete the e.ercises that follow. eninspired! French go the polls There is concern in 8rance that voter apath- could give Aean;.arie $e 2enFs National 8ront influence in the National )ssembl-! The polls have opened as the nation decides who will fill the ,<< seats in the 2arliamentFs lower house! 8our hours after the polls opened #I!<> of eligible voters had cast ballots compared with %%!<> at the same time in the first round in #II<! .an- fear .r $e 2enFs part- could force the mainstream right or left candidates to strike deals with the part- in order to win in the second round! If no single candidate wins more than half of the votes in a district a second;round will be scheduled! There were an average of over #* candidates per region suggesting that votes could be widel- dispersed! 9ut the media is predicting apath- might set in again especiall- after the emotional presidential race onl- a month ago! .an- are also distracted b- the 3orld Cup performance of $es 9leus rather than on politics! GIFm hoping people will turn out massivel- toda- like the- did in the second round of the presidential race but IFm afraid people have short memories G said voter 2atricia Dardaine ''! GI think the 8ront should be able to appear as the first part- of 8rance G $e 2en told reporters at a polling station in 2aris! GIn an- case itFs the grace that I wish for us and for 8rance!G 9ut 2resident Aac0ues ChiracFs conservatives have been boosted b- recent opinion polls showing the- are likel- to win a ma7orit- of the ,<< seats in the National )ssembl-! The 4ocialists have been struggling ever since $ionel Aospin the former prime minister 0uit politics after his loss to $e 2en in the first round of the presidential race!
)nanova!com Ith Aune %==%

2.1#. $ranslate the followin% word co!binations into Russian and 6elarusian. faTQOYMYTOP Y YbLMNTm?[NbUTWP fdS]k f YbLTNTmK k\WM \U]j_]] [NTYM VMkMQMYTOP ZT YbLMNTm?TQMLT ReTR UT] [NTYT VTkTQTYTWP ZT YbLTNTmK []NYbi OfN

XVMkMQMYTZ\RJ?[]Nlb OfN VTkTQTYTZZRK [N]S\d]ZOQeTR eTU[TZ\R?[NoSgdoZOQeTR eTU[TZgRK \SL\NTO]kPZbi faTQOMe?YbLTNab `aTQOTeK M[NMQ ML_]QOY]ZZMVM UZ]Z\R?T[bOTZZ] VNTUTdQeTi dfUegK fiO\ \S [Mk\O\e\?TdbQWi Td [TkgObegK [MNT^]Z\] MO eMVM;k\LM?[TNT^oZZ] Td eTVMQPWg 2.1&. /oints for discussion. #! %! '! 3hat is behind voter apath- Can it 7eopardi+e national securit- or affect the state and the people in an- other adverse wa- 3hat do politicians usuall- tell reporters at the polling station 3h- 3hat role do -ou think opinion polls pla-

#. Focus on Renderin% and $ranslation

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Revision $est 1
1. 7atch the words on the ri%ht with the words on the left. Run;off 4ingle member 2resident Universal 3ithdraw Contested Casting affirmative constituencsuffrage ones candidature vote nomination vote election elect

2. Find the synony!s 8left1hand colu!n9 and the definitions 8ri%ht1hand colu!n9 of the words in the !iddle colu!n.

decision 7udgment resolution verdict autonom- independence liberation self; determination sovereignt- exemption prerogative privilege ballot census count surveright to vote voice appointment choice designation election proposal recommendation selection suggestion assembl- conclave convention

suffrage

poll

a closed meeting of the members of one part- in a legislative chamber etc! to coordinate polic- choose candidates etc the right to vote esp! in public electionsK the exercise of such a rightK casting a vote the act of nominating or state of being nominated esp! as an election candidate the casting recording or counting of votes in an electionK a voting the power of choosing thinking and acting for oneself

caucus libertruling

nomination a decision of someone in authoritsuch as a 7udge

#. Correct errors or inaccuracies. #! The final decision of the court discrimination b- gender swinging votersK %! To access the penalt- right for self;determination to vote for DemocratK '! Discrimination of race and gender to express a vote of distrustK *! The right for as-lum the candidate gathered <CI votes a choosing districtK ,! to go to the rolls a bin for voting right for law-ers help!

Unit III. Visits. $al s. :%ree!ents

1. Focus on Vocabulary
1.1. ;ive 'n%lish e)uivalents to the followin%. t]Z]NTkPZbi Q]eN]OTNP yyz?t]Z]NTkPZb QTeNTOTN zK V]Z]NTkPZbi Q]eN]OTNP zpy?V]Z]NTkPZb QTeNTOTN zpyK VMQQ]eN]OTNP v?dSRN^QTeNTOTN K d\N]eOMN;NTQ[MNRd\O]kP ?dbNoeOTN; NTQ[TNTdabe K U\Z\QON \ZMQONTZZbm d]k ]k\eMLN\OTZ\\?UgZgQON STU]^Zbm Q[NT` RkgeTLNbOTZggK STU]QO\O]kP [N]UP]N;U\Z\QONT XY\W]; [N]UP]NJ?ZTU]QZge [NoUF]N;UgZgQONT XYgWo;[NoUF]NJK [N]dQ]dTO]kP v?QOTNlbZR vK eMUTZdfj_\i Q\kTU\ zpy Y YNM[]?eTUTZdfjab QgkTUg zpy ` `NM[]K QONTZb v]U]Ne\?QONTZb vRUNegK vMY]O YNM[b?vTY]O `NM[bK STU]QO\O]kP U\Z\QONT \ZMQONTZZbm d]k?ZTU]QZge UgZgQONT STU]^Zbm Q[NT` 1.2. ;ive Russian e)uivalents to the followin% %eo%raphical na!es. Ira0 9aghdad the :ulf $uxembourg Israel Israeli Aerusalem the .iddle &ast 2alestine &dinburgh :a+a 4trip $ebanon Damascus :reek Turke- C-prus Nicosia Thailand Indonesia .ala-sia 2hilippines 2oland 6ungar- C+ech Republic the 9altic 4tates ugoslavia 9elgrade &g-pt United )rab &mirates 1.#. /araphrase accordin% to the !odel. The 2remier of 9ritain arrived in .oscow for talks! The 9ritish 2remier arrived in .oscow for talks! #! %! '! *! ,! /! <! C! I! The 8oreign .inister of 8rance arrived in 9onn for talks with his :erman counterpart! The Defence .inister of 4weden paid an official visit to 9onn! The 2remier of 6olland came on an official visit to 2aris! Two representatives of Denmark paid a return visit to $ondon! ) delegation from 6ungar- visited some of the .oscow enterprises! .inister of Norwa- had talks with the U4 4ecretar- of 4tate! The Defence 4ecretar- of 4pain is to arrive in $ondon to confer with his opposite number! Under a prior agreement the 2resident of Israel will visit the 8ederal Republic of :erman- later this -ear! ) time for the visit will be specified accordingl-! The 8oreign .inister of 9elgium arrived in .oscow on an official visit on November I!

#=! ) 2arliamentar- delegation from 2ortugal has begun talks in (ienna with the 8ederal Chancellor of )ustria! ##! .id;December was marked b- a visit of a 2arliamentar- delegation from Aapan which had been invited b- the 8oreign )ffairs Commission! #%! )n international conference of 2ushkin scholars is to be held at .ikhailovsko-e bringing together scholars and museum experts from #< countries including &thiopia &g-pt $ebanon and 8inland! 1.&. /araphrase or e.plain the italicised parts of the followin% sentences. #! %! '! &uropean Union leaders meet this week to discuss a .aastricht;st-le approach of setting national targets for 7ob creation! &uropean Union leaders will gather in $uxembourg on Thursda- for a summit on emplo-ment! .ichel Camdessus (]^ managing director said at the weekend he hoped a broad outline for regional coUoperation measures could be agreed b- next months meeting of finance ministers from the )ssociation of 4outh &ast )sian Nations! 6e said general accord had been reached on the need for mutual economic surveillance and for measures to be consistent with I.8 packages! .r! Camdessus arrival in .anila his last stop in a regional tour which has taken in Thailand .ala-sia and Indonesia coincides with a separate I.8 review of the 2hilippinesF present programme with the fund! Clintons Irish trip is intended to underscore *merican support for the :ood 8rida- agreement and its goal of power sharing among contending groups! AordanFs foreign minister will attend the meeting onl- if Israel adheres to his commitment under the #II* AordanB Israel peace treat-! :reek and Turkish C-priot leaders are stepping up their efforts to influence next months &uropean Union summit at which &U leaders will decide how to cultivate better relations with Turke- while negotiating C-prusFs admission do the &U! 9oth sides acknowledge that several factors B the &U applications and highU level mediation efforts b- the U4 UN and UE will make #III a make;or;break -ear for settling the %, -ear old division of the island XC-prusJ! &uropean market countries will be invited to 7oin a financial stabilit- forum the +roup of !even industrial nations said this weekend! 2resident .ubarak of &g-pt in a trip to Ital- and :erman- this week is expected to urge &urope to assume a greater role in .iddle &ast peace efforts! The six;nation contact group decided to extend the talks b- a further three da-s! This has led left;wing legislators to sa- 4hamir does not intend to negotiate but rather torpedo the talks!

*! ,! /! <! C!

I! #=! ##! #%! #'!

#*! The leader of the 8rench delegation said" G8rance favours development of mutually beneficial ties with Russia! 3e want to eliminate all the artificial obstacles on the path of co;operation!G #,! Eofi )nnan the UNFs secretar-;general paid a visit to the divided island of C-prus in an attempt to break the deadlock in talks between the leaders of the :reek and Turkish communities! 1.*. Choose the best variant and translate the italicised parts. #! )fter , hours of talks the 9ritish governments political initiative for Northern Ireland remained locked?deadlocked/undecidedS )nd neither side appears hopeful of a breakthrough/breakUin/breakoutS %! There has been no narrowing of differences on one of the main stumbling blocks/stones/hurdlesS '! ) team of veterinar- experts are meeting their 9ritish counterU officials/counterparts/fellowUworkers at the .inistr- of )gricultures offices toda- to discuss the 8rench ban/sanction/prevention on imports of 9ritish beef! *! The- critici+ed .artin $uther Eing for his rigid/fro_en/solid stance on non; violence! ,! The high volume propaganda exchange between the United 4tates and the &uropean Communit- has not onl- made a successful outcome to the talks much more difficult- to achieve but has also boosted/ended/soured relations generall-! /! In spite of what appeared to be total breakdown/cancellation/renouncement talks will continue later toda-! <! The course of events confirms the actuality/topicality/vitality of the proposals put forward at the meeting! C! ) delegation from (atican brought in/led/in charge b- .onseigneur )ngelini sta-ed in 9elarus on an official visit for the first time at the )cadem- of .edical 4ciences! The eminent/significant/crucial guests discussed the problems of humani+ing medicine its moral aspects and the Chernob-l phenomenon! I! Internal $ebanese problems can be settled/met/decided onl- b- peaceful means on the basis of national accord among the $ebanese themselves! #=! The main outcome of the two;da- visit includes promises to expand confidenceU building/securing/enlarging measures deemed necessar- since the two countries nuclear tests last .a-! 1.,. Co!plete the table. hussiani7elarusian Ms\W\TkPZbi Y\S\O?TsgWbiZb YgSgO a friendl- visit a working visit [N]dQOMR_\i Y\S\O?ZTQOf[Zb Lfdfab #nglish

YgSgO XYgSgO Reg UT] LbWPJ [N\LbOP [M [N\VkTl]Z\j eMVM; k\LM?[NbLbWP [T ST[NTloZZg eTVMQPWg YbQMe\i VMQOP?YT^Zb SZTaZb VMQWP a government delegation d]k]VTW\R YMSVkTYkR]UTR e]U; k\LM?dok]VTWbR [Td ZTaTkTU eTVMQPWg to lead XheadJ a delegation to receive a delegation to give a warm reception to smb ZT STekja\O]kPZMU [N\]U]?ZT T[MlZgU [NbU] YQON]aT XQMY]_TZ\]J ZT YbQl]U fNMYZ]?QfQONoaT XZTNTdTJ ZT YbloilbU fSNM`Zg to go off in a friendl- XbusinesslikeJ atmosphere to present a mutual interest ]QO\ []N]VMYMNb?Y]QWg []NTUMYb [N]NYTOP []N]VMYMNb?[]NTNYTWP []NTUMYb to suspend talks YMSMLZMY\OP []NTUMYb []N]VMYMNb?TdZTYgWP readiness to talks on issues of peace and securit[]N]VMYMNb [M MVNTZ\a]Z\j QONTO]V\a]Qe\m YMMNf^]Z\i?[]NTUMYb [T SURZloZZg QONTOoVgaZTVT `SLNT]ZZR negotiations due to start !!! VkTYb VMQfdTNQOY?VkTYb dSRN^T` MLRSTO]kPQOYT QYRSTZZb] dMVMYMNMU?TLTYRSeg SYRSTZbR dTUMYTUg Q S a genuine desire to reach agreements on a 7ust and mutuall- acceptable basis to enter into an agreement [N\d]N^\YTOPQR ]d\Zbm \k\ Lk\Se\m [MS\W\i [M MQZMYZbU YM[NMQTU QMYN]U]ZZMQO\?[NbONbUkgYTWWT

TdZMkPeTYbm TLM LkgSegm [TSgWbi [T TQZM`Zbm [NTLk]UTm QfaTQZTQWg bilateral relations the polic- aimed at international atmosphere QMYN]U]ZZTR U]^dfZTNMdZTR MLQOTZMYeT?QfaTQZTR Ug^ZTNMdZT] QOTZMYglaT MQkTLk]Z\] U]^dfZTNMdZMi ZT[NR^]ZZMQO\?[TQkTLk]ZZ] Ug^ZTNMdZTi ZT[Nf^TZTQWg the search for mutual understanding 1.0. $ranslate into 'n%lish payin% attention to the italicized parts. #! xOM eTQT]OQR =;?@62-2//.K 26/297/.< t]NmTNd N]d]N eTe M^\dT]OQR ZT YQON]a] Q wMN\QMU kPW\ZbU YbQOf[\O ST \m YQ]U]NZM] NTSY\O\] \ feN][k]Z\]! %! MQeMYQe\i UoN QML\NT]OQR ,2=,.@568 /2;27 @2>1597/.7 M QMONfdZ\a]QOY] Q [TN\^Qe\U UfZ\W\[Tk\O]OMU ,-2;7@6. ,7-7>2;2-A Q U]QOZbU\ L\SZ]QU]ZTU\! '! pTeMi QW]ZTN\i NTSY\O\R QMLbO\i YbVkRd\O LMk]] N]TkPZbU [MQk] ,-2;515 ,7-7>2;2-2; Y rTULfi]! *! uM]SdeT []NYMVM :5D7@6.6710 -2@@.<@32>2 ,-7D87-5 Y Tl\ZVOMZ Vd] MZ Y]k ,7-7>2;2-A Q YJ` [MeTSTkT aOM Z\a]VM MQRST]UMVM rMQQ\\ ^dTOP MO oOMi MNVTZ\STW\\ Z] [N\mMd\OQR! ,! QOTOP] % ZMYMVM MVMYMNT eNT\ZT \ rMQQ\R ; @226;76@6;.. @ 2G0:56718@6;5D. [M Tekja\O]kPZMUf TeOf vMY]_TZ\R [M L]SM[TQZMQO\ \ QMONfdZ\a]QOYf Y YNM[] 2G0:?C6@0 ?;5E568 67--.62-.518/?C B712@6/2@68 dNfV dNfVT \ [MdOY]N^dTjO /7-?9.D2@68 @?H7@6;?CH.K D7E=? /.D. >-5/.B! /! Y.-/50 32/I7-7/B.0 [M qMQMYM YM sNTZWfSQeMU rTULfi] :5915 ; 6?,.3! <! MA/79/.< ;.:.6 Y rMQQ\j [N]UP]N;U\Z\QONT uTe\QOTZT dT]O [N]eNTQZfj YMSUM^ZMQOP e ?@65/2;17/.C G2177 ,-24/AK . ;@72Ga7D1CH.K @;0:7< aOM 26;74512 GA ./67-7@5D ML]\m QONTZ! C! %C UTR Y qN]Uk] @2@6201.@8 ,7-7>2;2-A U]^df uN]S\d]ZOMU rMQQ\\ \ Y\W];[N]S\d]ZOMU v\N\iQeMi NTLQeMi r]Q[fLk\e\! J K2=7 ,7-7>2;2-2; QMQOMRkQR 2G@6206718/A< 2GD7/ D/7/.0D. M [MkM^]Z\\ ZT b1.E/7DS J2@6237! I! z]QUMONR ZT OM aOM @2>1597/.7 2 D.-/2D ?-7>?1.-2;5/.. Z] LbkM [Md[\QTZM Z\eOM Z] VMYMN\O M @-A;7 T O]U LMk]] ,-2;517 []N]VMYMNMY! #=! YT dZR [NMY]kT Y \ZQe] d]k]VTW\R d]kMYbm eNfVMY }NTeT ;2:>15;107D50 D./.@6-2D ONTZQ[MNOT \ QYRS\! zT []N]VMYMNTm N]aP lkT M NTSY\O\\ a healthier

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;:5.D2;A>2=/AK T32/2D.47@3.K 26/297/.< U]^df QOTNbU\ [TNOZ]NTU\ QYRSP U]^df eMOMNbU\ MLMNYTkTQP Y #II# VMdf [MQk] YMiZb Y O7-@.=@32D :51.;7! zTeTZfZ] Y\S\OT LN\OTZQeMVM U\Z\QONT Y w]kVNTd NRd ;A@232,2@65;17//AK Q]NLQe\m [Mk\O\eMY eTO]VMN\a]Qe\ MOY]NVk\ YMSUM^ZMQOP ,-2;7=7/.0 D7E=?/5-2=/2< 32/I7-7/B.. [M qMQMYM ST [N]d]kTU\ jVMQkTYQeMi O]NN\OMN\\! yQZMYMi dkR []N]VMYMNMY 3262-A7 =21E/A @65-62;568 / s]YNTkR Y STUe] rTULfi] [Md uTN\^]U \ MLRSTO]kPZM STY]Nl\OPQR [MkM^\O]kPZbU N]SfkPOTOMU a]N]S dY] Z]d]k\ [MQk] \m ZTaTkT [kTZ\Nf]OQR Qd]kTOP ,-2736 D.-/2>2 ,15/5 -5:-5G265//A< TU]N\eTZQe\U ,2@-7=/.32D Y fN]Vfk\NMYTZ\\ Q]NLQeM;TkLTZQeMVM eMZsk\eOT qN\QOMs]NMU \kkMU! MQeYT ZTQOT\YT]O ZT []N]QUMON] [TNTU]ONMY STs\eQ\NMYTZZbm Y X2>2;2-7 2G 2>-5/.47/.. ;22-?E7//AK @.1 . ;22-?E7/.0 Y YNM[]! uMQk] -5@9.-7/.0 MRcL ST Qa]O uMkPl\ ]ZVN\\ \ x]m\\ rMQQ\R MeTSbYT]OQR []N]d k\WMU QMY]Nl]ZZM ZMYMi NTQQOTZMYe\ YMMNf^]ZZbm Q\k Y YNM[]! vOTNlbZR vTY]OT roQ[fLkiei zTWbRZTkPZTVT QmMdf t]ZTdSP zTYiWei /5;7=5P : -5G24AD ;i:i65D uMkPlaf! C[ie]N @?@6-TP@0 : ak]ZTUi NTLMaTi VNf[b [TNkTU]ZOT VoOTi eNTiZb [T Qf[NTWM`ZiWOYf S zTWbRZTkPZbU QmMdTU w]kTNfQi! t]ZTdSP zTYiWei [NTdQOTYi` [TdbmMdb ZTlTi NoQ[fLkiei dT NTSYiWWR G715-?@35U,218@35>5 DiE,5-15D7/B35>5 @?,-5B2P/iB6;5! Z TdSZTab` TeObYiSTWbj =;?KG532;AK 35/65365P i YbeTST` STWieT`k]ZTQWP f im dTk]ilbU NTSYiWWi! N K2=:7 @?@6-T4A [T iZiWbRObY] [MkPQeim [TNkTU]ZOTNbR` 5GD7-35;5/A ,A65//i NTSYiWWR [NbVNTZiaZTi iZsNTQONfeOfNb TdeNbWWR ZMYbm [fZeOT` [NM[fQef [TVkbLk]ZZR `ST]UTdS]RZZR ` NoViZ] w]kTY]^QeTi [flab! t]ZTdSP zTYiWei STRYi` lOM L]kTNfQei LMe [NbekTdS] `Q] ZTUTVTZZi eTL VNTZiWT [TUi^ ZTlbUi eNTiZTUi ReTR mfOeT LfdS] TVfkPZTi VNTZiWTi eNTiZ; ak]ZT` v Z] QOTkT []NTleMdTi dkR NTSYiWWR P@7G532;AK @?;0:0P [TUi^ w]kTNfQQj i uMkPlaTi! aTQ VfOTNei TLU]NeTYTZb OTeQTUT [bOTZZi P:57D5=:70//0 P -5D35K DiE/5-2=/AK 5->5/i:5BA< f []Nlfj aTNVf NVTZiSTWbi [T LRQ[]Wb i Qf[NTWM`ZiWOYf ` `NM[]! M5D7@/i3 Di/i@6-5 ,-5BA i @5BA018/5< 5G5-2/A /5@718/iB6;5 Tk]Nbi uT`kT` ,561?D54AP {IZOoNsTeQf~ lOM [TYbloZZ] OTNbsZTi QOT`ei []NlTVT NTSNTdf TLfUM`k]ZT Z]TLmMdZTQWj YbeTZTZZR [NTVZMSf QTWbRkPZT;oeTZTUiaZTVT NTSYiWWR w]kTNfQi ZT VoOb VMd! V?@6-T45 /5 ;A9T<9AD ?:-2P/i [NTWRVYTkTQR TUTkP ONb VTdSiZb i STYRNlbkTQR T[M`ZTab! qiNT`Ziei dSYjm eNTiZ TLU]NeTYTki loNTV TeOfTkPZbm ,A65//0P =;?KG532;5>5 @?,-5B2P/iB6;5 i LfdT`ZiWOYT vTjSZTi dSRN^TYb! uNoSidoZOb =5D2;i1i@0 [NTY]QWi 45->2;57 ,5@0=ET//7 bloilTVT SRN^T`ZTVT vTY]OT vTjSZTi dSRN^TYb #* eTQONbaZieT ZT ReiU LfdS]

STQkfmTZT iZsTNUTWbR 5G K2=:7 ;A35/5//0 GC=ET6? vTjSZTi dSRN^TYb ` VoObU VMdS] -5:>17=E5/A ,-5736 GC=ET6? ZT %==* VMd TLU]NeTYTZb loNTV iZlbm YT^Zbm [bOTZZR` NTSYiWWR vTjST w]kTNfQi i rTQii! %*! uNoSidoZOb S STdTYTkPZ]ZZ]U eTZQOTOTYTki lOM [TQkR im @?@6-T4A P V24A @?G\7365D >5@,5=5-5//0 dSYjm eNTiZ fdTkMQR SZTiQWi [NbUTkPZbR YTNbRZOb WoZTYTi [TkiObei f ObU kief ZT oZ]NVTNoQfNQb! uTYRkiabkiQR [TQOT`ei L]kTNfQeim OTYTNT` f rTQij fSNTQki TLUb [NT[TU[M`YTZZR ZTsOb i VTSf ` `NM[f! %,! qiNT`Ziei dSRN^T` Z] TLblki `YTVTi i DiE/5-2=/A0 ,-5G17DA ReiR :53-5/5CB8 i/65-T@A 5G7=:;CK 3-5i/! kTdSiUiN ufWiZ [NTiZsTNUTYT` kReQTZdNT feTloZef TL QYTim @?@6-T45K i ,7-5>5;2-5K f zPj;MNef i qoU[;oYidS]!

