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Pembagian presntasi: Hilma : Moderator Esa : slide 3 dan 6 your heart dan issue Ica : slide 8-13 heart diseases Ruly : slide 14-19 herat diseases Ani : slide 21-22 dan 24 risk factors dan comlpicatons Ami : slide 26-28 prevention Isna : slide 29-30 prevention

MATERI BERDASARKAN SAP

TEACHING MATERIAL 1. The Definition of Heart The heart is the organ that helps supply blood and oxygen to all parts of the body. It is divided by a partition or septum into two halves, and the halves are in turn divided into four chambers. The heart is situated within the chest cavity and surrounded by a fluid filled sac called the pericardium. This amazing muscle produces electrical impulses that cause the heart to contract, pumping blood throughout the body. The heart and the circulatory system together form the cardiovascular system. Your heart is the center of your cardiovascular system, and it is vitally responsible for just about everything that gives your body life, ranging from the transportation of oxygen to the success of your immune system. 2. The Issue of Heart Disease Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of deaths worldwide, though since the 1970s, cardiovascular mortality rates have declined in many high-income countries. At the same time, cardiovascular deaths and disease have increased at a fast rate in low- and middle-income countries. There are the fact about heart disease:

The statistics on heart disease in America are staggering. About 65 million people have high blood pressure. More than 7 million people in the U.S. have had a heart attack. Another 11 million have some other type of cardiovascular disease that impacts their heart and circulatory health. Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States, and it is increasingly becoming a serious health problem around the world.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the number one cause of death globally: more people die annually from CVDs than from any other cause.

An estimated 17.3 million people died from CVDs in 2008, representing 30% of all global deaths. Of these deaths, an estimated 7.3 million were due to coronary heart disease and 6.2 million were due to stroke.

Low- and middle-income countries are disproportionally affected: over 80% of CVD deaths take place in low- and middle-income countries and occur almost equally in men and women.

The number of people who die from CVDs, mainly from heart disease and stroke, will increase to reach 23.3. million by 2030. CVDs are projected to remain the single leading cause of death.

Most cardiovascular diseases can be prevented by addressing risk factors such as tobacco use, unhealthy diet and obesity, physical inactivity, high blood pressure, diabetes and raised lipids.

9.4 million deaths each year, or 16.5% of all deaths can be attributed to high blood pressure. This includes 51% of deaths due to strokes and 45% of deaths due to coronary heart disease.

3. Heart Disease Cardiovascular disease (also called heart disease) is a class of diseases that involve the heart, the blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, and veins) or both. Cardiovascular disease refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system, principally cardiac disease, vascular diseases of the brain and kidney, and peripheral arterial disease. The causes of cardiovascular disease are diverse but atherosclerosis and/or hypertension are the most common. Additionally, with aging come a number of physiological and morphological changes that alter cardiovascular function and lead to subsequently increased risk of cardiovascular

disease, even in healthy asymptomatic individuals. Many types of heart diseases, there are: a) Angina Angina causes pain or tightness in the chest area, creating a sort of squeezing sensation that sometimes resembles indigestion. This condition is not a disease in itself. Its most often a symptom of coronary heart disease, in which the arteries supplying blood to the heart narrow and stiffen. Angina can also signify coronary microvascular disease, which is heart disease affecting smaller coronary arteries. There are various types of angina, which all signal some sort of heart disease and should be checked out by your doctor. b) Congenital Heart Disease Congenital heart disease or heart defects are heart abnormalities present at birth. They occur while the fetus is developing in the uterus and may be caused by viral infections, medications, chemicals, alcohol, or other unknown causes. These abnormalities may affect various parts of the heart, including the septum, valves, blood vessels, aorta, chambers, and more. Whatever the defect is, it may disrupt proper blood flow, causing symptoms like:

fatigue shortness of breath bluish skin rapid heartbeat swelling in the abdomen or around the eyes

Treatment varies depending on the severity of the defect but typically involves surgery. c) Congestive Heart Failure This condition is more common in older people and occurs when the heart can no longer pump

blood to the rest of the body like it should. Doctors describe it as losing pumping capacity. The condition usually results from damage caused by a heart attack, high blood pressure, diabetes, coronary artery disease, cancer treatments, or other health issues and may result in excess fluid backing up into the lungs and other tissues. Congestive heart failure ranges from mild to severe, with symptoms such as:

weight gain edema (swelling) in the abdomen, feet, ankles, and legs fatigue dizziness shortness of breath eventual disability

Treatment involves medications, and other medical procedures and surgery for more severe cases. d) Coronary Heart Disease This type is the most common form of heart disease. It occurs when the arteries that supply blood to the heart become narrowed and hardened due to the buildup of plaque, known as atherosclerosis. Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States for men and women. Treatment depends on severity and involves keeping high blood pressure and high blood cholesterol under control, adopting lifestyle changes such as regular exercise, and in some cases, surgery options like angioplasty and bypass surgery.

