Asme PTC 10

ASME-PTC10 ADOPTION NOTICE ASME-PTC10, "Compressors and Exhausters,'' was adopted on (DoD).
October 3 , 1994 for use by the Department of Defense Proposed changes by DoD activities must be submitted to the DoD Adopting Activity: Director, US Army Mobility Technology Center/Belvoir, ATTN: AMSTA-RBES, Fort Belvoir, VA 22060-5606. DoD activities may obtain copies of this standard from the Standardization Document Order Desk, 700 Robbins Avenue, Building 4D, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094. The private sector and other Government agencies may purchase copies from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017. Custodians: Army - ME Navy - YD-1 Air Force - 99 Adopting Activity Army - ME
FSC 4310
DISTRIBUTION STATEMENTA. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers Licensed by Information Handling Services
ASME PTC 10-1997
Performance Test Code on Lompressors and Exhausters
STD.ASME PTC L O - E N G L 1977
0757b70 Oh05923 158
Date of Issuance: September 30, 1998
This document will be revised when the Society approves the issuance edition. There will be no addenda issued to ASME PTC 10-1997.
of a n e w
Please Note: ASME issues written replies to inquiries concerning interpretation of technical aspects of this document. The interpretations are part not of the document.
PTC 10-1997 is being issued with an automatic subscription service to the interpretations that will be issued to it up to the publication of the next edition.
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This code or standard was developed under procedures accredited as meeting the criteria for American National Standards. The Standards Committee that approved the code or standard was balanced to assure that individuals from competent and concerned interests have had an opportunity toparticipate. The proposed code or standard was made available for public review and comment which provides an opportunityfor additional public input industry, from academia, regulatory agencies, and the public-at-large. ASME does not "approve," "rate," or "endorse" any item, construction, proprietary device, or activity. ASME does not take any position with respect to the validityof any patent rights asserted in connection with any items mentioned in this document, andundertake does not to insure anyone utilizing a standard against liability for infringement of any applicable LettersPatent, nor assume any such liability. Users of a code or standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility. Participation by federal agency representative(s)or personb) affiliated with industry is not to be interpreted as government or industry endorsement of this code or standard. ASME accepts responsibilityfor only those interpretations issued in accordancewith governing ASME procedures and policies which preclude the issuance of interpretations by individual volunteers.
No part of this document may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990 Copyright (B 1998 by THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS All Rights Reserved Printed in U.S.A.
FOREWORD
(This Foreword is not a part of ASME PTC 10-1997.)
PTC 10 was last revised in 1965 andit has been reaffirmed many times in the intervening period. The PTC 1O Committee has been in various states of activity for approximately the past20 years. During that time the Code has been completely rewritten to be far more explanatory in nature. The performance testing of compressors is complicated by the need in virtually every case to consider and make correction for the differences between the test and specified conditions.Thetechniques used to do so arebased upontherules of fluid-dynamic similarity. Some familiarity with this fundamental technique will be a significant aid to the users of PTC IO. Compressors and exhausters come in all sorts of configurations. A very simple case is a single section compressor with one impeller, and single inlet and outlet flanges. Many morecomplex arrangementsexist with multiple inlets,outlets,impellers,sections, intercoolersandside seams. Typical gases handled areair, its constituents,andvarious hydrocarbons. Tests are commonly run in the shop or in the field, at speeds equal to or different from the specified speed, and with the specified or a substitute gas. In order to handle this vast array ofpossibilities PTC 10 reduces the problem to the simplest element, the section, and provides the instructions for combining multiple sections to compute the overall results. Uncertainty analysis can play a very important role in compressortesting, from the design of the test to interpretation of the test results. In all but the very simplest of cases the development of an analytic formulation, .e., in simple equation form, for overall uncertainty computation is formidable. The test uncertainty will always be increasingly more complex to evaluate with the complexity of the compressor configuration, and by the very nature of the test will be a function of the performance curves. The modern personal computer is readily capable of completing the calculations required. The Committee developed software and used it to perform both the basic code calculations and uncertainty analysis computationsfor wide a range of possible compressor configurations. This Code was approved by the PTC 1O Committee on January 18,1991. It was approved and adopted by the Council as a standard practice of the Society by action of the Board on Performance Test Codes on October 14, 1996. It was also approved as an American National Standard by the ANSI Board of Standards Review on April 22, 1997.
iii
STD-ASME
P T C LO-ENGL L997 D 0759b70 Ob05925 T20
NOTICE
All PerformanceTestCodesMUST adhere to therequirements ofPTC 1, GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS. The following information is based on that document and is included here for emphasis and for the convenience of the user of this Code. It is expected that the Code user is fully cognizant of Parts I and III of PTC I and has read them prior to applying this Code.
ASME Performance Test Codes provide test procedures which yield results of the highest level of accuracy consistent with the best engineering knowledge and practice currently available. They were developed by balanced committees representing all concerned interests. Theyspecifyprocedures,instrumentation,equipmentoperatingrequirements,calculation methods, and uncertainty analysis.
When tests are run in accordance with thisCode, the test results themselves, without adjustment for uncertainty, yield the best available indication of the actual performance of the tested equipment. ASME Performance Test Codes do not specify means to compare those it is recommended that the partiesa commercial to results to contractual guarantees. Therefore, test agree before starting the test and preferably before signing the contract on the method to be used for comparing the test results to the contractual guarantees. It is beyond the scope of any code to determine or interpret how such comparisons shall be made. Approved by Letter Ballot #95-1 and B E C Administrative Meeting of March 13-14, 1995
IV
PERSONNEL OF PERFORMANCE
TEST CODECOMMITTEE NO. 10
ON COMPRESSORS AND EXHAUSTERS