2. Focus on $e.ts
Cooc warned on jsrael "isit
The Israeli government -esterda- said plans b- Robin Cook UE foreign secretar- to visit the site of a new Aewish settlement at 6ar 6oma in east Aerusalem were unacceptable! ) statement issued after a cabinet meeting said the 12rime .inister said the visit of the 9ritish 4ecretar- to 6ar 6oma is unacceptable to the Israeli government!5 6owever the statement fell short of sa-ing .r Netan-ahu also acting foreign minister following the resignation three months of David $ev- would not meet .r Cook! The Israeli government has alwa-s claimed it could build where ever it liked in Aerusalem and that the capital is an undivided cit-! 9ut the international communithas not recogni+ed Israels claim to full sovereignt- over Aerusalem! Its future status is supposed to be left until a final settlement between Israel and the 2alestinians! The cabinet statement was issued on the eve of .r Cooks three;da- visit to the .iddle &ast designed to make a greater &uropean Union contribution to the peace process and to retarget &U aid more efficientl- on the 2alestinians! &arlier after a meeting of &U foreign ministers on 4aturda- in &dinburgh .r Cook brushed aside an Israeli protest at his plan tomorrow to visit 6ar 6oma! .r Cook who is making his six;nation swing around the .iddle &ast in his capacit- as the current president of the &U said his #* fellow &U foreign ministers were unanimous that 1we should make clear that we do not support expansion of settlements and I should make that clear in the course of m- visit b- visiting 6ar 6oma!5 .r Cook said that he hoped that the &U the biggest aid donor to the 2alestinians would henceforth focus its assistance on tr-ing to improve access for 2alestinian goods to reach the outside world particularl- through the planned :a+a

air and sea ports! 6e emphasi+ed that &urope was not tr-ing to upstage the U4 in the peace process! .r Cook said last night the main purpose of his trip was to 1stress the importance &urope places on a positive response5 to a peace initiative which 3ashington is due to make 1in the ver- near future5! 6e added that he had been in close touch with .adeleine )lbright U4 secretar- of state! )vi .achlis adds from Aerusalem" ) senior Israeli minister at the weekend tabled a new proposal for an Israeli troop withdrawal from occupied south $ebanon in an apparent attempt to tr- to keep the initiative in Israels hands! )riel 4haron infrastructures minister proposed a staged unilateral Israeli troop withdrawal! The statement came as 4-rian and $ebanese leaders discussed Israeli offers for a pullout in exchange for securit- guarantees at a weekend summit in Damascus!
:uardian! #III! #I Aune!

2.1. $ranslate the followin% word co!binations into 'n%lish. [NTY\O]kPQOYM }SNT\kR?fNTd SNTgkRK ]YN]iQe\] [MQ]k]Z\R Y YMQOMaZMU }]NfQTk\U]?VTLNoiQegR [TQRk]ZZg YT `QmMdZgU ]NfQTkgU]K NTQl\NROP [MQ]k]Z\R?[TlbNTWP [TQRk]ZZgK OTe^] STZ\UTj_\i [MQO U\Z\QONT \ZMQONTZZbm d]k?OTeQTUT STiUT] [TQTdf UgZgQONT STU]^Zbm Q[NT`K [MkZbi QfY]N]Z\O]O?[M`Zb QfY]NoZgOoOK ';dZ]YZbi Y\S\O?';dSZZb YgSgOK uTk]QO\ZT?uTk]QObZTK [Tk]QO\ZQe\i?[Tk]QObZQegK wk\^Z\i MQOMe?wkg^Zg QmMdK STZ\UTj_\i Y ZTQOMR_]] YN]UR [MQO [N]dQ]dTO]kR YNM[]iQeMVM vMjST?Reg QZZR STiUT] [TQTdf QOTNlbZg `NT[]iQeTVT vTjSTK Q]eOMN tTST?Q]eOTN tTSTK VMQQ]eN]OTNP v?dSRN^QTeNTOTN K YZ]QO\ [N]dkM^]Z\]?fZ]QWg [NT[TZMYfK YbY]QO\ YMiQeT?YbY]QWg YMiQegK j^Zbi \YTZ?[T`dZYb gYTZK k\YTZQe\i?kgYTZQegK [MoOT[Zbi MdZMQOMNMZZ\i YbYMd YMiQe?[ToOT[Zb TdZTLTeMYb YbYTd YMiQeT`K YQON]aT Y Y]NmTm?QfQONoaT ` YRNmTm 2.2. :nswer the followin% )uestions. #! %! '! *! 3h- did the Israeli government declare that the plans b- the UE foreign minister secretar- were unacceptable 3h- doesnt the international communit- recogni+e Israels claim to full sovereignt- over Aerusalem 3hat was the purpose of .r Cooks visit to the .iddle &ast 3hat new proposal was tabled b- the Israeli government 3h-

2.#. :s the article to follow is rather lon%+ read the followin% )uestions first to %ive you an overview of the piece. $hen try to answer the!. #! %! 3hat are the ma7or bilateral disputes between India and 2akistan 3h- is it so important for both states to build and expand confidence;building measures

'!

3hat was the ma7or outcome of the summit

jndia and Pacistan end summit with pledge to hold more talcs
India and 2akistan -esterda- pledged to step up efforts to solve bilateral disputes following the first visit b- an Indian prime minister to 2akistan in a decade! The most substantive bilateral summit between Indian and 2akistani leaders in almost thirt- -ears ended with a pledge to begin talks on securit- to build confidence following both countries nuclear test explosions in .a- last -ear! The- said confidence;building measures would include giving each other advance warning of an- ballistic missile tests! 9ut while full of positive s-mbolism and friendl- rhetoric the summit proved to be short of specific measures to address differences that have dogged relations between the two countries for more than ,= -ears! .r )tal 9ihari (a7pa-ee Indias prime minister said" 1Ive been here %* hours candh I feel that in those %* hours the distance between Delhi and $ahore has become less!5 .r (a7pa-ee was greeted b- .r Nawa+ 4harif his counterpart at the 3ahga border post on 4aturda- while inaugurating the first bus link between the two countries since independence! .r (a7pa-ees unexpected decision earlier this month to inaugurate the route in person catapulted the event into becoming an impromptu summit which both leaders grasped as an opportunit- to in7ect political will into a dialogue that has faltered in the wake of the nuclear tests! In speeches over the weekend both leaders stressed their desire to avoid nuclear conflict and address bilateral differences more vigorousl-! .r 4harif told a press conference that the summit reflected 1an earnest desire D to turn a new leaf in the chapter of India;2akistan relations!5 .r (a7pa-ee said" 13e should walk together but the steps should become faster!5 In a short 1$ahore Declaration5 the two leaders said the- shared a 1vision of peace and stabilit-5 while also recogni+ing that their new nuclear status 1added to their responsibilit- for avoidance of conflict!5 The two;page document promised that both sides would 1intensif- efforts5 to resolve all issues including the intractable issue over Aammu and Eashmir over which the two sides have fought two of their three wars! &ach promised to 1refrain from intervention and interference in each others internal affairs 5 to take 1immediate steps5 to cut the risk of accidental nuclear war and to intensif- their dialogue! The- agreed to upgrade talks begun after their nuclear tests to ministerial status! 4arta7 )+i+ 2akistans foreign minister said the talks were likel- to take place in Delhi next month!
:uardian! #III! %= 8ebruar-!

2.&. <hat is the !eanin% of the followin% words and word co!binations as used in the te.t= to address differencesK to dog relationsK a counterpartK to catapult the eventK an important summitK to in7ect political willK the intractable issueK to upgrade talks

jrak talcs close to collapse!

The chief United Nations weapon inspector Richard 9utler said last night that his negotiations with the Ira0i government had reached stalemate and were in danger of collapsing! .r 9utler emerged from two rounds of talks in 9aghdad and told reporters that the deput- prime minister Tar0 )+i+ had re7ected his proposal to accelerate the verification and dismantling of Ira0s suspected weapons of mass destruction! 1I dont know whether or not we will meet tomorrow morning 5 .r 9utler said! 13e did not make the progress that I had hoped for!5 .r )+i+ accused .r 9utler of 1serving the )merican polic- D of perpetuating sanctions on Ira05 b- dela-ing the talks on 1minor issues5! The talks are scheduled to end tomorrow but if the- collapse the UN and Ira0 will gain be set on a collision course which brought the :ulf region to the brink of war earlier this -ear! The UN secretar-;general Eofi )nnan averted a conflict in 8ebruar- with an agreement in which UN inspectors were guaranteed full access to suspected weapons sites! That agreement could now be in danger of unraveling! &conomic sanctions on Ira0 will onl- be lifted once the inspectors from the UN 4pecial Commission declare that the countr- has eliminated the chemical biological and nuclear weapons programmes! The inspectors complain that the Ira0is are continuing to conceal information about the weapons programmes! .eanwhile a 9ritish newspaper reported last night that intelligence services have evidence that Russia has agreed to sell Ira0 #%= accelerometers ke- guidance e0uipment for long;range missiles!
3ashington 2ost! #III! %= .arch!

2.*. $ranslate the followin% word co!binations into 'n%lish. Reproduce the situations in which they are used in the te.t. []N]VMYMNb STlk\ Y Of[\e?[]NTUMYb STilkg ` Of[geK STORV\YTOP []N]VMYMNb?STWRVYTWP []NTUMYbK []N]VMYMNb dMk^Zb STeMZa\OPQR?[]NTUMYb [TYgZZb QeMZabWWTK []N]VMYMNb ZT VNTZ\ [NMYTkT?[]NTUMYb ZT VNTZg [NTYTkfK eMZONMk\NMYTOP MNf^\] UTQQMYMVM fZ\aOM^]Z\R?eTZONTkRYTWP SLNMj UTQQTYTVT SZglaoZZRK fZ\aOM^\OP MNf^\]?SZglabWP SLNMjK ZT VNTZ\ YMiZb?ZT VNTZg YTiZbK [N]dMOYNTO\OP eMZsk\eO?[T[RNodSgWP eTZskgeOK VTNTZO\NMYTOP dMQOf[?VTNTZOTYTWP dMQOf[K QZROP QTZeW\\?SZRWP QTZeWbgK fY]eMY]a\OP

QTZeW\\?fY]eTY]abWP QTZeWbgK NTe]Ob dTkPZ]VM NTd\fQT d]iQOY\R?NTe]Ob dTkPZRVT NTdbfQT dS]RZZRK STU]QO\O]kP [N]UP]N;U\Z\QONT?ZTU]QZge [NoUF]N; UgZgQONT 2.,. :nswer the followin% )uestions. #! %! '! *! 3h- did the negotiations between the chief United Nations weapons inspector and the Ira0i government reach stalemate 3hat did the Ira0i deput- prime minister accuse the UN inspector of 3hat kind of agreement between the two parties was achieved in 8ebruar- 3hat are the provisions for lifting the economic sanctions on Ira0

#. Focus on Renderin% and $ranslation

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Unit IV. International >r%anizations

1. Focus on Vocabulary
1.1. /araphrase the followin% sentences usin% words and e.pressions fro! the %lossary. # ! The International Court of Austice has helped countries solve important legal disputes and has issued advisor- opinions on UN activities! %! *ccording to the Charter which was worked out b- ,= states e0ualit- of states is one of the principles of international life! '! )t government re0uest the UN controlled elections in Nicaragua and 6aiti! *! In order to take a decision on an important problem it is necessar- that twoU thirds of those present should support it! ,! The council ma- re0uire members of the UN to forbid trade or dealings with an- state found guilt- of threatening the peace! /! &ach of the five great powers members of the 4ecurit- Council has the right to oppose any decision adopted b- the 4ecurit- Council! <! 4everal delegations from 3est;&uropean countries did not take part in the voting! C! The central organs of the UNO are situated in New ork! 1.2. Fill in the blan s with correct prepositions. #! %! '! *! ,! /! The UN would impose economic sanctions !!! the offending nations! To help restore peace the UN imposed in #II# an annual embargo which the 4ecretar-;:eneral and his envo- assisted !!! seeking a solution !!! the crisis! It established a special Convention !!! the &limination of )ll 8orms of Discrimination )gainst 3omen! The :eneral )ssembl- exercises control !!! the activit- of UN organs in the economic and social fields and deals !!! non;governing territories! ) veto b- a permanent member !!! an- non;procedural matter means a re7ection of the proposal even if it receives nine affirmative votes! On substantive matters including the investigation of a dispute and the application of sanctions a ma7orit- vote plus one Xincluding those of all permanent membersJ is re0uired but a permanent member ma- abstain !!! voting without impairing the validit- of the decision!

1.#. /iece the phrases to%ether to !a e co!plete stories. #! %! '! sanctions on IR) the UN 4ecurit- Council resolution changing the finallpassed a unanimous procedure for administering! a long list of whatever is not on allow Ira0 to import the so;called GsmartG sanctions Gdual;useG items! )ssembl- passed militar- action in the Aenin refugee camp a resolution condemning IsraelFs to resurrect his in0uir- the UN :eneral and calling on the secretar-;general into the action! on world hunger but hardl- an- from rich countries do+ens of heads of state a UN summit meeting was attended b- from poor countries! more aid for delegates called for farm products from poor countries the hungr- and lower trade barriers to! sanctions on Ira0 after -ears of s0uabbling the permanent members of Council agreed on the UN 4ecurit- a revised s-stem of! 4-ria raised ob7ections however a vote was dela-ed after!

*!

1.&. $ranslate fro! 'n%lish into Russian?6elarusian. #! The United Nations provides the machiner- to help find solution to disputes or problems and to deal with virtuall- an- matter of concern to humanit-! %! The 4ecretar-;:eneral pla-s a central role in peacemaking both personalland appointing special representatives or teams for specific goals such as negotiation or fact;finding! '! The founders of the UN hoped that the maintenance of international peace and securit- would lead to the control and eventual reduction of weapons! *! 9ritish troops perform a range of tasks including ceasefire monitoring logistic support and acting as UN militar- observers! ,! The UN pla-s an important role in supporting arms control and measures to prevent the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction! /! The 9ritish government wants to see changes aimed at giving the UN a more effective role in promoting sustainable development preventing conflict and protecting human rights and the environment! <! .eetings of various UN bodies are often held awa- from 6ead0uarters! The &conomic and 4ocial Council holds one of its two regular sessions in :eneva and special committees of the :eneral )ssembl- have fre0uentl- held meetings in )frica )sia and $atin )merica! C! The United Nations secretar-;general Eofi )nnan visited 4ierra $eone and &thiopia to show support for the two UN peacekeeping operations in west and east )frica! I! The UN 4ecurit- Council with China 8rance and Russia abstaining created a new agenc- to inspect weapons of mass destruction in Ira0! )lthough the resolution made concessions to the Ira0is the- re7ected it before it was passed!

#=!Richard 6olbrooke )mericaFs ambassador to the UN said )frica would be top of the UNFs agenda for the first half of %=== when the United 4tates will chair the 4ecurit- Council! ##!UN monitors in 4ierra $eone said that rebels in the north of the countrcontinued to loot murder and mutilate civilians despite an agreement to disarm signed last -ear! #%!Eofi )nnan the UN secretar-;general went to .oscow in the hope of bringing a peaceful end to the war in Chechn-a where Russian troops have been battling separatists for four months! #'!The head of the UN operation in Eosovo 9ernard Eouchner gave warning that extremists in the province were gaining the upper hand after clashes in the northern town of .itrovica left *= people in7ured including #/ 8rench peacekeepers! &thnic )lbanians had fired on and thrown grenades at a group of 4erbs! 1.*. $ranslate into 'n%lish. #! QOTY yyz YM[kMO\k Y Q]LR ZT\LMk]] []N]dMYb] d]UMeNTO\a]Qe\] [N\ZW\[b U]^dfZTNMdZMi ^\SZ\ B NTYZM[NTY\] \ QTUMM[N]d]k]Z\] ZTNMdMY QfY]N]ZZM] NTY]ZQOYM VMQfdTNQOY \ fYT^]Z\] e [NTYTU a]kMY]eT \ MQZMYZbU QYMLMdTU dkR YQ]m L]S NTSk\a\R NTQb [MkT RSbeT \ N]k\V\\! %! yyz LbkT QMSdTZT %* MeORLNR #I*, V! ,# QONTZMi eMOMNb] Lbk\ [N]\Q[MkZ]Zb N]l\UMQO\ QMmNTZ\OP U\N [MQN]dQOYMU NTSY\O\R U]^dfZTNMdZMVM QMONfdZ\a]QOYT \ ML]Q[]a]Z\R eMkk]eO\YZMi L]SM[TQZMQO\! '! |OT eTU[TZ\R Y NTUeTm eMOMNMi [NMYMd\k\QP QTUb] NTSk\aZb] U]NM[N\RO\R B MO oULTNVM ZT [MQOTYe\ MNf^\R dM [N\ZRO\R eMZY]ZW\\ [NMO\Y Q]VN]VTW\\ Y Q[MNO] B LbkT YT^ZbU sTeOMNMU QMd]iQOYMYTYl\U OMUf aOM Y T[N]k] #II* V! Y N]SfkPOTO] QYMLMdZbm YbLMNMY e YkTQO\ [N\lkM d]UMeNTO\a]Qe\ \SLNTZZM] [NTY\O]kPQOYM! *! yyz [N]dQOTYkR]O QN]dQOYT eMOMNb] [MUMVTjO fN]Vfk\NMYTOP U]^dfZTNMdZb] eMZsk\eOb \ NTSNTLTObYTOP [Mk\O\ef Y YM[NMQTm eTQTj_\mQR YQ]m ZTQ! ,! yyz YQ] VMQfdTNQOYT;ak]Zb B LMkPl\] \ UTkb] LMVTOb] \ L]dZb] [N\d]N^\YTj_\]QR NTSk\aZbm YSVkRdMY \ QMW\TkPZbm Q\QO]U B \U]jO [NTYM VMkMQT \ faTQOYfjO Y VMkMQMYTZ\\! /! ydZMi \S VkTYZbm W]k]i dkR yyz RYkR]OQR U\N eMOMNbi dMQO\VT]OQR [fO]U QeMN]il]VM fN]Vfk\NMYTZ\R eMZsk\eOMY [N\ [MUM_\ [NMY]d]Z\R U\NMOYMNa]Qe\m M[]NTW\i \ [MQN]dZ\a]QOYT! <! [NTYk]Z\] ]NmMYZMVM eMU\QQTNT [M d]kTU L]^]ZW]Y MeTSbYT]O VfUTZ\OTNZfj [MUM_P fQOTZTYk\YTR [MdY\^Zb] kTV]NR dkR L]^]ZW]Y! C! uN]eNT_]Z\] VMZe\ YMMNf^]Z\i \ fZ\aOM^]Z\] Y eMZ]aZMU Qa]O] YQ]VM MNf^\R RYkR]OQR VkTYZMi STdTa]i yyz!