e) Coronary Microvascular Disease Also called MVD, small vessel disease, or cardiac syndrome X, this disease affects the hearts tiny arteries. It damages the lining in the artery walls and causes them to narrow, increasing your risk for heart attack and heart failure. Symptoms include chest pain (angina), shortness of breath,

and fatigue. Treatments mostly involve medications. f) Cyanotic Heart Disease This is a type of congenital heart defect that results in low blood oxygen levels throughout the body. It may be caused by a number of other heart defects like valve defects, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, Tetralogy of Fallot, or by infections or medications used during pregnancy. Symptoms may include:

hyperventilation a bluish color to the skin fainting puffy eyes or face

Treatments typically involve surgery to repair the defect. g) Hypertensive Heart Disease Several heart problems may occur as a result of high blood pressure or hypertension. These problems are referred to collectively as hypertensive heart disease. Related problems may include:

coronary artery disease heart failure angina heart attack arrhythmias

h) Ischemic Heart Disease The word ischemic means a reduced blood supply. Ischemic heart disease is any heart disease that results in a reduced blood supply to the heart. Though there may be many causes, most incidences of this disease may be attributed to atherosclerosis, a narrowing of the arteries that supply the heart with blood. This disease is also referred to as coronary artery disease.

i) Inflammatory Heart Disease This disease involves inflammation of the heart muscles or the surrounding tissues, which may be caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal infections, or by immune diseases. Symptoms usually include:

angina shortness of breath swelling in the feet and ankles fatigue

Those most at risk include individuals who had a congenital birth defect or previous injury to the heart, intravenous drug users, and those with an artificial heart valve. Treatment depends on the extent of the damage to the heart muscle and typically involves medications or surgery. j) Organic Heart Disease This is an overall term that refers to any type of heart disease where the heart itself is affected, and doesnt function as it should. This is due to a physiological problem, such as a deformity or inflammation. k) Pulmonary Heart Disease Also called right-sided heart failure, pulmonary heart disease occurs when a disease of the lungs affects the heart. Blood flow to the lungs may then slow down or become blocked, increasing blood pressure in the lungs. As a result, the right side of the heart has to work harder, which can lead to damage to the heart muscle itself. Congestive heart failure may result. Pulmonary heart disease may be caused when a pulmonary artery becomes blocked or by respiratory diseases like emphysema. Treatments may involve medications, vasodilators, and oxygen therapy. l) Structural Heart Disease

This term describes any condition that affects the structure of the heart itself. Usually, it refers to congenital heart defects, but it can also include abnormalities in the heart valves and vessels that develop later in life due to aging or disease. 4. Risk Factors The most important behavior risk factors of heart disease and stroke are unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, tobacco use and harmful use of alcohol. Behavior risk factors are responsible for about 80% of coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease (1). The effects of unhealthy diet and physical inactivity may show up in individuals as raised blood pressure, raised blood glucose, raised blood lipids, and overweight and obesity. These intermediate risks factors can be measured in primary care facilities and indicate an increased risk of developing a heart attack, stroke, heart failure and other complications. Cessation of tobacco use, reduction of salt in the diet, consuming fruits and vegetables, regular physical activity and avoiding harmful use of alcohol have been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. The cardiovascular risk can also be reduced by preventing or treating hypertension, diabetes and raised blood lipids. Policies that create conducive environments for making healthy choices affordable and available are essential for motivating people to adopt and sustain healthy behavior. There are also a number of underlying determinants of CVDs, or "the causes of the causes". These are a reflection of the major forces driving social, economic and cultural change globalization, urbanization, and population ageing. Other determinants of CVDs include poverty, stress and hereditary factors. 5. Complications
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Heart failure. Heart attack. Stroke. Aneurysm.

Peripheral artery disease. Sudden cardiac arrest.

6. Heart Disease Prevention 1. Don't smoke or use tobacco Smoking or using tobacco is one of the most significant risk factors for developing heart disease. Chemicals in tobacco can damage your heart and blood vessels, leading to narrowing of the arteries (atherosclerosis). Atherosclerosis can ultimately lead to a heart attack. When it comes to heart disease prevention, no amount of smoking is safe. Smokeless tobacco and low-tar and lownicotine cigarettes also are risky, as is exposure to secondhand smoke. In addition, the nicotine in cigarette smoke makes your heart work harder by narrowing your blood vessels and increasing your heart rate and blood pressure. Carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke replaces some of the oxygen in your blood. This increases your blood pressure by forcing your heart to work harder to supply enough oxygen. Even so-called "social smoking" smoking only while at a bar or restaurant with friends is dangerous and increases the risk of heart disease. Women who smoke and take birth control pills are at greater risk of having a heart attack or stroke than are those who don't do either. This risk increases with age, especially in women older than 35. The good news, though, is that when you quit smoking, your risk of heart disease drops dramatically within just one year. And no matter how long or how much you smoked, you'll start reaping rewards as soon as you quit. 2. Exercise for 30 minutes on most days of the week Getting some regular, daily exercise can reduce your risk of fatal heart disease. And when you