(The following is the roster of the Committee atthe time of approval of this Code.)
OFFICERS
Gordon J. Gerber, Chair Richard J. Gross, ViceChair jack H. Karian, Secretary
COMMITTEE PERSONNEL
Helmut B. Baranek, Public Service Electric & GasCompany John J. Dwyer, Consultant Gordon J. Gerber, Praxair Richard J. Gross, The University of Akron Jack H. Karian, ASME Robert E . Lawrence, Consultant Jack A. Lock, LockEngineering Vincent J.Polignano, IMO Delaval Frank H. Rassmann, ElliottCompany Norman A. Samurin, DresserRandCompany Joseph A. Silvaggio,Jr., Alternate to Polignano, IMO Delaval
S T D - A S M E P T C L O - E N G L L777 m 0 7 5 7 b 7 0 Ob05427 A T 3 m
BOARD ON PERFORMANCE TEST CODES

OFFICERS
D . R. Keyser, Chair
P. M. Cerhart, Vice Chair W. O. Hays, Secretary
C O M M l l T E E PERSONNEL
R. P. Allen R. L. Bannister B. Bornstein J.M. Burns
J. R. Friedman G. J. Gerber
R. W. Henry
D. R. Keyser S. Korellis
J.
J. W. Milton G. H. Mittendorf, ]r.

S. P. Nuspl
P. M. Gerhart
R. S. Hecklinger
R. P. Perkins A. L. Plumley
S. B. Scharp J. Siegmund J. A. Silvaggio, Jr. R. E. Sommerlad W. G. Steele, Jr. J. C. Westcott J. G. Yost
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S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL
CONTENTS
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CommitteeRoster ................................................ BoardRoster ....................................................
iii
V
vi
Section 1 2 3 4
5
6
Objectandscope ........................................ Definitions and Description of Terms .......................... Guiding Principles ........................................ Instruments and Methods of Measurement ...................... Computation of Results .................................... ReportofTest ...........................................
1 3
11 23 39
55
Figures 3.1 3.2 3.3