1.,. Fill in the blan spaces to co!plete the news story. "o not use the pro!pts unless necessary. onnan says world leaders arenpt li"ing up to their millennium pledges #! UN 4ecretar-;:eneral Eofi )nnan sa-s world leaders arenFt D up to the promises the- made for the millennium! )nnanFs comments come in his first report since the UN .illennium 4ummit where #CI countries signed a pledge to give billions of people a better life b- %=#,! )nnan sa-s world leaders are not moving fast enough to D povert- !!! education D child mortalit- and D )ids! %! 6e sa-s the- also arenFt doing enough to D the environment and to D peace securit- disarmament human rights and D for women! '! )nnan said" GThe record of the D communit- in the first two -ears of implementing the .illennium Declaration is at best mixed! In the remaining #' -ears D must be made on a much broader front! Otherwise the ringing words of the declaration will serve onl- as grim reminders of human needs neglected and promises unmet!G *! In the declaration the leaders promised ma7or changes and set tough D ; to cut in half the proportion of people living on less than one dollar a da- and the number of people who do not have safe D water b- the -ear %=#,! ,! 9- that date the- also pledged that bo-s and girls ever-where will be able to complete primar- school and that the D of 6I(?)ids and the D of malaria and other ma7or diseases should be halted and reversed! /! In his report )nnan sa-s &ast )sia and parts of 4outh )sia could D man- or all of the goals if current progress continues! Get progress in parts of $atin )merica is slow while much of sub;4aharan )frica and large parts of Central )sia are hardlD at all ; or even worse are falling back dramaticall- G he sa-s!
)nanova!com %< )ugust %==% 2rompts" #J living cut improve reduce fightK %J protect promote e0ualit-K 'J international progressK *J targets drinkingK ,J spread scourgeK /J meet advancing

1.0. <or in pairs. Choose either te.t 1 or te.t 2+ then read it usin% suitable words to fill in the blan spaces. :fter you are throu%h+ wor to%ether with your partner to reconstruct the ori%inal story. $e.t 1. ':R$@ (U77I$ (ustainable develop!ent declaration adopted 3orld D have adopted a GAohannesburg D on 4ustainable DevelopmentG which 4outh )frican 2resident Thabo .beki chairing the session said had gone through numerous revisions! 6ere are extracts from the declaration" G3e the 6eads of 4tate and :overnment assembled at the !!! D on 4ustainable Development in Aohannesburg 4outh )frica from % to * 4eptember %==% D our

commitment to build a human and caring global societ- in pursuit of the goal of D dignit- for all!!! GIf we do nothing we risk the entrenchment of a global form of apartheid! Unless we act in a manner that D changes their lives the poor of the world ma- D confidence in the democratic s-stems to which we are committed seeing their representatives as nothing more than sounding brass or tinkling c-mbals!!! GTen -ears ago at the United Nations Conference on &nvironment and Development held in Rio de Aaneiro we agreed that the D of the environment and social and economic development are the three inseparable pillars of sustainable development!!! 3e acknowledge that the goals we set ourselves at the Rio &arth 4ummit have not been met!!! GThe most pressing challenges of our time remain povert- underdevelopment D degradation and social and economic ine0ualities within and among countries!!! the ever;increasing D between the developed and developing worlds poses a ma7or D to global prosperit- securit- and stabilit-! G3e recognise that democrac- D of law D for human rights and freedoms and the achievement of peace and securit- are essential for the full achievement of sustainable development! Together these ob7ectives are indivisible and mutuallreinforcing!!! G3ater is essential for life!!! )de0uate D of water and sanitation given rapid rates of urbanisation and the needs of the rural poor are therefore central to the D of the ob7ective of sustainable development!!! G6uman beings are entitled to health- and productive lives in harmon- with nature!!! as a result of povert- underdevelopment inade0uate shelter adverse environmental conditions the unavailabilit- of affordable medicines and vaccines and weak health infrastructure billions of people continue to be D to avoidable illnesses and suffer earl- D particularl- from communicable diseases such as 6I(?)ID4 tuberculosis malaria and a variet- of childhood illnesses!!! G3e accept that various energ- uses lead to such environmental conse0uences as desertification acidification air pollution and climate change! 3e therefore commit ourselves to implementing all existing international D relating to these matters as well as to continuing the search for a global long;term commitment to address climate change!!! G3e agree to protect and restore the integrit- of our planetFs ecological s-stem with special emphasis on preserving biological D and the natural processes that sustain all life on &arth as well as addressing the process of desertification!!! GThe process of globalisation is accompanied b- the emergence of leading private;sector corporations which have a responsibilit- to contribute to the evolution of e0uitable and sustainable communities and societies even as the- D their legitimate activities! 3e therefore agree that there is a need for the private sector to operate within a transparent and stable regulator- environment!!! G3e recognise the central place of women in human societ- and their ke- role in promoting sustainable development!!!

G3e affirm that D conflict and warfare are inherentl- inimical to sustainable development! 3e agree to combat terrorism organised crime and corruption singland collectivel-!!! G3e reaffirm our commitment to the principles and purposes of the Charter of the United Nations and international law as well as the strengthening of multilateralism! 3e support the leadership role of the United Nations as the most universal and representative organisation in the world which is best placed to promote sustainable development!!! G3e call on the United Nations D )ssembl- as the worldFs foremost multilateral forum to institute a follow;up mechanism to facilitate evaluate and monitor the implementation of the outcomes of the 3orld 4ummit on 4ustainable Development !!! G8rom the )frican continent the cradle of D we declare to the D of the world that we are determined to ensure that our collective hope for sustainable development is realised! $e.t 2. ':R$@ (U77I$ (ustainable develop!ent declaration adopted D leaders have D a GAohannesburg Declaration on 4ustainable DG which 4outh )frican 2resident Thabo .beki chairing the session said had gone through numerous revisions! 6ere are extracts from the declaration" G3e the 6eads of 4tate and :overnment assembled at the 3orld 4ummit on D D in Aohannesburg 4outh )frica from % to * 4eptember %==% declare our D to build a human and caring global societ- in pursuit of the goal of human D for all!!! GIf we do nothing we risk the entrenchment of a global form of apartheid! Unless we act in a manner that fundamentall- D their lives the poor of the world ma- lose D in the democratic s-stems to which we are committed seeing their representatives as nothing more than sounding brass or tinkling c-mbals!!! GTen -ears ago at the United Nations Conference on &nvironment and Development held in Rio de Aaneiro we agreed that the protection of the D and social and economic development are the three inseparable pillars of sustainable development!!! 3e acknowledge that the goals we set ourselves at the Rio &arth 4ummit have not been met!!! GThe most pressing challenges of our time remain povert- underdevelopment environmental D and social and economic ine0ualities within and among countries!!! the ever;D gap between the developed and developing worlds D a ma7or threat to global prosperit- securit- and stabilit-! G3e recognise that democrac- rule of D respect for D D and freedoms and the achievement of peace and securit- are essential for the full achievement of sustainable development! Together these ob7ectives are indivisible and mutuallreinforcing!!!

G3ater is essential for life!!! )de0uate supplies of water and sanitation given rapid D of urbanisation and the needs of the rural poor are therefore central to the achievement of the D of sustainable development!!! G6uman beings are entitled to health- and productive lives in harmon- with nature!!! as a result of povert- underdevelopment inade0uate shelter adverse environmental conditions the unavailabilit- of affordable medicines and vaccines and weak health infrastructure billions of people continue to be exposed to D illnesses and suffer earl- death particularl- from communicable D such as 6I(?)ID4 tuberculosis malaria and a variet- of childhood illnesses!!! G3e accept that various energ- uses lead to such environmental conse0uences as desertification acidification air pollution and climate change! 3e therefore D ourselves to implementing all existing international agreements relating to these matters as well as to continuing the search for a global long;term commitment to address climate change!!! G3e agree to protect and restore the integrit- of our planetFs ecological s-stem with special emphasis on preserving D diversit- and the natural processes that sustain all life on &arth as well as addressing the process of desertification!!! GThe process of globalisation is accompanied b- the emergence of leading private;sector corporations which have a responsibilit- to contribute to the evolution of e0uitable and sustainable communities and societies even as the- pursue their legitimate D! 3e therefore agree that there is a need for the private sector to operate within a transparent and stable regulator- environment!!! G3e recognise the central place of women in human societ- and their ke- role in promoting sustainable development!!! G3e affirm that armed D and warfare are inherentl- inimical to sustainable development! 3e agree to combat terrorism organised crime and corruption singland collectivel-!!! G3e reaffirm our commitment to the principles and purposes of the Charter of the United Nations and international law as well as the strengthening of multilateralism! 3e support the leadership role of the United Nations as the most universal and representative organisation in the world which is best placed to promote sustainable development!!! G3e call on the United Nations :eneral D as the worldFs foremost multilateral forum to institute a follow;up mechanism to facilitate evaluate and monitor the implementation of the outcomes of the 3orld D on 4ustainable Development !!! G8rom the )frican continent the D of humankind we declare to the peoples of the D that we are determined to ensure that our collective hope for sustainable development is realised!
)nanova!com , 4eptember %==%

1.3. Read the 1.,. te.t a%ain and identify !a-or international concerns. Rate the! in the order of i!portance. '.plain your choice.

2. Focus on $e.ts
2.1. 6efore you read the followin% te.t+ do a )uiz on the UA. #! 3hen was the United Nations founded an hohpq bn horiq cn hoii %! 3hat has been the primar- purpose of the UN an serving the interests of rich countriesq bn maintaining international peace and securityq cn providing humanitarian assistance to the developing countries '! 3hat obligations do the .ember 4tates have under the Charter 4uggest -our own variant!

*! 3hat are the six main organs of the United Nations an !ecurity Council (nternational sabor trgani_ation +eneral *ssembly !ecretariat "rusteeship Council [conomic and !ocial Councilq bn !ecurity Council (nternational Court of Justice +eneral *ssembly !ecretariat "rusteeship Council [conomic and !ocial Council uorld vealth trgani_ationq cn !ecurity Council (nternational Court of Justice +eneral *ssembly !ecretariat "rusteeship Council [conomic and !ocial Council ,! 3hat are the main functions of the :eneral )ssembl- 4uggest -our own variants!

/! 6ow is the work of the :eneral )ssembl- organi+ed an holding regular sessionsq bn giving advisory opinionsq cn providing telephone recommendations <! 3hat are the functions of the 4ecurit- Council 4uggest -our own variant!

C! 3hat are the responsibilities of the 4ecretariat an preparing draft resolutionsq bn administrative workq cn convening sessions of the +eneral *ssembly I! 3hat is the &conomic and 4ocial Council entrusted with an coordinating the economic and social work of the wnited xationsq bn fostering international cooperation for developmentq cn both y maintaining a link between the wnited xations and civil society #=! 3hat are the main ob7ectives of the UN trusteeship 4uggest -our variant!

##! 3hat is the function of International Court of Austice an deciding disputes between countriesq bn providing advisory opinions to the +eneral *ssembly and the !ecurity Councilq cn both #%! 3hat is known as the UN famil- 4uggest -our own variant!

qow the eN rorcs

The United Nations was established on %* October #I*, b- ,# countries committed to preserving peace through international cooperation and collective securit-! Toda- nearl- ever- nation in the world belongs to the UN" membership now totals #CI countries! 3hen 4tates become .embers of the United Nations the- agree to accept the obligations of the UN Charter an international treat- which sets out basic principles of international relations! )ccording to the Charter the UN has four purposes" to maintain international peace and securit- to develop friendl- relations among nations to cooperate in solving international problems and in promoting respect for human rights and to be a centre for harmoni+ing the actions of nations! UN .embers are sovereign countries! The United Nations is not a world government and it does not make laws! It does however provide the means to help resolve international conflict and formulate policies on matters affecting all of us! )t the UN all the .ember 4tates B large and small rich and poor with differing political views and social s-stems B have a voice and vote in this process! The United Nations has six main organs! 8ive of them B the :eneral )ssemblthe 4ecurit- Council the &conomic and 4ocial Council the Trusteeship Council and the 4ecretariat B are based at UN 6ead0uarters in New ork! The sixth the International Court of Austice is located at the 6ague the Netherlands! The 8eneral ossembly )ll UN .ember 4tates are represented in the :eneral )ssembl- ; a kind of parliament of nations which meets to consider the worldFs most pressing problems! &ach .ember 4tate has one vote! Decisions on Gimportant matters G such as international peace and securit- admitting new members the UN budget and the budget for peacekeeping are decided b- two;thirds ma7orit-! Other matters are decided b- simple ma7orit-! In recent -ears a special effort has been made to reach decisions through consensus rather than b- taking a formal vote! )t its %===?%==# session the )ssembl- was considering more than #<= different topics including globali+ation nuclear disarmament development protection of the environment and consolidation of new democracies! The )ssembl- cannot force action b- an- 4tate but its recommendations are an important indication of world opinion and represent the moral authorit- of the communit- of nations!

The )ssembl- holds its annual regular session from 4eptember to December! 3hen necessar- it ma- resume its session or hold a special or emergenc- session on sub7ects of particular concern! 3hen the )ssembl- is not meeting its work is carried out b- its six main committees other subsidiar- bodies and the UN 4ecretariat! The aecurity Council The UN Charter gives the 4ecurit- Council primar- responsibilit- for maintaining international peace and securit-! The Council ma- convene at an- time da- or night whenever peace is threatened! Under the Charter all .ember 4tates are obligated to carr- out the CouncilFs decisions! There are #, Council members! 8ive of these B China 8rance the Russian 8ederation the United Eingdom and the United 4tates B are permanent members! The other #= are elected b- the :eneral )ssembl- for two;-ear terms! .ember 4tates have discussed making changes in Council membership to reflect toda-Fs political and economic realities! Decisions of the Council re0uire nine -es votes! &xcept in votes on procedural 0uestions a decision cannot be taken if there is a no vote or veto b- a permanent member! 3hen the Council considers a threat to international peace it first explores wa-s to settle the dispute peacefull-! It ma- suggest principles for a settlement or undertake mediation! In the event of fighting the Council tries to secure a ceasefire! It ma- send a peacekeeping mission to help the parties maintain the truce and to keep opposing forces apart! The Council can take measures to enforce its decisions! It can impose economic sanctions or order an arms embargo! On rare occasions the Council has authori+ed .ember 4tates to use Gall necessar- means G including collective militar- action to see that its decisions are carried out! The Council also makes recommendations to the :eneral )ssembl- on the appointment of a new 4ecretar-;:eneral and on the admission of new .embers to the UN! The #conomic and aocial Council The &conomic and 4ocial Council under the overall authorit- of the :eneral )ssembl- coordinates the economic and social work of the United Nations and the UN famil-! )s the central forum for discussing international economic and social issues and for formulating polic- recommendations the Council pla-s a ke- role in fostering international cooperation for development! It also consults with non; governmental organi+ations XN:OsJ thereb- maintaining a vital link between the United Nations and civil societ-! The Council has ,* members elected b- the :eneral )ssembl- for three;-ear terms! It meets throughout the -ear and holds a ma7or session in Aul- during which a special meeting of .inisters discusses ma7or economic and social issues! 9eginning

in #IIC the Council expanded its discussions to include humanitarian themes! The CouncilFs subsidiar- bodies meet regularl- and report back to it! The Commission on 6uman Rights for example monitors the observance of human rights throughout the world! Other bodies focus on such issues as social development the status of women crime prevention narcotic drugs and environmental protection! 8ive regional commissions promote economic development and strengthened economic relations in their respective regions! The Trusteeship Council The Trusteeship Council was established to provide international supervision for ## Trust Territories administered b- < .ember 4tates and ensure that ade0uate steps were taken to prepare the Territories for self;government or independence! 9- #II* all Trust Territories had attained self;government or independence either as separate 4tates or b- 7oining neighbouring independent countries! The last to do so was the Trust Territor- of the 2acific Islands X2alauJ administered b- the United 4tates which became the #C,th .ember 4tate! Its work completed the Trusteeship Council now consists onl- of the five permanent members of the 4ecurit- Council! It has amended its rules of procedure to allow it to meet as and when occasion re0uires! The jnternational Court of sustice The International Court of Austice also known as the 3orld Court is the main 7udicial organ of the UN! Consisting of #, 7udges elected b- the :eneral )ssembland the 4ecurit- Council the Court decides disputes between countries! 2articipation b- 4tates in a proceeding is voluntar- but if a 4tate agrees to participate it is obligated to compl- with the CourtFs decision! The Court also provides advisoropinions to the :eneral )ssembl- and the 4ecurit- Council upon re0uest! The aecretariat The 4ecretariat carries out the substantive and administrative work of the United Nations as directed b- the :eneral )ssembl- the 4ecurit- Council and the other organs! )t its head is the 4ecretar-;:eneral who provides overall administrative guidance! The 4ecretariat consists of departments and offices with a total staff of about C I== under the regular budget drawn from some #/= countries! Dut- stations include UN 6ead0uarters in New ork as well as UN offices in :eneva (ienna and Nairobi!

The eN system The International .onetar- 8und the 3orld 9ank group and twelve other independent organi+ations known as Gspeciali+ed agenciesG are linked to the UN through cooperative agreements! These agencies among them the 3orld 6ealth Organi+ation and the International Civil )viation Organi+ation are autonomous bodies created b- intergovernmental agreement! The- have wide;ranging international responsibilities in the economic social cultural educational health and related fields! 4ome of them like the International $abour Organi+ation and the Universal 2ostal Union are older than the UN itself! In addition a number of UN offices programmes and funds B such as the Office of the UN 6igh Commissioner for Refugees XUN6CRJ the UN Development 2rogramme XUND2J and the UN ChildrenFs 8und XUNIC&8J B work to improve the economic and social condition of people around the world! These bodies report to the :eneral )ssembl- or the &conomic and 4ocial Council! )ll these organi+ations have their own governing bodies budgets and secretariats! Together with the United Nations the- are known as the UN famil- or the UN s-stem! The- provide an increasingl- coordinated -et diverse programme of action! 2.2. ;ive 'n%lish e)uivalents. #! %! '! *! ,! /! <! C! I! yNVTZ\STW\R yLn]d\Z]ZZbm ZTW\i?NVTZgSTWbR LRdZTZbm ZTWbiK t]Z]NTkPZTR QQTULk]R yyz?t]Z]NTkPZTR QTULk]R zK t]Z]NTkPZbi Q]eN]OTNP?t]Z]NTkPZb QTeNTOTNK vMY]O [M y[]e]?vTY]O [T []WbK vMY]O w]SM[TQZMQO\? vTY]O wRQ[]egK v]eN]OTN\TO?vTeNTOTNbROK |eMZMU\a]Qe\i \ vMW\TkPZbi vMY]O?|eTZTUgaZb g vTWbRkPZb vTY]OK ]^dfZTNMdZbi vfd?g^ZTNMdZb vfdK QOTY yyz?QOT` z!

2.#. $ranslate the followin% word co!binations into Russian. to be committed to preserving peaceK maintain international peace and securit-K promote respect for human rightsK to harmoni+e the actions of the nationsK to consider the worldFs most pressing problemsK emergenc- sessionK under the charterK to settle the dispute peacefull-K peacekeeping missionK arms embargoK to foster international cooperation for developmentK non;governmental organi+ationsK to monitor the observance of human rightsK crime preventionK to attain self;governmentK to compl- with a decisionK wide;ranging international responsibilities

2.&. <hich state!ent %oes with which UA or%an= <hich UA or%an is left out= #! %! '! *! ,! It is a kind of parliament of nations which meets to consider the worldFs most pressing problems! It is primaril- responsible for maintaining international peace and securit-! It also consults with non;governmental organi+ations thereb- maintaining a vital link between the United Nations and civil societ-! Consisting of #, 7udges elected b- the :eneral )ssembl- and the 4ecuritCouncil it decides disputes between countries! It carries out the substantive and administrative work of the United Nations!

2.*. ;o bac to the pre1readin% )uiz and chec your answers a%ainst the facts in the te.t. 2.,. /oints for discussion. #! %! '! 3hich UN organ gets most coverage in the media 3h- Could -ou give examples illustrating the work of various bodies acting within the framework of the United Nations Organi+ation Could -ou put the UN principal organs in the order of their importance &xplain -our choice!