combine physical activity with other lifestyle measures, such as maintaining a healthy weight, the payoff is even greater. Physical activity helps you control your weight and can reduce your chances of developing other conditions that may put a strain on your heart, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes. It also reduces stress, which may be a factor in heart disease. Try getting at least 30 to 60 minutes of moderately intense physical activity most days of the week. However, even shorter amounts of exercise offer heart benefits, so if you can't meet those guidelines, don't give up. You can even break up your workout time into 10-minute sessions. And remember that activities such as gardening, housekeeping, taking the stairs and walking the dog all count toward your total. You don't have to exercise strenuously to achieve benefits, but you can see bigger benefits by increasing the intensity, duration and frequency of your workouts. 3. Eat a heart-healthy diet Eating a special diet called the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) eating plan can help protect your heart. Following the DASH diet means eating foods that are low in fat, cholesterol and salt. The diet is rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains and low-fat dairy products, which can help protect your heart. Beans, other low-fat sources of protein and certain types of fish also can reduce your risk of heart disease. Limiting certain fats you eat also is important. Of the types of fat saturated, polyunsaturated, monounsaturated and trans fat saturated fat and trans fat increase the risk of coronary artery disease by raising blood cholesterol levels. Major sources of saturated fat include:

Red meat Dairy products Coconut and palm oils

Sources of trans fat include:

Deep-fried fast foods Bakery products Packaged snack foods Margarines Crackers Look at the label for the term "partially hydrogenated" to avoid trans fat. Heart-healthy eating isn't all about cutting back, though. Most people need to add more fruits and vegetables to their diet with a goal of five to 10 servings a day. Eating that many fruits and vegetables can not only help prevent heart disease, but also may help prevent cancer. Omega-3 fatty acids, a type of polyunsaturated fat, may decrease your risk of heart attack, protect against irregular heartbeats and lower blood pressure. Some fish, such as salmon and mackerel, are a good natural source of omega-3s. Omega-3s are present in smaller amounts in flaxseed oil, walnut oil, soybean oil and canola oil, and they can also be found in supplements. Following a heart-healthy diet also means drinking alcohol only in moderation no more than two drinks a day for men, and one a day for women. At that moderate level, alcohol can have a protective effect on your heart. More than that becomes a health hazard. 4. Maintain a healthy weight As you put on weight in adulthood, your weight gain is mostly fat rather than muscle. This excess weight can lead to conditions that increase your chances of heart disease high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes. One way to see if your weight is healthy is to calculate your body mass index (BMI), which considers your height and weight in determining whether you have a healthy or unhealthy

percentage of body fat. BMI numbers 25 and higher are associated with higher blood fats, higher blood pressure, and an increased risk of heart disease and stroke. The BMI is a good, but imperfect guide. Muscle weighs more than fat, for instance, and women and men who are very muscular and physically fit can have high BMIs without added health risks. Because of that, waist circumference also is a useful tool to measure how much abdominal fat you have:

Men are considered overweight if their waist measurement is greater than 40 inches (101.6 centimeters, or cm)

Women are overweight if their waist measurement is greater than 35 inches (88.9 cm) Even a small weight loss can be beneficial. Reducing your weight by just 10 percent can decrease your blood pressure, lower your blood cholesterol level and reduce your risk of diabetes. 5. Get regular health screenings High blood pressure and high cholesterol can damage your heart and blood vessels. But without testing for them, you probably won't know whether you have these conditions. Regular screening can tell you what your numbers are and whether you need to take action.

Blood pressure. Regular blood pressure screenings start in childhood. Adults should have their blood pressure checked at least every two years. You may need more-frequent checks if your numbers aren't ideal or if you have other risk factors for heart disease. Optimal blood pressure is less than 120/80 millimeters of mercury.

Cholesterol levels. Adults should have their cholesterol measured at least once every five years starting at age 20. You may need more frequent testing if your numbers aren't optimal or if you have other risk factors for heart disease. Some children may need their blood cholesterol tested if they have a strong family history of heart disease.

Diabetes screening. Since diabetes is a risk factor for developing heart disease, you may want to consider being screened for diabetes. Talk to your doctor about when you should have a fasting

blood sugar test to check for diabetes. Depending on your risk factors, such as being overweight or a family history of diabetes, your doctor may recommend first testing you for diabetes sometime between ages 30 and 45, and then retesting every three to five years.