3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 4.1 4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7 4.8
4.9
4.1O
4.1 1 4.1 2 5.1
Section Control Volumes ................................... Typical Sideload Sectional Compressors ........................ Allowable Machine Mach Number Departures. Centrifugal Compressors .......................................... Allowable Machine Mach Number Departures. Axial Compressors. . . . Allowable Machine Reynolds Number Departures. Centrifugal Compressors .......................................... Schultz Compressibility Factor - Function Y versus Reduced Pressure Schultz Compressibility Factor- Function X versus Reduced Pressure Inlet and Discharge Configuration ............................ OpenInlet .............................................. Vortex Producing Axial Inlet ................................ OpenDischarge ......................................... Diffusing Volute Discharge With Nonsymmetric Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . TypicalClosedLoop ...................................... Typical Closed Loop With Sidestream Straighteners and Equalizers................................. Inlet Nozzle on an Open Loop .............................. Discharge Nozzle on an Open Loop, Subcritical Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . Discharge Nozzle on an Open Loop, Critical Flow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Typical Sidestream Inlet Area ................................ Specified Condition Capacity Coefficient for SpecifiedCondition Capacity of Interest .....................................
14 16
18 19
20 21
22
24
24
25 25 26 26
.........................
27
29 32
33
33 35
49
Tables
3.1 Permissible Deviation From Specified Operating Conditions for Type1 Tests........................................... 12
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3.2 3.3 3.4 5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
Permissible Deviation From Specified Operating Parameters for Type1 and2Tests Limits of Departure From Ideal Gas Laws of Specified and TestGases Permissible Fluctuations of Test Readings ....................... Ideal Gas Dimensionless Parameters Real Gas Dimensionless Parameters Total Work Input Coefficient. All Gases Typical Conversion Dimensionless of Parameters
......................................
12
............................................ .......................... ........................... ........................ .................
13
14 40 41 48 50
Nonmandatory Appendices A Use of Total Pressure and Total Temperature to Define Compressor Performance B Properties of Gas Mixtures .................................. Sample C Calculations C.l Type 1 Test for a Centrifugal Compressor Using anIdeal Gas C.2 Type 2 Test for a CentrifugalCompressorUsinganIdealGas ........ C.3 Ideal Gas Application to Selection of TestSpeed and TestGas and Methods of PowerEvaluation C.4 Treatment of Bracketed Test Points C.5 Selection of aTestGas for aType2Test Using Ideal and RealGas Equations............................................. C.6 Type 2 Test Using Real Gas Equations forDataReduction C.7 Treatment of a Two SectionCompressor With ExternallyPiped Intercoolers, Condensate Removal .......................... C.8 Application of Uncertainty Analysis ........................... D References E Rationale for Calculation Methods ............................ F Reynolds Number Correction G Refined Methods for Calculating Total Conditions H SIUnits ................................................
.......................................... ...................................... ........
59 61 63
65 85
109 119
..............................
............................
..........
123
139 151 159 165 167 183 185 187
..............................................
................................
................
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PTC COMPRESSORS ASMEAND EXHAUSTERS
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10-1 997
SECTION 1
1.1 OBJECT
- OBJECT AND SCOPE

nally pipedintercoolersand for compressors with interstage side loadinletsoroutlets. Internally cooled compressorsare includedprovided that test conditions are held nearly identical to specifiedconditions. Compressors, as the name implies, are usually intended to produce considerable density change as a result of the compression process. Fans are normally considered to be air or gas moving devices and are characterized by minimal densitychange. A distinction between the two at times may be unclear. As a veryroughguide,either PTC 10 or PTC 11 maybeused for machines falling into the approximatepressure ratio rangeof 1.05 to 1.2. Themethodsof PTC 10, which provide for the pronouncedeffectsofdensitychangeduringcompression,have no theoretical lower limit. However, practical considerations regarding achievable accuracy become important in attempting to apply PTC 10 to devices commonly classified as fans. For example,the low temperatureriseassociated with fans may lead to large uncertainty in power requirement if theheatbalancemethod i s chosen. Fans also may require traversing techniques for flow and gas state measurementsdue to the inlet and discharge ducting systems employed. Refer to PTC 11 on Fans for further information.
The object of this Code is to provide a test procedure to determine the thermodynamic performance of an axial or centrifugal compressororexhauster doing work on a gas of known or measurable propertiesunderspecifiedconditions. This Code is written to provide explicit test procedures which will yield the highest level of accuracy consistent with the best engineering knowledge and practice currently available. Nonetheless, no single universal value of the uncertainty is, or should be, expected to apply to every test. The uncertainty associated with any individual PTC 10 test will depend upon practical choices made in terms of instrumentation and methodology. Rules are provided to estimate the uncertainty for individual tests.
1.2
SCOPE
1.2.1 General. The scope of this Code includes instructionson test arrangement and instrumentation, test procedure, and methods for evaluation and reportingof final results. Rulesare provided for establishing the following quantities,corrected as necessary to representexpected performance under specified operating conditions with the specified gas: (al quantity of gas delivered (b) pressure rise produced (c) head (d) shaft power required (e) efficiency (0 surge point (g) choke point Other than providing methods for calculating mechanical power losses, this Code does not cover rotor dynamics or other mechanical performance parameters.
1.3
EQUIPMENT NOT COVERED