2.0. Read the e.tract fro! the Official Yearbook of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and co!plete the e.ercises that follow.

jnternational organisations
#uropean enion The UE is a member of the &U which promotes social and economic progress among its members a common foreign and securit- polic- &uropean citi+enship and police and 7udicial cooperation in criminal matters! The other #* &U .ember 4tates are )ustria 9elgium Denmark 8inland 8rance :erman- :reece the Irish Republic Ital- $uxembourg the Netherlands 2ortugal 4pain and 4weden! The Commonwealth There are ,* members of the Commonwealth including the UE! It is a voluntarassociation of independent states nearl- all of which were once 9ritish territories and includes almost one in three people in the world! The ueen is head of the Commonwealth and is head of state in the UE and #, other member countries! The Commonwealth 4ecretariat based in $ondon is the main agenc- for multilateral

communication between member governments on matters relevant to the Commonwealth as a whole! The 4ecretariat promotes consultation and cooperation disseminates information and helps host governments to organise 6eads of :overnment .eetings Xnormall- held bienniall-J ministerial meetings and other conferences! It administers assistance programmes agreed at these meetings including the Commonwealth 8und for Technical Cooperation which provides advisor- services and training to Commonwealth developing countries! North otlantic Treaty trganisation .embership of N)TO is central to UE defence polic-! N)TOs stated functions are to" help provide securit- and stabilit- in the &uro;)tlantic areaK provide a transatlantic forum for .ember 4tates to consult on issues of common concernK deter and defend against an- threat to the territor- of an- N)TO member stateK contribute to crisis management and conflict prevention on a case;b-;case basisK and promote partnership cooperation and dialogue with other countries in the &uro;)tlantic area! &ach of the #I .ember 4tatesB9elgium Canada the C+ech Republic Denmark 8rance :erman- :reece 6ungar- Iceland Ital- $uxembourg the Netherlands Norwa- 2oland 2ortugal 4pain Turke- the United Eingdom and the United 4tates Bhas a permanent representative at N)TO head0uarters in 9russels! The main decision;taking bod- is the North )tlantic Council! It meets at least twice a -ear at foreign minister level and weekl- at the level of permanent representatives! Defence ministers also meet at least twice a -ear! 8roup of #ight The UE is one of the :roup of &ight X:;CJ leading industrialised countries! The other members are Canada 8rance :erman- Ital- Aapan Russia Xincluded as a full member from #IIC although the other countries continue to function as the :< for some discussionsJ and the United 4tates! The :C is an informal group with no secretariat! Its 2residenc- rotates each -ear among the members the ke- meeting being an annual summit of heads of government! Originall- formed in #I<, Xas the :;<J to discuss economic issues the :C agenda now includes a wide range of foreign affairs and international issues such as terrorism nuclear safet- the environment UN reform and development assistance! 6eads of state or government agree a communi0u issued at the end of summits! The :C summit meeting in Aul- %==# was hosted b- the Italian :overnment in :enoa! trganisation for aecurity and Co+operation in #urope The UE is a member of the Organisation for 4ecurit- and Co;operation in &urope XO4C&J a regional securit- organisation whose ,, participating states are from &urope Central )sia and North )merica! )ll decisions are taken b- consensus! The O4C& is based in (ienna where the UE has a permanent delegation! The main areas

of work are" earl- warning and prevention of potential conflicts through field missions and diplomac- and the work of the O4C& 6igh Commissioner on National .inoritiesK observing elections and providing advice on human rights democracand law and mediaK post;conflict rehabilitation including civil societ- developmentK and promoting securit- through arms control and militar- confidence;building! Council of #urope The UE is a founding member of the Council of &urope which is open to an&uropean state accepting parliamentar- democrac- the rule of the law and fundamental human rights! There are *' full .ember 4tates! One of the Councils main achievements is the &uropean Convention on 6uman Rights in #I,=! tther jnternational 7odies The UE belongs to man- other international bodies including" the International .onetar- 8und XI.8J which regulates the international financial s-stem and provides credit for member countries facing balance;of;pa-ments difficultiesK the 3orld 9ank which provides loans to finance economic and social pro7ects in developing countriesK the Organisation for &conomic Co;operation and Development XO&CDJ which promotes economic growth support for less developed countries and worldwide trade expansionK and the 3orld Trade Organisation! Other organisations to which 9ritain belongs or extends support include the regional development banks in )frica the Caribbean $atin )merica and )sia and the &uropean 9ank for Reconstruction and Development! 2.3. $ranslate into 'n%lish. YNM[]iQe\i QMjS?`NT[]iQeg QTjSK vMdNf^]QOYM ZTW\i?vTdNf^ZTQWP ZTWbiK yNVTZ\STW\R v]Y]NMTOkTZO\a]QeMVM dMVMYMNT?NVTZgSTWbR uT`ZMaZT; TOkTZObaZTVT dTVTYMNTK wMkPlTR YMQPU]NeT?RkgeTR YTQPUNeTK yNVTZ\STW\R [M L]SM[TQZMQO\ \ QMONfdZ\a]QOYf Y YNM[]?NVTZgSTWbR [T LRQ[]Wb g Qf[NTWM`ZgWOYf ` `NM[]K vMY]O YNM[b?vTY]O `NM[bK ]^dfZTNMdZbi YTkjOZbi sMZd?g^ZTNMdZb YTkjOZb sMZdK Q]U\NZTR OMNVMYTR MNVTZ\STW\R?vfQY]OZTR VTZdkYTR TNVTZgSTWbRK YNM[]iQe\i LTZe N]eMZQONfeW\\ \ NTSY\O\R?`NT[]iQeg LTZe NoeTZQONfeWbg g NTSYgWWR 2.4. 7a e the followin% state!ents !ore factually correct. #! %! The &U helps developing countries to achieve high levels of social and economic progress! The Commonwealth is an economic association of independent states all of which were once 9ritish or )merican dependencies and includes almost one in four people in the world!

'! *! ,! /!

One of N)TOs stated functions is maintain international peace and securitthrough promoting partnership cooperation and dialogue among the nations of the world! The :roup of &ight meets annuall- to discuss economic and social issues! The main areas of work of the O4C& are prevention of conflicts observing elections and providing advice on human rights! There are four ma7or re0uirements for a countr- willing to 7oin the Council of &urope!

2.15. 6elow you will find e.cerpts fro! the !ission state!ents of four pro!inent international non1%overn!ental or%anizations. "iscuss the pieces and su%%est what these or%anizations are. Text P u is a worldwide campaigning mo"ement that worcs to promote internationally recognived human rights DFs vision is of a world in which ever- person en7o-s all of the human rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of 6uman Rights and other international human rights standards! Our mission is to undertake research and action focused on preventing and ending grave abuses of the rights to ph-sical and mental integritfreedom of conscience and expression and freedom from discrimination within the context of our work to promote all human rights! D has more than a million members and supporters in over #*= countries and territories! D is impartial and independent of an- government political persuasion or religious creed! Our work is financed largel- b- subscriptions and donations from our worldwide membership! D is a worldwide campaigning movement that works to promote internationallrecogni+ed human rights! Text 2

WHO B .ore than #,= dedicated professionals work for D around the world! 3e
are law-ers 7ournalists academics and countr- experts of man- nationalities and diverse backgrounds! 3e often 7oin forces with human rights groups from other countries to further our common goals! ) growing cadre of volunteers supports us!

WHAT B D is the largest human rights organi+ation based in the United 4tates!
D researchers conduct fact;finding investigations into human rights abuses in all regions of the world! D then publishes those findings in do+ens of books and reports ever- -ear generating extensive coverage in local and international media! This publicit- helps to embarrass abusive governments in the e-es of their citi+ens and the

world! D then meets with government officials to urge changes in polic- and practice ;; at the United Nations the &uropean Union in 3ashington and in capitals around the world! In extreme circumstances D presses for the withdrawal of militar- and economic support from governments that egregiousl- violate the rights of their people! In moments of crisis D provides up;to;the;minute information about conflicts while the- are underwa-! Refugee accounts which were collected s-nthesi+ed and cross;corroborated b- our researchers helped shape the response of the international communit- to recent wars in Eosovo and Chechn-a!

WHY - D believes that international standards of human rights appl- to all people
e0uall- and that sharp vigilance and timel- protest can prevent the tragedies of the twentieth centur- from recurring! )t D we remain convinced that progress can be made when people of good will organi+e themselves to make it happen! Text w D is the leading independent campaigning organi+ation that uses non;violent direct action and creative communication to expose global environmental problems and to promote solutions that are essential to a green and peaceful future! D began in #I<# when a small but determined group of activists boarded an aging C=;foot boat slowl- making their wa- through the cold North 2acific waters off )laska! Their mission was to Gbear witnessG to the destructive nuclear weapons testing planned for )mchitka island! $ittle did the- know the- had 7ust created what was to become the largest environmental movement in the world! 8or '= -ears D has tackled the most critical environmental issues! Toda- our work focuses on six ma7or efforts" 4ave ancient forests! 4top global warming! &liminate persistent organic pollutants X2O2sJ! 2rotect the oceans! &liminate the threat of genetic engineering! &nd the nuclear age!

D does not accept donations from government or corporations! Our %,= === members in the United 4tates and %!, million members worldwide form the backbone of our organi+ation!

Text : u is an association officially recognised as ser"ing the public interest .ore than a third of the worldFs people live in countries where there is no press freedom! D works constantl- to restore their right to be informed! Thirt-;one media professionals lost their lives in %==# for doing what the- were paid to do ;; keeping us informed! Toda- more than #%= 7ournalists around the world are in prison simplfor doing their 7ob! In Nepal &ritrea and China the- can spend -ears in 7ail 7ust for using the GwrongG word or photo! D believes imprisoning or killing a 7ournalist is like eliminating a ke- witness and threatens ever-oneFs right to be informed! It has been fighting such practices for more than #< -ears! _efending press freedomu e"ery day D kept on constant alert via its network of over #== correspondents rigorouslcondemns an- attack on press freedom world;wide b- keeping the media and public opinion informed through press releases and public;awareness campaigns! The association defends 7ournalists and other media contributors and professionals who have been imprisoned or persecuted for doing their work! It speaks out against the abusive treatment and torture that is still common practice in man- countries! The organisation supports 7ournalists who are being threatened in their own countries and provides financial and other t-pes of support to their need- families! D is fighting to reduce the use of censorship and to oppose laws designed to restrict press freedom! The association is also working to improve the safet- of 7ournalists world;wide particularl- in war +ones! It is committed to assist in the rebuilding of media groups and to provide financial and material support to news staffs experiencing hardships! 8inall- since Aanuar- %==% when it created the Damocles Network D ac0uired a 7udicial arm! In order to ensure that murderers and torturers of 7ournalists are brought to trial the Network provides victims with legal services and represents them before the competent national and international courts so that proper 7udicial procedures can be implemented! 2.11. :fter1readin% tas s and discussion points. #! :ive an outline of the ma7or activities undertaken b- the above organi+ations! %! In what do their areas of concern overlap do -ou think '! 3hich of the four organi+ations would -ou choose to 7oin as a volunteer )mnest- International XText #J 6uman Rights 3atch XText %J :reenpeace XText 'J or Reporters without 9orders XText *J *! 3hat examples of these organi+ations activities can -ou think of ,! Read the texts again and write out the collocations best describing the organi+ations mission! /! 3ork in groups and write mission statements for an- of the ma7or international organi+ations known to -ou!

#. Focus on Renderin% and $ranslation

#.1. Render the news stories into Russian+ payin% attention to the words in italics.

omnesty alams eN
)mnest- International accused N)TO and the United Nations on .onda- of failing to observe high human rights standards in zosovo! In a report on an outbreak of violence last month in the volatile cit- of .itrovica the human rights organi+ation called for an independent in0uir- into the fatal shooting of an ethnic )lbanian man b- the N)TO;led E8OR peacekeeping force! It also said *I people detained b- 8rench troops after the violence were kept in inhumane cold and unsanitary conditions and denied rightsS
3ashington 2ost! %===! %# 4eptember!

Lebanon 8ets Tough

$ebanon has set tough conditions for the implementation of a %%;-ear;old UN resolution calling on Israel to withdraw its army from southern $ebanon demands that could set back efforts to bring about a peaceful pullout by the summer! The $ebanese conditions such as UN forces participating in disarming 2alestinian guerillas and the world bod- guaranteeing that (srael respect sebanese territorial sovereignty came in the form of 0uestions in a letter from 2resident &mile $ahoud to UN 4ecretar-;:eneral Eofi )nnan!
:uardian! #III! #= .a-!

eN qelp in Congo
The United Nations issued an urgent call late .onda- for countries to offer %speciali_ed& military units for its force in the Congo an indication that the world bod- still has recruitment problems! The appeal for logistics personnel transport planes and water navigation units was in reaction to a new agreement 4aturda- in the Ugandan capital of Eampala where combatants in the man-;sided war set a new ceaseUfire date for )pril #*! UN 4ecretar-;:eneral Eofi )nnan said in a statement he welcomed this 1significant step forward in the DRC peace process!5 9ut the statement said the UN observer mission in the Congo 1urgentl- needs speciali+ed militar- units from member states governments to prepare for the deployment of its troops and e$uipment to the interior!5
3ashington 2ost! #III! '= November!

xoso"o rorries j"ano"

8oreign .inister Igor Ivanov on Tuesda- called for a greater international peacekeeping presence in Eosovo in the wake of recent violence and heightened tension and said Russia wants to remain active in the region! Ivanov spoke after a meeting with the United Nations special envo- to the 9alkans Carl 9ildt! &arlier Russian politicians had suggested Russia might pull out of peaceU keeping efforts in Eosovo in protest unless greater protection were provided to ethnic 4erbs Russias traditional allies in the region! Ivanov said the UN should enlarge its peacekeeping force in Eosovo crack down on )lbanian separatists and speed up the process of formulating Eosovos final status Interfax reported! 1Onl- measures taken in these three fields can make it possible to take the edge off the tension in the province and achieve a proper settlement!5 he said!
3ashington 2ost! #III! %' October!

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1. Focus on Vocabulary
1.1. Choose the best variant. #! @imbabwes government in a last;ditch bid to restore/renovate/fix investor confidence issued stringent proposals for economic reform after missing/failing/underachieving macroeconomic targets! %! )n all;)merican H*!* billion takeover/merger/bid between )lcoa and Re-nolds to create the worlds largest aluminium concern has excited the interest of &uropes competition guardians/monitors/watchdogs! )lthough most of the amalgamated groups interests would be outside the &U the compan-s market power/ability/force could have competition repercussions in &urope! '! In another setback in &urope for the soft;drink giant Italian competition authorities/government/management fined Coca;Cola Italia and its bottling operation '=!/ billion lire XH#,!ImJ for anti;competitive marketing customs/practices/routine after an #C;month investigation! Coca;Cola said it would appeal! *! 92 )moco appeared to have reached a decision/settlement/conclusion with TNE a Russian oil compan- after the )merican government had suspended approval of a H,==m loan to TNE purportedl- because of Chechn-a and Russias economic mess! ,! 4E Telecom 4outh Eoreas largest mobile;phone operator ac0uired 4hinsegi the countr-s third;largest giving it a market share/contribution/division approaching /=>! ) wave of similar mergers is expected to follow! /! Cisco 4-stems an )merican data;networking compan- is reported to be considering a joint risk/venture/business with 2irelli an Italian compan- Xbetter known for its t-resJ which now derives/collect/extract well over half its revenue from fibre;optic e0uipment! 2irellis expertise would help Cisco to provide telecoms facilities to its clients! <! 4hares in Tok-o rose to their highest in over a -ear! 4o far this -ear Tok-o has outperformed/outnumbered/outdistanced other ma7or stock markets! $ondon and New ork both hit new records buo-ed b- good economic news! The &uropean Central 9ank cut interests ratios/proportions/rates b- half a point more than expected to %!,> after a 0uarter;point cut b- the 9ank of &ngland! C! )merica revealed a hit/strike/damage list of &U goods that will incur/arouse/make tariffs as a result of a trade dispute over hormone;treated beef! The 3TO;imposed punishment allows )merica to impose tariffs of H##<m a -ear!

I! :erman-Fs chancellor :erhard 4chrder unveiled a package/packet/pack of reforms that included proposals to cut unemployment privilege/benefit/allowance loosen 7ob protection s0uee+e non;wage costs and help small companies! #=!6alliburton the Texas oil services compan- has agreed to pa- H/m to settle shareholder?shareowner/sharepusher lawsuits alleging 0uestionable accounting practices while U4 vice;president Dick Chene- regulated/ran?operated the compan-! 1.2. /araphrase or e.plain the italicised parts of the followin% sentences. #! Thailand where )sias slump started in #II< announced tax cuts and other economyUboosting measures worth H'!, billion! The finance minister said that as a result the Thai econom- could grow b- between = *> and# *>! .uch depends though on whether export growth recovers this -ear! %! 2resident 6ugo Chava+ of (ene+uela launched a {o|im plan to create 7obs in a bid to revive his country\s flagging economy! '! The battle for 9ritains Rolls;Ro-ce seems to have been won b- 9.3 with an offer of '*=m XH,/ImJ! This will leave onl- (olkswagen of the three :erman car makers XDaimler;9en+ being the other oneJ without the luxur- mar0ue unless it comes back with a winning higher bid! *! 8acing a widespread strike be transport workers triggered b- a rise in fuel prices 2resident Aamil .ahuad of &cuador reimposed a j}Uday national state of emergency and cancelled a fuel price hike which had prompted the protests! ,! The oil producers cartel t'[C held an emergency meeting together with several non;O2&C members including .exico and approved its first production cuts Xas opposed to cuts in 0uotasJ in ten -ears in an effort to bolster prices! /! )merica continues to drive the world economy alone! That was the message that emerged after the spring meeting of the +roup of !even rich countries! <! It was a good week for :erman-s Deutsche 9ank which reported first;0uarter net profits up '<> from last -ear while its planned purchase of 9ankers Trust cleared another hurdle! )lan 6evesi New ork cit-s comptroller said he was dropping his objections to the deal! C! The Canadian government sued R!A! Re-nolds Tobacco for H# billion alleging that the- had conspired to smuggle cigarettes into Canada after the government tried to deter smoking b- imposing big taxes in the earl- #II=s! I! Oracle the biggest supplier of database software is discussing with 9oeing the creation of an electronic marketplace for aircraft parts! Two car companies 8ord and :. are alread- moving procurement online! #=!west Communications an )merican telecoms compan- in the throes of a merger with U4 3est signalled its switch to the big league b- announcing that it will

move its listing from Nasda0s highUtech exchange to the New ork !tock [xchange from the beginning of %===K and will be known simpl- as ! ##!)mericas 4ecurities and &xchange Commission filed a lawsuit accusing %, people of insider trading when I9. took over $otus Development in #II,! 1.#. $ranslate the followin% fro! 'n%lish into Russian?6elarusian payin% attention to the word co!binations in italics. #! If $ebed succeeds in turning around Erasno-arsk b- revamping its lumbering heav- industries cracking down on spiralling crime and paying off mounting wage and pension arrears he will make the region a powerful springboard for a presidential bid! %! @enith &lectronics an )merican consumer;electronics firm announced its biggest loss to date" H%IIm for #II<! 3ith bankruptcy looming the compan- said it was exploring asset sales! '! Canada avoided a trade war with )merica b- agreeing to ease its restrictions on foreign maga+ines! *! Creditors in :uangdong &nterprises will 1 suffer some economic losses5 said the :uangdong government in announcing a restructuring of the insolvent company\s H'!I billion;worth of debt! ,! ) transatlantic law;firm merger" Roger3ells of New ork and Clifford Chance of $ondon each voted to press on with a merger that would create a combined firm with % *== law-ers around the world! 4imilar mergers are likel- to follow! /! (ehicle output in Aapan was /!,> lower in )pril than a -ear earlier the fifth month in the past six to see an output decline! $ower domestic and )sian demand was the cause! That news came as several Aapanese vehicle makers all reported disappointing results! <! 8ive weeks after breaking through #= === the Dow Jones (ndustrial *verage closed above ## === for the first time! C! "he 'aris Club of creditor nations agreed to a reorganisation of H*!% billion;worth of Indonesia sovereign debt a rare piece of news for the troubled )sian econom-! I! )mericas 8ederal Reserve left interest rates unchanged and maintained a neutral 1bias5 towards future rate changes citing uncertainties about millennium bugs and the like! .ost observers now expect a rate hike in 8ebruar- however and '=;-ear bond yields rose to a %<;month high! 1.&. $ranslate the followin% sentences usin% your topic vocabulary. #! %! uNTY\O]kPQOYM YZ]QkM ZT NTQQUMON]Z\] YbQl\U STeMZMdTO]kPZbU MNVTZMU w]kTNfQ\ [NM]eO Ljd^]OT ZT %==% VMd! y^\dT]OQR aOM [TNkTU]ZO MdMLN\O Ljd^]O f^] Y []NYMU aO]Z\\!

'! *! ,! /! <! C! I! #=! ##! #%! #'! #*! #,! #/! #<! #C!

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2. Focus on $e.ts
2.1. Read the followin% article and co!plete the e.ercises that follow.

