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Apparatus: PhET im!lation Charges and Fields Discussion: " point charge in space creates an electrostatic field# similar to a massive ob$ect creating a
gravitational field. In fact# this similarity e%tends to the mathematical relationship between electrostatic force
F =k q1q2 d2
F =G m1 m2 d2
charges create fields and how m!liple fields# from m!ltiple charges# interact. It is worth noting that the field strength, E can be expressed in units of N/C and /!"
and
E=V
Electrostatic Force$
F =k
q1q2 d2
'
% &' "((x)( N! /C
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0here# aro!nd a point charge# is the magnit!de of the electrostatic force the greatest1 the least1
The field strength is displayed y the color!transparency of the arro"# The force field is the greatest closest to the charge as e$ident y the solid red arro"s, and decreases %least& the further a"ay you go as e$ident y the transparent arro"s# 'emem er: Field force is F()* 1*+! %d+& , so force is in$ersely proportional to the s*uare of the distance#
2. 0here# aro!nd a point charge# is the magnit!de of the electrostatic potential the greatest1
For a positi$e test charge, the greatest potential occurs closest to the charge# %,imilar to potential energy in -ra$itational fields, "or) must first e done on an o .ect such as raising a oo)# /or) is re*uired to mo$e a positi$e charge closer to another positi$e charge# ,ince opposite charges repel each other, the potential is the greatest "hen the charges are the closest together %analogy: "hen spring is compressed the most or oo) is at highest position&#
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4sing a single positive point charge# complete the table below) Distance from charge# m 5ield strength# 67m Potential at location# 6
*.' m 8.98 m
m m m m
~4 V 10 V
9.8 6 *2.. 6
!.2 V 1".$ V
how# mathematically or with the form!las from yo!r chart# that 67m ; N7<.
%se the e&'ations F()&1&2/*d2+ and E ( F/& ,o- .or e/am0le with a distance ( 2.1m- and a charge o. 1nC *1/10 1 + E ( F/& ( )&1/*d2+ (* .0/10 +*1/101 + /*2.1 m+2 E ( 2.0 N/C which is the same as Field ,trength 2.0 V/m .rom ta2le a2ove
Concl'sion 3'estions and Calc'lations4 '. <loser to a point charge# the electrostatic field strength is stronger / wea%er. *. Placed e%actly between two o00ositel51charged point charges# a test charge ,the sensor- will show +ero / !ini!u! / !axi!u! force.
+. Placed e%actly between two similar=charged point charges# a test charge ,the sensor- will show +ero / !ini!u! / !axi!u! force. .. Placed e%actly on a point charge# the sensor will show +ero / !ini!u! / !axi!u! field strength.
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/. " balloon is electrostatically charged with '.. >< ,microco!lombs- of charge. " second balloon *+ cm away is charged with =*.' >< of charge. The force of attraction / repulsion between the two charges will be)
%se the e&'ations F()&1&2/*d2+ ,o that F( )&1 &2/*d2+ (* .0/10 +*1.4/1016+ *12.1/1016+ /*0.2! m+2 ( 10.026/0.0"! ( 10." N
2. If one of the balloons has a mass of 8.82. kg# with what acceleration does it move toward or away from the other balloon1
F(ma- there.ore
a(F/m
3. Imagine two '8. g ob$ects hanging in standard earth gravit5 from '.8m !ltra=light strings# separated by 8./8m. <omplete the chart below with free=body ,force- diagrams to describe the effect on the ob$ects !nder these circ!mstances)
7iven4 8ass ( 0.01 )g- 9ength ( 0."0 m- and ) ( .0/10 :ss'me acceleration d'e to gravit5 ( .$1 m/s 2 Partial F;< shown 2elow
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:. 5or each of the above diagrams# calc!late the initial force ,before any movement from 8./m away- of attraction7rep!lsion on each ob$ect.
Force d'e to gravit54 F ( maThere.ore- F ( *0.01 )g+ * .$1 m/s2+ ( 0.0 $N Electrostatic Force4 %se the e&'ations F()& 1&2/*d2+ Case 2 ,o that F( )&1 &2/*d2+ (* .0/10 +*=1C+ *11C+ /*0." m+2 ( >!.6 ? 10 Case ! ,o that F( )&1 &2/*d2+ (* .0/10 +*=1C+ *=1C+ /*0." m+2 ( =!.6 ? 10
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9. Does attraction d!e to !niversal gravity need to be incl!ded in yo!r calc!lations above1 0hy70hy not1
No- d'e to the di..erence in order of magnitude 2etween the .orces *calc'lated a2ove+- gravit5 does not need to 2e considered. The electrostatic .orce is signi.icantl5 stronger- s'ch that the .orce o. gravit5 can 2e neglected.
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The following picture shows the test charge 3sensor4 between to oppositel2 charged particles$
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