8rowth js Forecast in hest of #astern #urope

$ONDON &conomies across the former 4oviet Union will ,!, percent next -ear their worst performance in five -ears because of Russias financial troubles but the rest of &astern &urope will show even stronger growth than this -ear the &uropean 9ank for Reconstruction and Development said .onda-! Russia will lead the decline with its gross domestic product expected to fall < percent compared with an estimated ,!,! percent this -ear and its inflation rate climbing to %== percent from #,= percent! The bank set up to finance free;market development in former Communist countries said the most advanced economies in &astern &urope including 2oland and 6ungar- had proven their resilience to problems in Russia where the ruble has been devalued b- more than /= percent since mid;)ugust! 1This -ear theres been a deepening of reforms in some countries like 2oland and 6ungar- and a backtracking in some others 5 said Nick 4tern the banks chief economist at a briefing ahead of the release of its annual Transition Report! :rowth in &astern &urope is expected to climb to '!/ percent next -ear from an estimated ' percent this -ear led b- forecast growth of , percent in 2oland and *!* percent in 6ungar-! The best economic performer in the region however is forecast to be )lbania with growth of < percent! )cross the former 4oviet states including Russia 9elarus and Turkmenistan economies are expected to fall further from this -ears estimate of a '!/ percent decline to post the biggest slowdown since #II* when economies in the foremer 4oviet Union shrank #'!C percent! .r! 4tern said direct foreign investment in &astern &urope probabl- would total H#,!* billion this -ear down from H#<!# billion last -ear but still ahead of H#%!* billion in #II/ .r! 4tern said foreigners were continuing to invest in the region although on a more selective basis than before! The pace of economic growth while still strong probabl- will be restrained throughout the region b- Russias economic problems the bank said! Russia defaulted on H*= billion of Treasur- debt in )ugust and abandoned efforts to protect the ruble pushing hundreds of banks to the brink of collapse! The countr- was cut off from international financing because of its debt default and is negotiating to restructure a portion of its foreign debt! 13e see the position in Russia as a short;term step backward as a response to a crisis b- a government that knows it is holding the fort for a short time 5 .r! 4tern said! The government of 2rime .inister evgeni 2rimakov took office in .oscow in 4eptember a few weeks after 2resident 9oris eltsin fired the previous government

in )ugust! Russias next parliamentar- elections are scheduled for the end of #III and its next presidential election is set for %===!
8inancial Times! #III! ' Aanuar-!

2.2. (u%%est the Russian?6elarusian e)uivalents. Russias financial troublesK the &uropean 9ank for Reconstruction and DevelopmentK gross domestic productK inflation rateK the ruble has been devaluatedK direct foreign investmentK to restructure the foreign debt 2.#. Replace the words in italics by their synony!s. a deepening of reformsK to be cut off from international financingK to default on a debt 2.&. '.plain in 'n%lish. advanced economiesK to lead the declineK the best economic performerK to invest on a more selective basisK backtracking on reformsK push a bank to the brink of collapse 2.*. 7a e the followin% state!ents !ore factually correct. #! %! '! *! ,! )ll the &astern &uropean Countries have suffered great losses as a result of Russias financial troubles! The &uropean 9ank for Reconstruction and Development was set up to promote laisse+;faire ideas in Communist countiries! The economic crisis has not stopped foreigners investing in the &ast &uropean region! The- take advantage of ever- opportunit- to invest in countries like Russia 9elarus Turkmenistan! The reason wh- the reforms in Russia have slowed down was the decision of the international communit- to cut this countr- off from large;scale financing! 2oland and 6ungar- referred to as the most advanced economies have benefited from the Russian problems!

2.,. Read the followin% article and co!plete the e.ercises that follow.

Canada Forges Trade Pact rith Chile

TORONTO B 9-passing a deadlock in 3ashington over whether to expand the North )merican 8ree Trade )greement to include Chile Canada has signed its own accord to open trade with Chile! )lthough Chile one of 4outh )mericaFs fastest;growing economies is not a ma7or Canadian trading partner commerce between the two countries has been growing in recent -ears and now exceeds H,== million a -ear! Canadian mining companies have made big investments there and businesses in both countries have formed more than ,= 7oint ventures! The agreement reached .onda- removes tariffs

on three;0uarters of all imports and exports between the two countries! Remaining duties arc to be eliminated over the next five -ears! 9ut Canadas most important goal in pursuing a trade agreement was to pave the wa- for the eventual entr- of Chile into the North )merican 8ree Trade )greement!! 13e will keep pushing the U!4! 5 2rime .inister Aean Chretien said after he signed die agreement in Ottawa with 2resident &duardo 8rei of Chile! ) U!4! trade official said the Canadian agreement appeared to be 1a good in; terim step5 that would help speed the process of ChileFs admission to the North )merican trade bloc once negotiations with the United 4tates resumed perhaps earlnext -ear! )fter N)8T) went into effect in Aanuar- #II* the three original members B the United 4tates Canada and .exico B looked forward to expanding it to bring in other countries in the 3estern 6emisphere! In December of that -ear the leaders of the three countries announced their intention to begin the !process of extending membership to Chile! 9ut that initiative got off track within weeks after .exico was forced to devalue the peso setting off a financial crisis that re0uired a multibillion;dollar rescue effort led b- the United 4tates! .exicos problems poured man- members of the U!4! Congress against free trade!
8inancial Times! #= Aune! #III!

2.0. (u%%est the Russian?6elarusian e)uivalents. to expand an agreementK fast;growing econom-K trading partnerK 7oint ventureK to remove tariffsK to pave the wa- for the entr- of Chile into the agreementK to set off a financial crisisK to devalue the peso 2.3. Replace the words in italics by synony!s. commerce now exceeds H,==mK to remove tariffsK to expand an agreement to include other countriesq to sour smb! against free trade 2.4. '.plain in 'n%lish. to eliminate remaining dutiesK the initiative got off trackK to pursue a trade agreementK to b-pass a deadlock 2.15. 7a e the followin% state!ents !ore factually correct. #! Canada is not interested in the entr- of Chile into N)8T) since Chile is not a ma7or Canadian trading partner! %! Canada will discourage the U4) from speeding the process of ChileFs admission to the North )merican trade bloc! '! .exicos decision to devalue the national currenc- triggered a political crisis in the U4) and turned man- of the senators against the ver- concept of free trade!

#. Focus on Renderin% and $ranslation

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Revision test #
1. 7atch the words in the left1hand colu!n with the definitions on the ri%ht. economto default on a debt to derive revenue fixed assets to eliminate duties takeover recession not to be able to pa- mone- that -ou owe a period of time during which there is less trade business activit- than usual land buildings or e0uipment that a business owns and uses to remove the government taxes on import the act of getting control of a compan- bbu-ing most of its shares the s-stem b- which a countr-s moneand goods are produced and used or a countr- considered to gain profit

2. $ranslate the followin% into Russian. #! 9ecause of the terrorist attacks in New ork the Dow Aones Industrial )verage has been ver- unstable! %! The government had to backtrack on the reforms as the- had caused the stagnation! '! This 7oint venture was on the edge of bankruptc- % -ears ago but now its solvent and has alread- restored investors confidence! *! The compan- was fined H#==== for anti;competitive marketing practices! #. $ranslate the followin% into 'n%lish. #! uMQk] UZMVMa\Qk]ZZbm STLTQOMYMe NTLMa\m [NTY\O]kPQOYf [N\lkMQP Yb[kTO\OP STdMk^]ZZMQOP [M []ZQ\RU \ STN[kTO]! %! qN\S\Q #IIC VMdT Y rMQQ\ STQOTY\k oeQ[]NOMY QNMaZM [N\ZROP U]Nb [M MSdMNMYk]Z\j ZTW\MZTkPZMi oeMZMU\e\! '! vk\RZ\] eMU[TZ\i [N\YMd\O eTe [NTY\kM e [MO]N] NTLMa\m U]QO! *! uMQk] YY]d]Z\R OTUM^]ZZbU QMjSMU ST[N]O\O]kPZbm OTN\sMY Q\OfTW\R \SU]Z\kTQP e kfal]Uf! ,! MmMdb YQ]m QOfd]ZOMY eMOMNb] NTLMOTjO Y v [M Y\S] A;# MLkTVTjOQR s]d]NTkPZbU ZTkMVMU \ ZTkMVMU lOTOT! /! qMU[TZ\R dMkVM] YN]UR O]N[]kT fLbOe\ \ ]Qk\ Lb Z] ST]U [Md STkMV Z]dY\^\UMQO\ MZT ZTY]NZReT Lb MLTZeNMO\kTQP!

Unit VI. Aatural "isasters

1. Focus on Vocabulary
1.1. ;ive the definitions to the followin% e.tre!e weather events. :dd other words you now referrin% to the topic. gale storm hurricane tornado t-phoon flood Xs-n! delugeJ heatwave earth0uake torrential rains bli++ard drought 1.2. '.plain the !eanin% of the word1co!binations. climate disruption greenhouse emissions weather front earth0uake registering /!, on the Richter scale bod-;detecting dogs aftermath of the earth0uake evacuee death toll to claim lives 1.#. $ranslate into Russian?6elarusian payin% special attention to the italicized e.pressions. #! 6undreds were missing -esterda- in addition to the official death toll of at least /== after a week of torrential rains and floods in .exico! %! Dammed waters reached the bursting point threatening to flood nearb- villages! '! Zescuers in Turke- scrambled to free thousands of people buried b- an earth0uake that struck the industrial northwest of the countr-! *! This is thought to be the worst loss of life in the week of flooding and landslides! ,! Troops were operating soup kitchens! /! "he tremor set off a fire at the countr-Fs biggest oil refiner-! <! The environmental agency spokesman said that the floods had been caused b- a combination of galeUforce winds low pressure and an e$uinox tide! C! )genc- workers were tr-ing to shore up sea defenses at .edten- before the high tide last night! I! 8l-ing debris claimed several lives! #=! T-phoon ork left a trail of destruction as it scored a direct hit on 6ong Eong -esterda- killing at least one person and in7uring *// others! ##! 9ritish search and rescue teams working in the aftermath of the devastating earth$uake in the western Turke- pulled two survivors from the rubble! #%! The poor were hit hardest b- .exicos deluge! 1.&. Choose the best variant and translate. #! )t least #C= people died and thousands were left homeless/roofless/alone as the flood season opened in China with the north;western 4haanxi province the worst influenced/beaten/hit!

%!

'! *! ,! /! <! C! I!

^ood shortages/lacks/deficits grew worse in southern )frica particularl- in @imbabwe .alawi and @ambia! *ridness?Drought combined with misgovernment and the confiscation of commercial farms in @imbabwe has caused mai+e output to plunge and left millions in need of food aid! ) huge rescue operation/campaign/drive is underwa- including arm- units speciall- formed to deal with flood emergencies but the number of dead is expected to rise! )t least #,= people are related?reported/told dead %// are missing/lacking/away and more than ##= === need catastrophe/emergency aid in 4haanxi province! Up to ' === villagers are preparing to evacuate their northern 2apua New :uinea island after a volcano burst /broke out/erupted raining acidic ash on their homes! 8irefighters and other disaster/emergency/catastrophe workers were placed on high mayday/alert/readiness! The worst storms in #== -ears hit/beat/attacked Chile this week killing ## and leaving thousands homeless! ) scope/scale?magnitudeUi $uake can damage homes if it occurs close to the earthFs surface! ) wind;whipped wildfire prompted authorities to order the evacuation/rescuing/removal of up to *= === people .onda- from their homes along the southwestern edge of the Denver metropolitan area!

1.*. $ranslate into Russian?6elarusian payin% special attention to the italicized e.pressions. #! %! '! *! ,! /! <! 4outhern )fricas food crisis grew worse! Donors delivered emergency rations to %!/m people in .alawi @ambia and @imbabwe and estimated that %=m could need help b- the end of the -ear! 8rida-Fs earth$uake struck 7ust before noon and was focused about '= miles underground about ,= miles north of Tok-o! The area has seen a week of torrential rain and in the worst affected area B south of the cit- of ian B close to half a metre of rain fell in two da-s in what is normall- an arid part of China! The flooding in 4haanxi alone has washed out h| bridges '= kilometres of highwa-s and railwa- lines and has wrecked ~o hydropower stations said a spokeswoman for the 4haanxi provincial flood control centre! China has been plagued by flooding for centuries but ma7or floods are becoming more and more fre0uent B one reason is environmental destruction! ) wildfire in the Rock- .ountains now covers #== === acres and has led to several communities being evacuated! Nearl- I%= firefighters are working in shifts tackling the ~}Umile bla_e in ColoradoFs foothills!

C! I!

In Calcutta a wall collapsed in a storm killing two people and injuring hi others! * strong earth$uake has jolted Tok-o! There are no reports of serious damage in the Aapanese capital!

1.,. $ranslate into Russian?6elarusian usin% the vocabulary fro! the previous e.ercises. #! %! '! *! ,! /! z]U]WeTR [Mk\W\R QMML_T]O aOM MdZT ^]Z_\ZT Q]iaTQ Qa\OT]OQR [NM[TYl]i L]S Y]QO\! v[TQTO]kPZb] \ [M^TNZb] Qkf^Lb [N\Y]d]Zb Y [MYbl]ZZfj VMOMYZMQOP! zT oOMi Z]d]k] Y x\k\ [NMlk\ Q\kPZ]il\] ST [MQk]dZ\] #== k]O lOMNUT Y N]SfkPOTO] eMOMNbm Md\ZZTdWTOP a]kMY]e [MV\Lk\ \ ObQRa\ MQOTk\QP L]S eNMYT! QOMk\W] [MZ\\ pMe\M [NM\SMlkM Q\kPZM] S]Uk]ONRQ]Z\]! }ZsMNUTW\\ M NTSNfl]Z\Rm [MeT Z] [MQOf[TkM! ]Uk]ONRQ]Z\] Q\kMi Y [ROP LTkkMY UM^]O YbSYTOP Q]NP]SZb] NTSNfl]Z\R Y OMU QkfaT] ]Qk\ MZM [NM\QmMd\O Lk\SeM e [MY]NmZMQO\! ]QZb] [M^TNb QOTk\ [N\a\ZMi [N\eTST ML oYTefTW\\ \S [N\VMNMdMY ]ZY]NT *= ObQRa a]kMY]e B QMML_T]O )ssociated 2ress!

1.0. Read the four te.ts to follow and identify the natural disasters discussed. <rite out the words and phrases that helped you identify the pheno!ena.

ambia declares national food emergency

@ambia is declaring its food crisis a national disaster and is appealing for urgent international aid to help the four million people threatened with starvation! 2oor rainfall has decimated the harvest and threatens to dr- up village wells and dams! This follows a '/= === ton grain deficit from last -ear that was also blamed on bad weather! @ambiaFs hunger crisis stems from a that is affecting mansouthern )frican farmers this -ear! In .alawi @imbabwe $esotho and 4wa+iland about #= million people are on the brink of starvation two UN food agencies confirm!
)nanova '=th .a- %==%

Four oustrian sciers missing after in French olps

8our skiers are missing after an in the 8rench )lps! )t least two of the people missing after the snow fall near Chamonix are believed to be )ustrian!

)uthorities fear the skiers have been buried under blocks of ice! The four were believed to be wearing beacons devices that emit signals to help rescuers pinpoint a buried skierFs location! ) fifth person who was with the group was found b- rescuers shortl- after the and was flown b- helicopter to a hospital in Chamonix with serious in7uries! GThere is an enormous amount of wind and the sk- is overcast G said Captain 9laise )grets- commander of the 6igh .ountain 40uad in the eastern 8rench resort cit- Chamonix!
)nanova %=th )pril %==%

Taiwan death toll reaches four

The number of people killed b- the in Taiwan has risen to four! .ore than %== people have been in7ured! The people were killed when two cranes fell from the /=th floor of a building under construction in Taipei police sa-! 4tate radio sa-s a crane operator and three other building workers have been killed! )bout #= others have been hurt b- steel rods and other ob7ects that rained down from the building site!
)nanova '#st .arch %==%

:;{;;; #"acuated by _en"er

) wind;whipped prompted authorities to order the evacuation of up to *= === people .onda- from their homes along the southwestern edge of the Denver metropolitan area! The /# ===;acre roared to within #= miles of residential neighborhoods! fighters were pulled off the lines because it was too dangerous and a mandator- evacuation was ordered from homes near Roxborough 4tate 2ark the U!4! 8orest 4ervice said! The was started b- an illegal camp 4aturda- in 2ike National 8orest ,, miles southwest of Denver!
)2 #=th Aune #= %==%

1.3. $ranslate into 'n%lish usin% the followin% words and word co!binations. to collapse to burst banks to rescue from the rubble emergency shelter to rip off to be left homeless in living memory to be reported dead gale warnings official death toll rescue work to declare imposen a curfew epicenter # ! v[TQTO]kPZTR LN\VTdT NTLMOTj_TR Y o[\W]ZON] S]Uk]ONRQ]Z\R YbOT_\kT \S;[Md MLkMUeMY *=;k]OZ]VM Uf^a\Zf! %! uM Ms\W\TkPZbU dTZZbU a\QkM [MV\Ll\m QMQOTYkR]O LMk]] % ObQRa a]kMY]e!

'! *! ,! /! <! C! I! #=! ##!

#%!

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1.4. $ranslate the followin% news briefs payin% attention to the italicized parts.

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1.15. $ranslate the followin% news briefs payin% attention to the italicized parts.

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2. Focus on $e.ts
2.1. Read the followin% article and co!plete the e.ercises that follow.

www confirmed dead in $exico floods

T&@IUT$)N .exico B It did not even have a name the storm responsible for what the president called .exicos worst disaster of the decade! Its winds never reached the tropical;storm speed that would have earned it more than a number! 9ut Tropical Depression No! ## was deadlier than an- hurricane in the region this -ear! 4o far officials have confirmed ''' deaths! 9ut b- all accounts the true number of dead is higher! Unofficial counts b- local newspapers B based on unconfirmed accounts from local officials and witnesses B ran as high as /==! The full scale of the disaster is onl- slowl- becoming apparent! ) series of weather fronts capped b- the tropical depression in the :ulf of .exico dumped heav- rain on much of eastern southern and central .exico for a week or more! In much of the region it continues to rain! 3ashed;out bridges and roads isolated hundreds of communities! $andslides destro-ed or damaged houses in do+ens of towns and villages! 2eople were carried awa- b- floodwaters! &ven large cities such as the Tabasco state capital of (illahermosa were so gravel- flooded that streets became canals for boats ferr-ing furniture from inundated houses! In Tenango #== miles northeast of .exico Cit- a foot;wide crack appeared in the face of a turn;of;the;centur- U!4!;built dam which towers <= feet above the town!

)uthorities evacuated ' === residents and brought in a fleet of dump trucks to pile gravel and rock mixed with lime in front of the dam! The- worked into the night 4unda-! 1The engineers thought it was going to break 5 said evacuee Aose $uis :on+ale+ *=! In Te+iutlan where the largest number of deaths have been recorded rain fell for /= hours without a break B '= inches in all three;0uarters of what New ork gets in an entire -ear! The rain forced closure of schools and most of the *C= clothing factories that make blue 7eans and other goods for U!4! export! 4o the residents of $a )urora a poor neighborhood built under a cliffside cemeter- were huddled at home rather than at work or school when the mudslide rolled over their houses! The rain had been pounding for three da-s when Dario 2adilla left his house and made the sodden trek to a shop to bu- tortillas! 6e was on his wa- back with about #== -ards to go when he saw the hillside above his neighborhood collapse in an avalanche of mud! 3ithin seconds his house the houses of two relatives and about %, other neighbors homes were buried! 6is wife his stepchildren and several grandchildren were among those killed! 1It took all m- famil- in one blow 5 said the ,,;-ear;old retired postal worker his voice breaking as he watched ambulances carr- victims to the morgue and a series of funeral processions trudge into the cemeter- next door! 1I went in but I sank in the mud! 4ome neighbors pulled me out 5 he said! 9- 4unda- morning rescue workers had pulled the corpses of #, people from the ruins of 2adillaFs house and his relativesF two homes! The victims included his wife five of his stepchildren and several grandchildren and in;laws! &ver- member of his household was apparentl- killed! On 4unda- hundreds of soldiers policemen firefighters and bod-;detecting dogs were still slopping through mud made even more sodden b- more heav- rain! The- scraped mud awa- from toppled concrete walls then attacked the walls with clanging picks and sledgehammers until the sick;sweet smell of deca-ing flesh told them the- were close to -et another victim! )t the towns cathedral the regional bishop .onsignor $oren+o Cardenas )regullin led a .ass for the victims of the disaster and read a message of condolence from 2ope Aohn 2aul II! 13h- does :od conserve our lives5 the bishop asked! 14o we can be human! 4o we can help Xthe victimsJ however we can!5 Outside the cathedral residents complained that government help had been late in coming! 3hen neighbors were pulling bodies from the muck on Tuesda- thesaid radio stations were reporting that there were no apparent problems in the region! The militar- which is leading the rescue effort didnt arrive until Thursdaafternoon! .an- have urged 2resident &rnesto @edillo to call for foreign aid but @edillo has said" 1The .exicans can do it alone!5

6e toured the stricken areas 8rida- and 4aturda- and pledged to send more civilian and militar- personnel to help the victims throughout states along the :ulf of .exico! 13e wont fail -ou 5 he promised 4aturda- night!
3ashington 2ost! #III! %= Aune!

2.2. (u%%est the Russian?6elarusian e)uivalents. officials have confirmed ''' deathsK unofficial counts b- local newspapers cDh ran as high as /==K a series of weather fronts cDh dumped heav- rainK washed;out bridges and roadsK the rain forced closure of schoolsK mudslideK rescue workersK bod-;detecting dogsK to lead the rescue effortK to call for foreign aidK to tour the stricken area 2.#. Reproduce the situations in which the words and phrases fro! the above e.ercise are used. 2.&. <or in pairs. <rite a su!!ary of the article leavin% out the insi%nificant details 8fro! your point of view9. Co!pare with the su!!ary of your %roup1!ate. <hat are the differences= <hy= 2.*. Read the followin% article and find the 'n%lish e)uivalents to the followin% Russian e.pressions in the te.t. NTZZ\U fONMU?NTZgWTiK QMNYTOP eNbl\?QTNYTWP dTmgK MLNfl\OP YMdf?TLNflbWP YTdfK [NMk\YZb] dM^d\?[NTkg`ZbR dT^d^bK eTe QMML_T]OQR? Re [TY]dTUkR]WWT Q]UP a]kMY]e [MV\LkM?Q]U aTkTY]e STVgZfkTK MQOTYTOPQR L]S eNMYT?STQOTYTWWT L]S [NbOfkef [NbQOTZglaTK eMlUTNZb] [MQk]dQOY\R?eTlUTNZbR ZTQOf[QOYbK \Q[bObYTOP QfdPLf?Yb[NTLTYTWP kQK MLnRY\OP eMU]ZdTZOQe\i aTQ?TLFRYgWP eTU]ZdTZOQefj VTdSgZf In the dark earl- hours of -esterda- morning 6urricane 8lo-d gave a terrif-ing reminder of wh- the- call this corner of the countr- Cape 8ear! The vast wheeling storm B which had grown to the si+e of 9ritain and 8rance combined B had sent 'm )mericans fleeing inland as it stroked the coasts of 8lorida :eorgia and 4outh Carolina! 3hen it finall- came ashore at 4am it was weakening and its winds were dipping below #==mph but it was still potent enough to rip roofs off barns and dump more water on this tip of North Carolina than an- storm in living memor-! 4even people were reported dead -esterda- afternoon mostl- from car accidents in the downpour! Tens of thousands were made homeless! 1It was roaring and raining so hard I couldnFt hear an-thing else 5 said Robert Aames a tobacco farmer in the small settlement of 9oiling 4pring $akes! 6e did not even hear 8lo-d cut his farmhouse in two!

)s he spoke the floodwater was gathering at his feet spluttering out of the drains along the road to Cape 8ear! &arlier in the morning the state governor Aames 6unt declared the flood the worst in North CarolinaFs histor- and warned of the dangers of venturing out in 8lo-ds uncertain aftermath! 8urther north the storm had reached as far as .aine and closed schools and airports in 3ashington and New ork as it drenched the east coast! Aust across the interstate highwa- from Robert Aamess farm seven people who had taken refuge up the steps of the Town Creek church the previous night had managed to escape the waters! 2aula Calkins sat on the front porch -esterda- with her son Aerem- looking helplessl- across the newl- formed lake! 4houting to a 7ournalist on the other side she said the flood had stopped rising at dawn at the moment the water touched the foot of the crucifix hanging on the churchs eastern wall! The Calkins were not willing to tempt fate b- wading through the water which .r! Aames warned was teeming with venomous snakes! ) little further down Route #< a rattlesnake could be seen on the edge of a shallow pond covering the road half s0uashed b- a passing car but still writhing furiousl-! &ver-where along the Carolinas coast the floodwater had driven wildlife into human habitats! esterda- 6urricane 8lo-d gave the old southern cit- a wide berth of about #== miles but it still brought trees crashing down on to roads! The cit-s police declared a curfew from <pm until <am -esterda- morning partl- in an attempt to prevent looting!
3ashington 2ost %* )ugust #III

2.,. Reproduce the article usin% the phrases fro! e.ercise 2.*. 2.0. Read the article and co!plete the e.ercises that follow.

#tnaps plume traced from space

.ount &tna continued to spew molten lava and a giant plume of smoke on Thursda- in one of the most spectacular eruptions of recent -ears! Images from N)4)Fs Terra satellite reveals that the plume now extends hundreds of miles to the south carr-ing ash to North )frica! $ocal villages were also rocked b- earth0uakes caused b- magma shifting below the volcano! ) thousand people have fled their homes and the Italian government has declared a state of emergenc- in the area! $ava has surged down the north and south sides of the mountain and emergencworkers dug channels to divert the northern flow from the town of $inguaglossa! .agma has been thrown up to #,= metres into the air and ash has rained down on Catania 4icil-Fs second largest town!

9ut the two main lava flows produced b- the volcano have begun to slow raising hopes that the worst of the eruption ma- be over! The first eruptions occurred on 4unda- accompanied b- earth0uakes! The strongest tremors were felt in the town of 4anta (enerina southeast of &tna on Tuesda- and measured *!* on the Richter scale! 9- co;incidence a large earth0uake struck the town of 4an :iuliano di 2uglia hundreds of miles awa- in southern Italon Thursda-! &tna is &uropeFs most volatile volcano and is almost constantl- active! The last activit- was felt in Aul- and )ugust %==# and the last ma7or eruption was in #II%! &tna exhibits two kinds of eruptive activit-" explosive eruptions from three summit craters and smaller eruptions from fissures on the mountainFs flanks!
%!#=!%==% New4cientist!com

2.3. (u%%est the 'n%lish e)uivalents to the followin% Russian e.pressions. \SY]NVTOP e\[R_fj kTYf?YbYRNVTWP eg[Rafj kTYfK QOMkL dMUT?Qkf[ dbUfK \SY]N^]Z\]?YbYRN^oZZ]K [][]k?[M[]kK [Me\dTOP dMUT?[TegdTWP dTUbK YYMd\OP aN]SYbaTiZM] [MkM^]Z\]?fY]QWg ZTdSYbaTiZT] QOTZMYglaTK kTYT mkbZfkT YZ\S [M Q]Y]NZMUf QekMZf YfkeTZT?kTYT mkbZfkT [T [T`ZMaZTUf Qmgkf YfkeTZTK OMkae\ X[N\ S]Uk]ONRQ]Z\\J?lOfNleg X[Nb S]Uk]ONTQ]ZZgJK ON]_\Zb Y QekMZ] VMNb?ONolabZb ZT TdmMZ] VTNb 2.4. Insert prepositions and particles where necessary+ then read the te.t and chec your answers. #! %! '! *! ,! $ocal villages were also rocked D earth0uakes caused D magma shifting D the volcano! ) thousand people have fled D their homes and the Italian government has declared a state D emergenc- D the area! .agma has been thrown D D #,= metres into the air and ash has rained D D Catania 4icil-Fs second largest town! The two main lava flows produced D the volcano have begun to slow raising hopes that the worst D the eruption ma- be D! The strongest tremors D measured *!* D the Richter scale!

2.15. :nswer the followin% )uestions. #! %! 3h- is the current eruption referred to as 1one of the most spectacular eruptions of recent -ears5 3h- has the government declared a state of emergenc- 3hat other steps do -ou think the government ma- undertake to control the situation

'!

3hat have -ou learnt about .ount &tna from the text 3hat else can -ou saabout this volcano

#. Focus on Renderin% and $ranslation

#.1. Render the followin% article into 'n%lish.

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}SY]QO\R! #III! #< Q]ZORLNR!

#.2. Render the followin% article into 'n%lish.

l*Hz4' , >1')): ?1-15 N*?1L /*31>6&'{ W .&61,&B >1?)I6)

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}SY]QO\R! %==%! , UTR!

#.#.

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liberty{ freedom to gain libertlibert- of speech libert- of the press civil liberties human liberties political liberties private libertfreedom of expression freedom of choice freedom of worship right human rights universal rights e0ual rights inalienable rights reciprocal rights and obligations basic rights inherent right right to counsel 2,1I15*i2,*I15* MLN]QO\ QYMLMdf?ZTLbWP TONbUTWP QYTLMdf QYMLMdT QkMYT? QYTLMdT QkMYT QYMLMdT []aTO\?QYTLMdT dNfef VNT^dTZQe\] QYMLMdb?VNTUTdSRZQegR QYTLMdb [NTYT a]kMY]eT?[NTYb aTkTY]eT [Mk\O\a]Qe\] QYMLMdb?[TkgObaZbR QYTLMdb Z][N\eMQZMY]ZZMQOP k\aZMi ^\SZ\?Z]dTObeTkPZTQWP TQTLiQOTVT ^bWWR QYMLMdT QTUMYbNT^]Z\R?QYTLMdT QTUTYbNT^oZZR QYMLMdT YbLMNT?QYTLMdT YbLTNf QYMLMdT Y]NM\Q[MY]dTZ\R?QYTLMdT Y]NTYbSZTZZR >-*,1i>-*,* [NTYT a]kMY]eT?[NTYb aTkTY]eT YQ]ML_\] [NTYT?fQ]TVfkPZbR [NTYb NTYZb] [NTYT?NM`ZbR TdZMkPeTYbR [NTYb Z]MOn]Uk]Ub] [NTYT?Z]TdF]UZbR [NTYb YST\UZb] [NTYT \ MLRSTZZMQO\?fST]UZbR [NTYb g TLTYRSeg MQZMYZb] [NTYT?TQZM`ZbR [NTYb Z]MOn]Uk]UM] [NTYMK [N\NM^d]ZZM] [NTYM?Z]TdF]UZT] [NTYTK[NbNMd^TZT] [NTYT [NTYM [MkPSMYTOPQR [MUM_Pj TdYMeTOT?[NTYT eTNbQOTWWT dT[TUMVTi TdYTeTOT

right to 7ur- trial right to maintenance in old age right to rest and leisure right to work right of access to courts right of assemblright to privacfundamental rights to infringe the rights Xto contravene to breach the rightsJ to infringe on the rights to respect a right to restore a right to exercise a right to den- a right to la- down in the Constitution Xusu passiveJ discrimination emplo-ment discrimination gender discrimination racial discrimination reverse discrimination Xpositive discrimination XactionJ

[NTYM ZT NTQQUMON]Z\] d]kT QfdMU [N\QR^Zbm?[NTYT ZT NTSVkRd Q[NTYb QfdMU [NbQR^Zbm [NTYM ZT UTO]N\TkPZM] ML]Q[]a]Z\] Y QOTNMQO\?[NTYT ZT UTOoNbRkPZT] STL]Q[RaoZZ] ` QOTNbU fSNMQW] [NTYM ZT MOdbm?[NTYT ZT Td[TabZTe [NTYM ZT ONfd?[NTYT ZT [NTWf [NTYM MLNT_]Z\R Y Qfd [NTYM dMQOf[T Y Qfd?[NTYT SYRNOTWWT ` QfdK [NTYT dMQOf[f ` Qfd [NTYM QMLNTZ\i?[NTYT QmMdT` [NTYM ZT Z][N\eMQZMY]ZZMQOP aTQOZMi ^\SZ\?[NTYT ZT TQTLgQOT] ^bWW MQZMYZb] [NTYT?TQZM`ZbR [NTYb ZTNflTOP [NTYT?[TNflTWP [NTYb [MQRVTOP ZT [NTYT?STUTmYTWWT NTLgWP STUTm ZT [NTYb fYT^TOP [NTYM?[TYT^TWP [NTYT YMQQOTZTYk\YTOP [NTYM?TdZTYgWP fSZTYgWP [NTYT MQf_]QOYkROP [NTYM?T^bWWR`kRWP NoTkgSTYTWP [NTYT MOeTSbYTOP eMUf;k\LM Y [NTY]?TdUT`kRWP eTUfQPWg ` [NTY] [NM[\QbYTOP X[NTYMJ Y qMZQO\OfW\\?[NT[gQYTWP X[NTYTJ f qTZQObOfWbg 5)2B-)=)'*A)Li5O2B-O=S'*AOL d\QeN\U\ZTW\R [N\ ZTiU] ZT NTLMOf? dbQeNbUgZTWbR [Nb ZTiU] ZT [NTWf d\QeN\U\ZTW\R [M [N\SZTef [MkT? dbQeNbUgZTWbR [T [NbU]W] [Mkf NTQMYTR d\QeN\U\ZTW\R? NTQTYTR dbQeNbUgZTWbR {d\QeN\U\ZTW\R ZTMLMNMO~ d\QeN\U\ZTW\R Uf^a\Z \ L]kbm [N\ [N\]U] ZT NTLMOf Y fa]LZb] STY]d]Z\R \ O! [! XY [MkPSf ^]Z_\Z Z]VNMY [foNOMN\eTZW]YJ? {dbQeNbUgZTWbR ZTTdYTNMO~

to discriminate against to eliminate discrimination based on race and gender

penalties criminal penaltto assess the penaltto impose Xto inflictJ a penaltruling conclusive ruling court ruling court rulings definitive XfinalJ ruling 7udgeFs ruling

dbQeNbUgZTWbR Uf^abZ g L]kbm [Nb [NbZRWWi ZT [NTWf Wg ` ZTYfaTkPZbR fQOTZMYb g V!d! XZT eTNbQWP ^TZabZT` Z]VNT` [foNOTNbeTZWT`J d\QeN\U\Z\NMYTOP [NMO\Y?dbQeNbUgZgNTYTWP Qf[NTWP [MeMZa\OP Q d\QeN\U\ZTW\]i [M NTQMYMUf \ [MkMYMUf [N\SZTeTU?Q[bZgWP YbeTNTZgWP dbQeNbUgZTWbj [T NTQTYbU g [TkTYbU [NbU]OTU '*B*/*')Li>*B*-*''S fVMkMYZM] ZTeTSTZ\]?[TeTNTZZ] ST eNbUgZTkPZfj dS]iZTQWP M[N]d]k\OP U]Nf ZTeTSTZ\R?YbSZTabWP U]Nf [TeTNTZZR ZTSZTa\OP ZTeTSTZ\]?ZTSZTabWP [NbSZTabWP [TeTNTZZ] -&F&')& 245&I'1&i>*23*'1,*{ -*FT''&2451,*& MeMZaTO]kPZM] N]l]Z\] QfdT?eTZaTOeMYT] NTloZZ] QfdT [MQOTZMYk]Z\] QfdT M[N]d]k]Z\] QfdT N]l]Z\] QfdT?[TQOTZMYT QfdT NTloZZ] QfdT Qfd]LZTR [NTeO\eT?QfdMYTR [NTeObeT MeMZaTO]kPZM] N]l]Z\] QfdT? eTZaTOeMYT] NTloZZ] QfdT [MQOTZMYk]Z\] QfdP\?[TQOTZMYT QfddSg

odditional bocabulary
neighbouring rights individual rights right for safe and humane working conditions right to self;determination QU]^Zb] [NTYT?QU]^ZbR [NTYb [NTYT k\aZMQO\?TQTLgQObR [NTYb [NTYM ZT L]SM[TQZb] \ VfUTZZb] fQkMY\R ONfdT?[NTYT ZT LRQ[]aZbR g VfUTZZbR `UMYb [NTWb [NTYM ZT QTUMM[N]d]k]Z\]?[NTYT ZT QTUTYbSZTaoZZ]

right of as-lum defamation libel slander religious libertfreedom of association to be deprived of libertlibert- of conscience libert- of discussion suffer inhuman treatment discriminator- treatment to eliminate discrimination give evidence against themselves to protect the rights of minorit- groups criminal trial of sb to bring sb to 7ustice obstruction of 7ustice to thwart an investigation rule of law to amend the constitution

[NTYM fL]^\_T?[NTYT QmMYglaT d\ssTUTW\R?dbsTUTWbR ek]Y]OT X[\QPU]ZZTRJ?[Tek[X[gQPUMYbJ ek]Y]OT XfQOZTRJ?[Tek[ XYfQZbJ QYMLMdT Y]NM\Q[MY]dTZ\R?QYTLMdT Y]NTYbSZTZZR QYMLMdT MLn]d\Z]Z\i?QYTLMdT SVfNOTYTZZR` Qf[MkTe LbOP k\l]ZZbU QYMLMdb?Z] U]WP [NTYT QYMLMdT QMY]QO\?QYTLMdT QfUk]ZZR QYMLMdT QkMYT?QYTLMdT QkMYT QONTdTOP MO ^]QOMeMVM MLNT_]Z\R?[TefOTYTWP Td ^MNQOeTVT QOT`k]ZZR d\QeN\U\Z\Nfj_]] MLNT_]Z\]?QOT`k]ZZ] ReM] ZTNTd^T] dbQeNbUgZTWbj [MeMZa\OP Q d\QeN\U\ZTW\]i?YbZglabWP YbeTNTZgWP dbQeNbUgZTWbj dTYTOP [MeTSTZ\R [NMO\Y QTUMVM Q]LR?dTYTWP [TeTSTZZg Qf[NTWP QTUMVT QRL] ST_\_TOP [NTYT U]ZPl\ZQOY?TmM`YTWP TLTNTZRWP [NTYb U]ZlTQWR` fVMkMYZM] NTSL\NTO]kPQOYM aP]VM; k\LM d]kT?eNbUiZTkPZb NTSLMN ab]QPWg Q[NTYb [N]dTOP Qfdf?TddTWP [Td Qfd [N][ROQOYMYTZ\] MO[NTYk]Z\j [NTYMQfd\R?[]NTleTd^oZZ] YbeTZTZZj [NTYTQfddSR [N][ROQOYMYTOP NTQQk]dMYTZ\j?[]NTleTd^TWP STUgZTWP NTQQk]dTYTZZj ZMNUT [NTYT STeMZZMQOP?ZMNUT [NTYT STeMZZTQWP YZ]QO\ [M[NTYef X[M[NTYe\J Y eMZQO\OfW\j?fZ]QWg [T[NT`efX[T[NT`egJ ` eTZQObOfWbj

to enter a plea of guilt- Xnot guilt-J to plead guilt- to to plead no contest Xto the chargeJ defendant plaintiff to release political prisoners human;rights activist Xhuman;rights campaignerJ human;rights group Xorgani+ationJ to detain sb Xbriefl- indefinitel-J

YZMQ\OP [NMl]Z\] M [N\SZTZ\\ Y\ZMYZbU XZ]Y\ZMYZbUJ?fZMQgWP [NTloZZ] [N\SZTOP Y\Zf Y a]U;k\LM?[NbSZTWP YgZf ` abUQPWg STRY\OP M Z]^]kTZ\\ MQ[TN\YTOP MLY\Z]Z\]?STRYgWP TL Z]^TdTZZg TQ[NoaYTWP TLYgZTYTaYTZZ] [MdQfd\Ubi?[TdQfdZb \QO]W?gQW]W Yb[fQO\OP ZT QYMLMdf [Mk\O\a]Qe\m STekja]ZZbm?Yb[fQWgWP ZT QYTLMdf [TkgObaZbm SZRYMk]Zbm [NTYMST_\OZ\e?[NTYTTmM`WT [NTYMST_\OZTR MNVTZ\STW\R?TNVTZgSTWbR ReTR TmM`YT] [NTYb STd]N^TOP eMVM;k\LM XZT eMNMOe\i QNMe ZT Z]M[N]d]k]ZZM] YN]URJ?STONbUTWP eTVMQPWg XeTNMOeTOoNUgZMYT dM`VTOoNUgZMYTJ T[]kkRW\MZZbi Qfd?T[]kRWbiZb Qfd [N\QRVT ZT Y]NZMQOP?[NbQRVT ZT Y]NZTQWP [N\QRVTOP ZT Y]NZMQOP?[NbQRVTWP ZT Y]NZTQWP MOU]Z\OP [N\VMYMN ZTeTSTZ\]?TdURZgWP QeTQTYTWP STeMZ [NbVTYMN [TeTNTZZ] fOY]Nd\OP [N\VMYMN ZTeTSTZ\]?STWY]NdSgWP [NbVTYMN [TeTNTZZ] MQ[TN\YTOP [N\VMYMN?TQ[NoaYTWP [NbVTYMN \Q[MkZROP [N\VMYMN?T^bWWR`kRWP [NbVTYMN ^TkMLT T[]kkRW\R?QeTNVT T[]kRWbR MOekMZ\OP T[]kkRW\j?TdmgkgWP T[]kRWbj MLNTO\OPQR Y Ybl]QOMR_\i Qfd?SYRNZfWWT ` Ybloilb Qfd M[NTYdbYTOPXMQYMLM^dTOP MO a]VM;

court of appeals pledge of allegiance to vow fealt- to Xto swear allegiance toJ to overturn a sentence Xto reverse Xto repealJ a sentenceJ to confirm?to uphold a sentence to contest a sentence to carr- out a sentence appeal to re7ect an appeal to appeal to a higher court to ac0uit of Xto clear ofJ

4upreme Court Xhighest courtJ )ttorne- :eneral X)m&J 2rocurator :eneral

k\LMJ?T[NT`dYTWP YbSYTkRWP Td aTVMQPWg ]NmMYZbi Qfd XQfd YbQl]i \ZQOTZW\\J?RNmM`Zb Qfd t]Z]NTkPZbi [NMefNMN?t]Z]NTkPZb [NTefNMN

bisits. Talcs. ogreements

Core bocabulary
agenda to adopt the agenda to include an item in the agenda the sub7ect topping the agenda agreement a draft agreement an interim agreement a long;term agreement to come to Xto reachJ an agreement to annul an agreement conference to attend the conference a forthcoming conference to fix a date for a conference >1,&23B* 5'Li>*,&23B* 5'L fOY]N^dTOP [MY]QOef dZR?STWYRNd^TWP [TY]QOef dZR YekjaTOP YM[NMQ Y [MY]QOef dZR?fekjaTWP [bOTZZ] ` [TY]QOef dZR W]ZONTkPZbi YM[NMQ [MY]QOe\ dZR?WoZONTkPZT] [bOTZZ] [TY]QOeg dZR c1?6*F&')&i>*?*5'&''&{ 5*=1U6&'*2A@ [NM]eO QMVkTl]Z\R?[NT]eO [TVTdZ]ZZR YN]U]ZZM] X[N]dYTN\O]kPZM]J QMVkTl]Z\]?aTQMYT] X[T[RNodZR]J [TVTdZ]ZZ] dMkVMQNMaZM] QMVkTl]Z\]?dM`VTOoNUgZMYT] [TVTdZ]ZZ] [N\iO\ e QMVkTl]Z\j?dTUMYgWWT TZZfk\NMYTOP QMVkTl]Z\]?TZfkgNTYTWP [TVTdZ]ZZ] dTUM`k]ZTQWP B1'z&-&'A)LiB*'z&-T'AOL [N\ZROP faTQO\] Y NTLMO] eMZs]N]ZW\\?[NbZRWP fdS]k f eTZs]NoZWbg [N]dQOMR_TR eMZs]N]ZW\R?eTZs]NoZWbR ReTR UT] TdLbWWT ZTSZTa\OP QNMe

eMZs]N]ZW\\?YbSZTabWP dTOf eTZs]NoZWbg to hold a conference [NMY]QO\ eMZs]N]ZW\j?[NTY]QWg eTZs]NoZWbj to preside at a conference [N]dQ]dTO]kPQOYMYTOP ZT eMZs]N]ZW\\?LbWP QOTNlbZi ZT eTZs]NoZWbg a summit conference eMZs]N]ZW\R ZT YbQl]U fNMYZ]?eTZs]NoZWbR ZT YbloilbU fSNM`Zg to summon Xcall conveneJ a conference QMSYTOP eMZs]N]ZW\j?QekgeTWP eTZs]NoZWbj to torpedo a conference QMNYTOP eMZs]N]ZW\j?QTNYTWP eTZs]NoZWbj confidence 51,&-)&i5*,&to build confidence feN][kROP dMY]N\]?fUTWM`YTWP dTY]N confidence building measures U]Nb [M feN][k]Z\j dMY]N\R?U]Nb STmTdb [T `UTWTYTZZg dTY]Nf conflict B1'z6)B3iB*'z6SB3 to avert a conflict [N]dMOYNTO\OP eMZsk\eO?[NTdfmgkgWP eTZskgeO commitment 1IL/*3&6@23,*i*I*,L/BS to undertake XassumeJ YSROP ZT Q]LR MLRSTO]kPQOYT?fSRWP ZT commitments?obligations QRL] TLTYRSeg to meet XfulfilJ commitments Yb[MkZROP MLRSTO]kPQOYT?YbeMZYTWP XobligationsJ TLTYRSeg to renounce commitments XobligationsJ MOeTSbYTOPQR MO MLRSTO]kPQOY? TdUMYgWWT Td TLTYRSeT` to abide b- commitments [N\d]N^\YTOPQR MLRSTO]kPQOY?[NbONbUkgYTWWT TLTYRSeT` cooperation 213-45').&23,1i24>-*A1U'SA3,* all round cooperation YQ]QOMNMZZ]] QMONfdZ\a]QOYM?fQ]LTeMYT] Qf[NTWM`ZgWOYT bilateral cooperation dYfQOMNMZZ]] QMONfdZ\a]QOYM?dYfmLTeMYT] Qf[NTWM`ZgWOYT businesslike cooperation d]kMYM] QMONfdZ\a]QOYM?dS]kTYM] Qf[NTWM`ZgWOYT mutuall- beneficial XadvantageousJ YST\UMYbVMdZM] cooperation QMONfdZ\a]QOYM?fST]UTYbVTdZT] Qf[NTWM`ZgWOYT

to establish cooperation

ZTkTd\OP QMONfdZ\a]QOYM?ZTkTdSgWP Qf[NTWM`ZgWOYT counterpart 6)A1{ /*')=*f(&& *'*61?).'1& >161[&')&{ >123i*21I*{ LB*L /*H=*& *'*6*?S.'4f >*2*54 delegation 5&6&?*A)Li5T6&?*AOL to head XleadJ a delegation YMSVkTYkROP d]k]VTW\j?fSZTaTkPYTWP dok]VTWbj to receive a delegation [N\Z\UTOP d]k]VTW\j?[NbUTWP dok]VTWbj guest ?123@i?12A@ a distinguished guest YbQMe\i VMQOP?YbQMeg VMQWP in honour of the distinguished guest Y a]QOP YbQMeMVM VMQOR?f VMZTN YbQMeTVT VMQWR the distinguished guest his partYbQMe\i VMQOP \ QM[NMYM^dTj_\] ]VM k\WT?YbQMeg VMQWP g Qf[NTYTd^TjabR RVM TQMLb hurdle >-&>L323,)&i>&-*FB15* to clear the hurdles to the agreement fQONTZ\OP [N][ROQOY\R ZT [fO\ e QMVkTl]Z\j?fQOTNTZgWP []NTleMdb dkR dTUM`k]ZTQW]i interest )'3&-&2iS'3*-T2 mutual interest YST\UZbi \ZO]N]Q? fST]UZb gZOTNoQ to present a mutual interest [N]dQOTYkROP YST\UZbi \ZO]N]Q?[NTdQOT`kRWP fST]UZb gZOTNoQ to meet the interests MOY]aTOP \ZO]N]QTU?TdeTSYTWP gZOTNoQTU in"itation >-)?6*F&')&i/*>-*FT''& at XonJ the invitation of [M [N\VkTl]Z\j?[T ST[NTloZZg to accept an invitation [N\ZROP [N\VkTl]Z\]?[NbZRWP ST[NTloZZ] to conve- an invitation on behalf of []N]dTOP [N\VkTl]Z\] MO \U]Z\ smb! eMVM;k\LM?[]NTdTWP ST[NTloZZ] Td gUR eTVMQPWg issue >-1I6&=*i>-*I6&=* parties at issue Q[MNR_\] QOMNMZb?LTeg lOM Q[NTaTjWWT Z] UMVfWP dTUMYgWWT topical issue TeOfTkPZTR [NMLk]UT?TeOfTkPZTR [NTLk]UT to be at issue LbOP [N]dU]OMU Q[MNT?LbWP [NTdU]OU Q[NoaTe to resolve an issue N]l\OP [NMLk]Uf?YbNTlbWP

negotiations negotiations collapsed negotiations were deadlocked negotiations reached stalemate relation bilateral relations good;neighbourl- relations to establish diplomatic relations to sever diplomatic relations to sour XdogJ relations to strengthen relations XtiesJ resolution a draft resolution a 7oint resolution to amend a resolution to move a resolution to pass a resolution talcs multilateral talks summit Xtop;levelJ talks

[NTLk]Uf [bOTZZ] >&-&?1,1-Oi>&-*=1,O{ >&-*?*,1-O []N]VMYMNb [NMYTk\k\QP?[]NTUMYb [NTYTkgkgQR []N]VMYMNb STlk\ Y Of[\e?[]NTUMYb STilkg ` Of[ge []N]VMYMNb STlk\ Y Of[\e?[]NTUMYb STilkg ` Of[ge 13'1F&')&{ 2,L/@i *5'12S'O{/'12S'O{ 24,L/@{ 5*.O'&''S dYfQOMNMZZ\] MOZMl]Z\R?dYfmLTeMYbR TdZMQgZb dMLNMQMQ]dQe\] MOZMl]Z\R?dMLNTQfQ]dQegR TdZMQgZb fQOTZMY\OP d\[kMUTO\a]Qe\] MOZMl]Z\R?fQOTZTYgWP db[kTUTObaZbR TdZMQgZb [MNYTOP d\[kMUTO\a]Qe\] MOZMl]Z\R?NTSTNYTWP Q[bZgWP db[kTUTObaZbR TdZMQgZb MLMQON\OP X\Q[MNO\OPJ MOZMl]Z\R?TLYTQONbWP XQT[QTYTWPJ TdZMQgZb feN][\OP MOZMl]Z\R XQYRS\J?fUTWTYTWP eTNTZgWP TdZMQgZb QfYRSg -&/16fA)Li-T/*6fAOL [NM]eO N]SMkjW\\?[NT]eO NoSTkjWbg QMYU]QOZTR N]SMkjW\R?QfU]QZTR NoSTkjWbR YZMQ\OP [M[NTYe\ Y N]SMkjW\j?fZMQgWP [T[NT`eg ` NoSTkjWbj YbdY\ZfOP N]SMkjW\j?[NT[TZTYTWP NoSTkjWbj [N\ZROP N]SMkjW\j?[NbZRWP NoSTkjWbj >&-&?1,1-Oi>&-*=1,O{>&-*?*,1-O UZMVMQOMNMZZ\] []N]VMYMNb?lUTOLTeMYbR []NTUMYb []N]VMYMNb ZT YbQl]U fNMYZ]?[]NTUMYb ZT YbloilbU

to hold XconductJ talks the talks went off D to dela- talks to suspend talks to upgrade talks talks are scheduled to start D talks collapsed Xbroke downJ to torpedo talks breakthrough in the talks treaty to conclude a treatto observe a treatto ratif- a treatto renounce a treatto violate a treatprovisions of the treatdraft treatstance to take a tough?aggressive stance sanctions to impose sanctions to lift sanctions "isit a brief visit

fSNM`Zg [NMYMd\OP []N]VMYMNb?[NTYTdSgWP []NTUMYb []N]VMYMNb [NMlk\ !!!?[]NTUMYb [NTilkgD MOkM^\OP []N]VMYMNb?TdekTQWg []NTUMYb [N\MQOTZMY\OP []N]VMYMNb?Q[bZgWP []NTUMYb ZT Z]eTOMNb aTQ [MdZROP []N]VMYMNb ZT LMk]] YbQMe\i fNMY]ZP?[TdZRWP []NTUMYb ZT LMkPl YbQMeg `SNMY]ZP []N]VMYMNb ZTU]a]Zb ZTD?[]NTUMYb UTjWP TdLbWWT `D []N]VMYMNb [NMYTk\k\QP?[]NTUMYb [NTYTkgkgQR QMNYTOP []N]VMYMNb?QTNYTWP []NTUMYb [NMNbY Y []N]VMYMNTm?[NTNb` f []NTUMYTm 51?1,1-i5*?*,1-{ 5*=1U6&'*2A@ STekja\OP dMVMYMN?STekjabWP dTVTYMN QMLkjdTOP dMVMYMN?QTLkjdTWP dTVTYMN NTO\s\W\NMYTOP dMVMYMN?NTObsgeTYTWP dTVTYMN MOeTSTOPQR MO dMVMYMNT?TdeTSTWWT Td dTVTYMNT ZTNfl\OP dMVMYMN?[TNflbWP dTVTYMN [MkM^]Z\R dMVMYMNT?[TkT^oZZg dTVTYMNT [NM]eO dMVMYMNT?[NT]eO dTVTYMNT >1/)A)Li>*/SAOL STZROP ^]QOefj TVN]QQ\YZfj [MS\W\j?STZRWP ^MNQOefj TVNoQg`Zfj [TSgWbj 2*'BA))i2*'BAOS YY]QO\ QTZeW\\?fY]QWg QTZeWbg QZROP QTZeW\\?SZRWP QTZeWbg ,)/)3i,S/S3 eNTOeMQNMaZbi Y\S\O?eTNMOeTOoNUgZMYb YgSgO

a goodwill visit a return visit a working visit to arrive on a visit

Y\S\O dMLNMi YMk\? YgSgO dMLNTi YMkg MOY]OZbi Y\S\O? YgSgO f TdeTS NTLMa\i Y\S\O?NTLMab YgSgO [N\LbOP Q Y\S\OMU?[NbLbWP S YgSgOTU

odditional bocabulary
anthem national anthem V\UZ?VgUZ VMQfdTNQOY]ZZbi V\UZ?dSRN^T`Zb VgUZ to pla- the national anthem \Q[MkZROP VMQfdTNQOY]ZZbi V\UZ?YbeMZYTWP dSRN^T`Zb VgUZ to accompanQM[NMYM^dTOP?Qf[NTYTd^TWP accompanied XattendedJ b- smb! QM[NMYM^dTOP eMVM;k\LM Y QM[NMYM^d]Z\\ eMVM; k\LM?Qf[NTYTd^TWP eTVMQPWg f Qf[NTYTd^oZZg eTVMQPWg come out for YbQOf[TOP ST?YbQOf[TWP ST come out against YbQOf[TOP [NMO\Y?YbQOf[TWP Qf[NTWP concession fQOf[eT?QTQOf[eT )ll &uropean CMnference on 4ecurit- eMZs]N]ZW\R [M L]SM[TQZMQO\ \ Cooperation QMONfdZ\a]QOYf Y YNM[]?eTZs]NoZWbR [T LRQ[]Wb g Qf[NTWM`ZgWOY] ` `NM[] promote Q[MQMLQOYMYTOP?QTdS]iZgaTWP QObUfkgNTYTWP 4trategic )rms $imitation Treat- MVMYMN M QMeNT_]Z\\ X4)$TJ QONTO]V\a]Qe\m YMMNf^]Z\i?TVTYMN TL QeTNTaoZZg QONTOoVgaZbm fSLNT]ZZR` stumbling block eTU]ZP [N]OeZMY]Z\R?[]NTleMdT to cancel a visit MOU]Z\OP Y\S\O?TdURZgWP YgSgO to pa- a visit ZTZ]QO\ Y\S\O?ZTZ]QWg YgSgO [Nb]mTWP S YgSgOTU views YSVkRdb?[MVkRdb dfUeg to exchange views! MLU]Z\YTOPQR YSVkRdTU\?TLURZRWWT dfUeTUg to be of the view [N\d]N^\YTOPQR YSVkRdT?[NbONbUkgYTWWT [MVkRdf unanimit- of views ]d\ZQOYM YSVkRdMY?TdSiZQOYT [MVkRdT`

jnternational trganivations
bocabulary
armaments armaments drive?race to regulate armaments assist smb. in smth. assistance financial assistance humanitarian assistance to render assistance attain smth. attainment to attain common ends ceasefire to violate the ceasefire ceasefire agreement charter under the Charter to draw up the UN Charter con"ention on smth. ,11-4[&')& 1-4[)&i4/I-*&''&{ /I-1L VMZeT YMMNf^]Z\i?VMZeT fSLNT]ZZR` MQf_]QOYkROP eMZONMkP ZTd YMMNf^]Z\RU\?T^bWWR`kRWP eTZONMkP ZTd fSLNT]ZZRUg >1=1?*3@{ 215&H23,1,*3@i5*>*=*?*A@{ 2*5/&H'S.*A@ [MUM_P QMd]iQOY\]?dT[TUMVT QTdS]iZgaTZZ] s\ZTZQMYTR [MUM_P?sgZTZQTYTR dT[TUMVT VfUTZ\OTNZTR [MUM_P?VfUTZgOTNZTR dT[TUMVT MeTSbYTOP [MUM_P?TeTSYTWP dT[TUMVf 51I)3@2L{ 5123).@ .&?1+ 6)I1i5*ISAA*{ 5*2L?'4A@ .*?12@AS dMQO\^]Z\]?dTQRVZ]ZZ] dMQO\aP ML_\m W]k]i?dTQRVZfWP TVfkPZbm UoOT` >-&B-*(&')& 1?'Li2>O'&''& *?'f ZTNflTOP dMVMYMN]ZZMQOP M []N]U\N\\?[TNflTWP dTUM`k]ZTQWP TL Q[bZ]ZZg TVZj QMVkTl]Z\] M [N]eNT_]Z\\ MVZR?dTUM`k]ZTQWP TL Q[bZ]ZZg TVZj 423*,{ K*-3)Li23*343{ K*-3OL QMVkTQZM QOTYf Y QMMOY]OQOY\\ Q QOTYMU?SVMdZT QT vOTOfOTU f Td[TY]dZTQWi QT vOTOfOTU QMSdTOP fQOTY yyz?QOYTNbWP QTQOTYgWP QOTOfO z 51?1,1-{ 21?6*F&')&{ B1',&'A)Li5*?*,1-{ 5*=1U6&'*2A@{>*?*5'&''&

to sign a convention decision to reach a decision b- a simple ma7oritXb- pluralit-J to reach a decision b- a two third ma7oritdisarmament to govern disarmament to disarm dispute to settle a dispute to resolve a dispute to investigate a dispute embargo on to put Xto imposeJ an embargo XonJ to lift an embargo to exercise control o"er force a peace;keeping forces UN emergenc- force to use force against smb! to authori+e the establishment of a peace;keeping force headkuarters at the UN head0uarters

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to mediate between mediator mediation to monitor peace+macer peaceceeper to make peace permanent a Xnon;Jpermanent member of the 4ecurit- Council to pre"ent a conflict to promote

to promote respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms promotion of human rights to pro"ide protection to reduce tension sanctions against to appl- sanctions XagainstJ session annual session regular session

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#lections
Core bocabulary
to elect elections The- elected him 2resident to a four -ear term of office 2resident elect to elect unanimouslto elect b- a relative XoverwhelmingJ ma7oritelection re;election general election runoff election )/I)-*3@{ ,OI)-*3@ ,OI1-Oi*I-*A@ ,OI*-O VM \SLNTk\ [N]S\d]ZOMU QNMeMU ZT a]ObN] VMdT?VM TLNTkg [NoSgdoZOTU OoNUgZTU ZT aTObNb VTdb \SLNTZZbi [N]S\d]ZO XYQOf[Tj_\i Y dMk^ZMQOPJ?TLNTZb [NoSgdoZO XReg STQOf[T] ZT [TQTdfJ \SL\NTOP ]d\ZMVkTQZM?TLNTWP TdSgZTVTkMQZT \SL\NTOP MOZMQ\O]kPZbU X[MdTYkRj_\UJ LMkPl\ZQOYMU VMkMQMY? YbLgNTWP TdZMQZTi eMkPeTQWj XLMkPlTQWjJ VTkTQM` YbLMNb?YbLTNb [MYOMNZb] YbLMNb?[T`OMNZbR YbLTNb YQ]ML_\] YbLMNb?fQ]TVfkPZbR YbLTNb [MQk]dZ\i OfN YbLMNMY Q faTQO\]U dYfm Y]df_\m eTZd\dTOMY?T[MlZg OfN YbLTNT` f RegU LRNfWP fdS]k dYT YRdfabR eTZdbdTOb [MdVMOMYeT e YbLMNTU?[TdNbmOM`eT dT YbLTNT` [NMYMd\OP YbLMNb?[NTYMdSgWP YbLTNb UMl]ZZ\aTOP ZT YbLMNTm?UTmkRNZgaTWP ZT YbLTNTm [ML]d\OP eMVM;k\LM ZT YbLMNTm?[]NTUTVab eTVM;Z]LfdSP ZT YbLTNTm \SL\NTO]kPZTR eTU[TZ\R?YbLTNaTR eTU[TZgR [TNkTU]ZOQe\] X[N]S\d]ZOQe\]J YbLMNb?[TNkTU]ZOQegR X[NoSgdoZOQegRJ YbLTNb ZTLkjdTO]kP ZT YbLMNTm?ZTSgNTkPZge ZT YbLTNTm

run;up to the election to hold an election to rig an election to beat smb! in an election election XelectoralJ campaign parliamentar- XpresidentialJ election election observer XmonitorJ

election official

ak]Z \SL\NTO]kPZMi eMU\QQ\\?ak]Z YbLTNaTi eTUgQgg electoral code \SL\NTO]kPZbi eMd]eQ?YbLTNab eMdoeQ electoral district \SL\NTO]kPZbi MeNfV?YbLTNaTR TeNfVT to "ote "ote ?16121,*3@ ?1612{ ,134={ )/I)-*3&6@'1& >-*,1i?*6*2*,*A@?16*2{ ,134={ ,OI*-.*& >-*,* to vote for XproJ ? against XconJ a VMkMQMYTOP XST [NMO\YJ candidate eTZd\dTOT?VTkTQTYTWP XST Qf[NTWPJ eTZdbdTOT to vote Democrat X4ocialist RepublicanJ VMkMQMYTOP ST d]UMeNTOMY XQMW\Tk\QOMY N]Q[fLk\eTZW]YJ?VTkTQTYTWP ST doUTeNTOT` XQTWbRkgQOT` NoQ[fLkgeTZWT`J to be eligible to vote \U]OP [NTYM VMkMQMYTOP?U]WP [NTYT VTkTQTYTWP vote?act of voting VMkMQMYTZ\]?VTkTQTYTZZ] vote b- ballot OTiZM] VMkMQMYTZ\]?OTiZT] VTkTQTYTZZ] vote b- a show of hands VMkMQMYTZ\] [MdZRO\]U Nfe?VTkTQTYTZZ] [TdZRWW]U Nfe vote for a list of candidates VMkMQMYTZ\] Q[\QeMU?VTkTQTYTZZ] Q[gQTU to be selected b- popular vote LbOP \SLNTZZbU [fO]U YQ]ZTNMdZMVM VMkMQMYTZ\R?LbWP TLNTZbU lkRmTU fQ]ZTNMdZTVT VTkTQTYTZZR an affirmative XnegativeJ vote VMkMQ ST X[NMO\YJ?VMkTQ ST XQf[NTWPJ casting vote N]lTj_\i VMkMQ? NTlTjab VMkTQ to get ? win D> of vote [Mkfa\OP D > VMkMQMY? TONbUTWP D > VTkTQM` a vote of confidence Xnon;confidenceJ YMOfU dMY]N\R X Z]dMY]N\RJ?YMOfU dTY]Nf XZ]dTY]NfJ to receive a vote of confidence [Mkfa\OP YMOfU dMY]N\R?TONbUTWP YMOfU dTY]Nf to pass a vote of non;confidence YbNTS\OP YMOfU Z]dMY]N\R?YbNTSgWP YMOfU Z]dTY]Nf to run I*6613)-1,*3@2LiI*6*AS-*,*AA* to run for parliament LTkkMO\NMYTOPQR Y [TNkTU]ZO?LTkTWgNTYTWWT `

to run for a seat in the parliament in the lower XupperJ chamber to run for presidencto run for election XreelectionJ ballot

ballot paper Xvoting paper slipJ on the ballot to cast ballots to count ballots balloting the first XsecondJ round of balloting ballotbox candidate candidate for the presidenccandidate for parliament polls to go to the polls at the polls to poll The candidate polled D votes a light Xheav-J poll

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polling dapolling office polling booth polling official nomination

to seek the Republican XDemocraticJ nomination

contested nomination nominee list XpanelJ of nominees to support Xto secondJ a nominee to withdraw ones candidature constituency single member constituencrepresentation a proportional representation s-stem suffrage fundraising incumbent seat

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odditional bocabulary
primar- election election procedures electorate to vote down to vote through floating voter to run campaign for a public office to get a ballot candidate for political office a safe seat []NY\aZb] [N]dYTN\O]kPZb] YbLMNb? [T[RNodZgR YbLTNb YbLMNb X[NMW]dfNTJ?YbLTNb X[NTWodfNTJ \SL\NTO]k\?YbLTNlabeg VMkMQMYTOP [NMO\Y XSTeMZT \ [N!J?VTkTQTYTWP Qf[NTWP XSTeMZf g V!d!J VMkMQMYTOP ST [N\ZRO\] STeMZT?VTkTQTYTWP ST [NbZRWW] STeMZf eMk]Lkj_\iQR \SL\NTO]kP?YbLTNlabe Reg mgQOT]WWT YTVT]WWT LTkkMO\NMYTOPQR ZT VMQfdTNQOY]ZZfj dMk^ZMQOP?LTkTWgNTYTWWT ZT dSRN^T`Zfj [TQTdf [Mkfa\OP \SL\NTO]kPZbi Ljkk]O]ZP?TONbUTWP YbLTNab Ljk]OoZP eTZd\dTO ZT [Mk\O\a]Qefj dMk^ZMQOP?eTZdbdTO ZT [TkgObaZfj [TQTdf ZTd]^Zbi \SL\NTO]kPZbi MeNfVK ML]Q[]a]ZZM] U]QOM XY YbLMNZMU MNVTZ]J dkR eTZd\dTOT dTZZMi [TNO\\? ZTdS]iZTR YbLTNaTR TeNfVTK STLRQ[]aTZT] U]QWT X f YbLTNabU MNVTZ]J dkR eTZdbdTOT [TNObg Z]dMQOTOMaZM] [N]dQOTY\O]kPQOYM?Z]dTQOTOeMYT] [NTdQOT`ZgWOYT YQ]ML_]] \SL\NTO]kPZM] [NTYM?fQ]TVfkPZT] YbLTNaT] [NTYT [N]dYbLMNZM] [TNO\iZM] QMY]_TZ\]?[]NTdYbLTNaTR [TNObiZTR ZTNTdT \U[\aU]ZO?gU[gaU]ZO dMk^ZMQOP U]QOM [MQO?U]QWT [TQTdT STZ\UTOP dMk^ZMQOP?STiUTWP [TQTdf

underrepresentation universal suffrage caucus impeachment office to be in office to hold office

to give up XrenounceJ the office of to resign from office to offer ones resignation to accept smbs resignation to commence the duties of to take over the duties of

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Trade helations
Core bocabulary
assets *B3),O I*6*'2* )=4(&23,1{ 51231L')&{ 2-&523,* *B3),O B*>)3*6 z1'5Oi*B3O,O I*6*'24=*m=*2A@{ '*IO3*B{ 2-15BS*B3O,OB*>S3*6z1'5O MQZMYZMi eT[\OTk Z]dY\^\UM] \Uf_]QOYM?TQZM`Zb eT[gOTk UTUTQWP If5[&3iIf5[T3 [N]Ybl]Z\] dMmMdMY ZTd NTQmMdTU\ Y Ljd^]O] Ljd^]OZbi \SLbOMe?[]NTYbloZZ] dTmMdT` ZTd NTQmMdTUg ` Ljd^oW] Ljd^oOZb kglTe fN]SbYTZ\] NTQmMdZbm QOTO]i Ljd^]OT?fNoSYTZZ] NTQmMdZbm TNObefkT` Ljd^oOf \Q[MkZ]Z\] Ljd^]OT?YbeTZTZZ] Ljd^oOf [NM]eO Ljd^]OT?[NT]eO Ljd^oOf MdMLN\OP Ljd^]OK fOY]Nd\OP Ljd^]O?TdMLNbWP STWY]NdSgWP Ljd^oO

fixed assets budget budget Xbudgetar-J surplus

budget curtailment Xbudget cutsJ budget implementation draft budget to approve XpassJ the budget

to bring in the budget to draw up the budget credit credit line lax credit debt indebtedness repa-ment of debts to default on a debt to recover a debt to restructure the debt to settle a debt to write off bad debts economy advanced economcontrolled economfast;growing econommarket economincome annual income per capita income loan bank loan

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long term loan mortgage loan?credit short term loan marcet anti;competitive marketing practices compan-s market power stock market money to issue moneprofit after;tax profit net profit pretax profit taxable profit shares block of shares tariff impose punitive tariffs tariff union to remove tariffs tax tax free

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liable to a tax to collect XraiseJ taxes income tax value;added tax tax return tax declaration tax evader

tax evasion tax revenues miscellaneous bond -ields hike

pa- hike hit list insider stock trading

interest rate 7oint venture loss to suffer incur losses

MLkTVT]Ubi ZTkMVMU? Reg TLekTdT]WWT [TdTOeTU QML\NTOP ZTkMV\?SLgNTWP [TdTOeg [MdMmMdZbi ZTkMV?[TdTmMdZb [TdTOTe ZTkMV ZT dMLTYk]ZZfj QOM\UMQOP?[TdTOTe ZT dTdTOeMYfj YTNOTQWP ZTkMVMYTR d]ekTNTW\R?[TdTOeMYTR doekTNTWbR k\WM Xs\S\a]QeM] \k\ jN\d\a]QeM]J Z]STeMZZM fekMZRj_]]QR MO f[kTOb ZTkMVMY?TQMLT XsgSgaZTR Wg jNbdbaZTRJ ReTR Z]STeMZZT fmgkR]WWT Td Yb[kTOb [TdTOeT` fekMZ]Z\] MO f[kTOb ZTkMVMY?fmik]ZZ] Td Yb[kTOb [TdTOeT` ZTkMVMYb] [MQOf[k]Z\R?[TdTOeMYbR [TQOf[k]ZZg -*/'1&i-1/'*& [NMW]ZOZbi dMmMd [M MLk\VTW\RU?[NTWoZOZb dTmMd [T TLkgVTWbRm N]Se\i [Mdn]U [MYblTO]kPZM] dY\^]Z\] XZT[N! W]ZJK N]SeM [MYblTOP?NoSeg [TdFU Nfm fY]Nm XZT[N!WoZJK NoSeT [TYblTWP fY]k\a]Z\] Yb[kTO?[TY]kgaoZZ] Yb[kTO Q[\QMe OMYTNMY [Md[TdTj_\m [Md d]iQOY\] QTZeW\i?Q[gQ OTYTNT` RegR [Td[TdTjWP [Td dS]RZZ] QTZeWbi [NMdT^T TeW\i k\WTU\ \ faN]^d]Z\RU\ NTQ[MkTVTj_\U\ eMZs\d]ZW\TkPZMi \ZsMNUTW\]i?[NMdT^ TeWbi TQMLTUg RegR YTkMdTjWP eTZs]doZWbRkPZTi gZsTNUTWbRi [NMW]ZOZTR QOTYeT?[NTWoZOZTR QOT`eT QMYU]QOZM] [N]d[N\RO\]?QfU]QZT] [NTd[Nb]UQOYT fLbOMe O]N[]OP fLbOe\?QONTOT

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output recession slump Xdownturn recession stagnationJ solvent Xant! insolventJ takeover to backtrack on reforms to cut off from financing to devalue the peso to invest in a countrto restore investor confidence to set off a financial crisis trade dispute trade war trading partner turnover unemplo-ment benefit Xsyn! doleJ wage and pension arrears

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The 2aris Club of creditor nations :ross National 2roduct X:N2J :ross Domestic 2roduct X:D2J Organisation of 2etroleum &xporting Countries XO2&CJ International .onetar- 8und XI.8J The Dow Aones Industrial )verage The :roup of 4even :;< The 3orld Trade Organisation X3TOJ &uropean 9ank for Reconstruction and Development X&9RDJ

STN[kTO]?ST[TSbaTZTQWP [T []ZQgRm g STN[kTW] uTN\^Qe\i ekfL eN]d\OMNMY?uTNb^Qeg ekfL eNodbOMNT` YTkMYMi ZTW\MZTkPZbi [NMdfeO XzuJ?YTkTYb ZTWbRZTkPZb [NTdfeO XzuJ YTkMYMi YZfON]ZZ\i [NMdfeO XuJ?YTkTYb `ZfONTZb [NTdfeO XuJ yNVTZ\STW\R QONTZ;oeQ[MNONMY Z]sO\ XyuqJ?NVTZgSTWbR eNTgZ; oeQ[TNWNT` ZTsOb XuqJ ]^dfZTNMdZbi YTkjOZbi sMZd XJ?g^ZTNMdZb YTkjOZb sMZd XJ \Zd]eQ Mf;^MZQT?gZdoeQ M`; ^MZQT tNf[[T Q]U\ XY]df_\m QONTZ T[TdTJ?tNf[T QRUg XYRdfabm eNTgZ TmTdfJ Q]U\NZTR OMNVMYTR MNVTZ\STW\R XpyJ?vfQY]OZTR VTZdkYTR TNVTZgSTWbR XvtJ YNM[]iQe\i LTZe N]eMZQONfeW\\ \ NTSY\O\R?`NT[]iQeg LTZe NoeTZQONfeWbg g NTSYgWWR

odditional bocabulary
cash assets to explore assets sales surplus Xcurrent account surplusJ d]Z]^Zb] TeO\Yb?VNTlMYbR TeObYb \SfaTOP YMSUM^ZMQOP [NMdT^\ TeO\YMY?YbYfaTWP UTVabUTQWP [NMdT^f TeObYT` [MkM^\O]kPZM] QTkPdM [NMs\W\O X[MkM^\O]kPZM] QTkPdM O]ef_]VM LTkTZQTJ?QOTZM`aT] QTkPdT [NTsgWbO XQOTZM`aT] QTkPdT LRVfaTVT LTkTZQfJ MON\WTO]kPZM] QTkPdM XMON\WTO]kPZM] QTkPdM O]ef_]VM LTkTZQTJ?TdUM`ZT] QTkPdT XTdUM`ZT] QTkPdT LRVfaTVT LTkTZQfJ

deficit Xcurrent account deficitJ

econom-;boosting measures to revive the flagging economto drive the world economunsecured loan market share excess profits tax real estate tax competition watchdogs authorities to eliminate remaining duties tax hike to leave interest rates unchanged to cut interest rates output decline

production cuts

to push a bank to the brink of collapse the best economic performer

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to derive revenue to drop ones ob7ections to the deal direct foreign investment to invest on a selective basis to miss macroeconomic targets .anaging Director X.!D!J

[MeTSTO]kRU\?eNTgZT XeTU[TZgRJ S ZTik][lbUg oeTZTUgaZbUg [TeTSabeTUg [MkfaTOP [N\LbkP?TONbUkiYTWP [NbLbOTe [NbmMd QZ\UTOP YMSNT^]Z\R Y Qd]ke]?SdbUTWP Qf[RNoaZTQWi ` [TVTdZ]ZZg [NRUM] \ZMQONTZZM] \ZY]QO\NMYTZ\]?[NTUbR STU]^ZbR gZY]QObWbg \ZY]QO\NMYTOP YbLMNMaZM?gZY]QObNTYTWP YbLTNTaZT Z] dMQO\aP UTeNMoeMZMU\a]Qe\m [MeTSTO]k]i?Z] dTQRVZfWP UTeNToeTZTUgaZbm [TeTSabeT` d\N]eOMN;NTQ[MNRd\O]kP?dbNoeOTN; NTQ[TNTdabe egNT`Zge

Natural _isasters
Core bocabulary
to evacuate evacuee to rescue oYTef\NMYTOP?oYTefgNTYTWP oYTef\NMYTZZbi?oYTefgNTYTZb Q[TQTOP Q[TQ]Z\]?NTOTYTWP YbNTOM`YTWP YbNTOTYTZZ] rescuers rescue workers Xrelief workersJ Q[TQTO]k\?NTOTYTkPZgeg YbNTOTYTkPZgeg rescue teams Q[TQTO]kPZTR eMUTZdT?YbNTOTYT`aTR eTUTZdT emergencZ][N]dY\d]ZZbi QkfaTi eNTiZRR Z]MLmMd\UMQOP?ZTdSYbaTiZT] SdTNoZZ] eNTiZRR Z]TLmMdZTQWP a state of emergencaN]SYbaTiZM] [MkM^]Z\]?ZTdSYbaTiZT] QOTZMYglaT to declare a state of emergencMLnRYkROP aN]SYbaTiZM] [MkM^]Z\]?TLFR`kRWP ZTdSYbaTiZT] QOTZMYglaT curfew eMU]ZdTZOQe\i aTQ?eTU]ZdTZOQeTR VTdSgZT to impose Xto declareJ a curfew MLnRYkROP eMU]ZdTZOQe\i

death toll an official death toll XcasualtiesJ to record XconfirmJ deaths to be recorded dead to claim lives avalanche an avalanche of mud Xmud flowsJ landslide debris to clear the debris to devastate Xto ravageJ a devastating earth0uake to be devastated b- grief to dump rain on fault XruptureJ a fault line to stud- fault line rubble to rescue from rubble to strike Xto hitJ

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T-phoon hit the island

pTisfZ MLNfl\kQR ZT MQONMY?pTisfZ TLNflb`QR ZT YMQONT` earth0uake XtemblorJ S]Uk]ONRQ]Z\]?S]Uk]ONTQ]ZZ] earth0uake registering /!, on the Richter S]Uk]ONRQ]Z\] / , LTkkMY [M leTk] scale r\mO]NT?S]Uk]ONTQ]ZZ] / , LTkT` [T leTk] rbmOoNT tremor XshakeJ OMkaMe?lOfNlMe earth0uake tremors OMkae\ [N\ S]Uk]ONRQ]Z\\?lOfNlei [Nb S]Uk]ONTQ]ZZg to topple Xdown overJ M[NMe\dbYTOP QYTk\YTOP?[]NTefkPYTWP SYTNMaYTWP deluge XfloodJ ZTYMdZ]Z\]?[TYTdTe

odditional bocabulary
to be left homeless gale warning epicentre to shore up sea defences disaster a natural disaster a XfullJ scale of the disaster depression a tropical depression weather front washed;out bridges XroadsJ bod-;detecting dog to lead the rescue effort to call for foreign aid MQOTOPQR L]S eNMYT?STQOTWWT L]S ^bkkR [NbQOTZglaT lOMNUMYM] [N]df[N]^d]Z\]?lOTNUTYM] [T[RNod^YTZZ] [TY]dTUk]ZZ] o[\W]ZON?o[gWoZON feN][kROP UMNQe\] L]N]VMST_\OZb] QMMNf^]Z\R?fUTWM`YTWP UTNQegR L]NTVTTmM`YTjabR SLfdTYTZZg L]dQOY\] Z]QaTQOP]?L]dQOYT ZRlaTQW] QO\m\iZM] L]dQOY\]?QObmgiZT] L]dQOYT X[MkZbiJ UTQlOTL L]dQOY\R?[M`Zb UTlOTL L]dQOYT W\ekMZ ONM[\a]Qe\i W\ekMZ?WbekMZ ONT[gaZb WbekMZ [MVMdZbi sNMZO?sNMZO ZTdYMNFR NTSUbOb] UMQOb dMNMV\?NTSUbObR UTQOb dTNMVg QMLTeT;Q[TQTO]kP?QTLTeT YbNTOTYTkPZge NfeMYMd\OP Q[TQTO]kPZMi M[]NTW\]i?egNTYTWP T[]NTWbRi [T YbNTOTYTZZg MLNTO\OPQR ST \ZMQONTZZMi [MUM_Pj?SYRNZfWWT ST dT[TUMVTi dT

mudslide to rip roofs off houses downpour to tempt fate heatwave bli++ard drought tornado climate disruption gale;force winds high tide low tide leave a trail of destruction

STU]^Zbm eNTgZ VNRS]YMi [MOMe?VNTS]Yb [TOMe QNbYTOP eNbl\ dMUMY?SNbYTWP dTmg S dTUM` k\Y]ZP?kgY]ZP \QeflTOP QfdPLf?Yb[NTLM`YTWP kQ []N\Md Q\kPZMi ^TNb?[]NbRd YRkgeTi Q[eg U]O]kP?STYgNfmT STQfmT?STQfmT OMNZTdM?OTNZTdT \SU]Z]Z\R ek\UTOT?SURZ]ZZg ekgUTOf lOMNUMYb] Y]ONT?lOTNUTYbR YRONb [N\k\Y MOk\Y?[Nbki` Tdki` MQOTY\OP NTSNfl\O]kPZbi Qk]d?[TegZfWP QkRdb NTSLfNoZZR

:ppendi. 2. :bbreviations
obbre"iation o7$ Treaty rhat it means Translation )nti;9allistic .issile Treat- MVMYMN [M [NMO\YMNTe]OZMi MLMNMZ] ury? uTVTdZ]ZZ] [T Qf[NTWPNTe]OZTi TLTNMZ] vr )llied Command &urope YNM[]iQeM] eMUTZdMYTZ\] zpy? `NT[]iQeT] `[NT`k]ZZ] zpy )tomic &nerg- Comission qMU\QQ\R [M TOMUZMi oZ]NV\\? qTUgQgR [T TOTUZTi oZ]NVgg )ssociation of 4outh;&ast QQMW\TW\R VMQfdTNQOY )sia Nations jVM;YMQOMaZMi S\\ vz?QTWbRWbR dSRN^T` [T`dZYT; `QmMdZRi Sgg vz 9ritish )tomic &nerg- wN\OTZQeTR eMN[MNTW\R Corporation [M TOMUZMi oZ]NV\\? wNbOTZQeTR eTN[TNTWbR [T TOTUZTi oZ]NVgg 9allistic .issile Defence [NMO\YMNTe]OZTR MLMNMZT? Qf[NTWPNTe]OZTR TLTNMZT Corps Diplomati0ue d\[kMUTO\a]Qe\i eMN[fQ? db[kTUTObaZb eMN[fQ Council of &urope vMY]O YNM[b? vTY]O `NM[b )greement on Conventional MVMYMN ML MLbaZbm 8orces in &urope YMMNf^]ZZbm Q\kTm Y YNM[]? uTVTdZ]ZZ] TL SYbaTiZbm fSLNM]Zbm QgkTm f `NM[] Central Intelligence )genc- ]ZONTkPZM] NTSY]dbYTO]kPZM] f[NTYk]Z\] rXVeRJ? oZONTkPZT] NTSY]dYTkPZT] `[NT`k]ZZ] r XVeRJ

oC#

o#C oa#oN

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7$_ C_ C# CF#

Cjo

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Commonwealth of Independent 4tates

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Council of &urope Comprehensive preatpest an

#o#C

&uropean )tomic &nergCommunit-

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&uropean 9ank Reconstruction Development &uropean Communit&conomic and Council Xof the NationsJ

for and

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4ocial United

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&uropean &conomic Communit- Xthe Common .arketJ

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&uropean 8ree )ssociation

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The &conomist! #IIIB%==*! The 3ashington 2ost! #IIIB%==*! The :uardian! #IIIB%==*! Oxford :uide to 9ritish and )merican Culture! Oxford Universit- 2ress! #III! The 8inancial Times! #IIIB%==*! }SY]QO\R! #IIIB%==*! }OMV\! #IIIB%==*! vMY]OQeTR w]kMNfQQ\R! #III;%==*! pNfd! #IIIB%==*!

$able of Contents Unit I. Rule of Law...........................................................................* BCDE FGHIJK LIMHGNOJHPH QHJCRN.............................................1, Unit II. 'lections.............................................................................2& Revision $est 1..............................................................................&2 Unit III. Visits. $al s. :%ree!ents................................................&& Unit IV. International >r%anizations............................................,2 Revision test 2...............................................................................34 Unit V. 'cono!y 7atters..............................................................45 Revision test #.............................................................................15* Unit VI. Aatural "isasters...........................................................15,
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Final test.......................................................................................122 :ppendi. 1. ;lossary..................................................................12* :ppendi. 2. :bbreviations.........................................................1*,

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