CODE
BY THIS
1.2.2 CompressorArrangements. ThisCode is designed to allowthe testing of single multiple or casing axial or centrifugal compressors or combinations thereof, with one or more stages of compression percasing.Proceduresarealso included for exter1
The calculation procedures provided in this Code are based on the compression of a single phase gas.They should not be used for a gas containing suspendedsolids or any liquid, when liquid could be formed in thecompression process, orwhen a chemicalreaction takes place in the compression process. Thisdoes not preclude the use of thisCodeon a gas where condensation occurs in a cooler providing the droplets are removed prior tothe gas entering the next stage of compression.
ASME PTC 10-1 997
COMPRESSORS AND EXHAUSTERS
1.4
TYPES OF TESTS
ThisCodecontainsprovisions for two different types of tests. A Type 1 test must be conducted on the specified gas with a limited deviation between test and specifiedoperatingconditions. A Type 2 test permits the use of a substitute test gas and extends the permissible deviations between test and specifiedoperatingconditions.
configuration is used, thisshall be agreed upon in writing prior to the test by the participating parties. However, no deviations may be made that will violate anymandatoryrequirementsof this Code when the tests are designated as tests conducted in accordance with ASME PTC 10. The mandatory rules of this Code are characterized by the use of the word "shall." If a statement is of an advisory nature it is indicated by the use of the word "should"or is stated as a recommendation.
1.5
PERFORMANCE RELATION TO
GUARANTEE
This Code provides a means for determining the performance of a compressor at specified operating conditions. It also provides a method for estimating the uncertainty of the results. The interpretation of the results relative to any contractual guarantees is beyond the scope of this Code and shouldbe agreed upon i n writing prior to the test by the participating parties.
1.7
INSTRUCTIONS
TheCode on GeneralInstructions, PTC 1, shall be studied and followed where applicable. The instructions in PTC 10 shall prevail over other ASME Performance Test Codes where there is any conflict.
1.8
REFERENCES
1.6
ALTERNATE PROCEDURES
Definitive procedures for testing compressors are described herein. If any other procedure or test
Unless otherwise specified, references to other Codes refer to ASME Performance Test Codes. Literaturereferencesareshown in Appendix D.
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SECTION 2
- DEFINITIONSANDDESCRIPTION
OF TERMS
2.1
BASIC SYMBOLS AND UNITS

Symbol
A a
Description Flow channel cross sectional area Acoustic velocity Tip width Coefficient of discharge Molal specific heat (Appendix B only) Specific heat . Specific heat at constant pressure Specific heat at constant volume Diameter Diameter of fluid meter Relative error Polytropic work factor Dimensional constant, 32.1 74 Molal enthalpy Humidity ratio Enthalpy Coefficient of heat transfer for casing and adjoining pipe Mechanical equivalent of heat, 778.1 7 Flow coefficient Ratio of specific heats, cp/cy Common logarithm (Base 10) Naperian (natural) logarithm Molecular weight Machine Mach number Fluid Mach number Polytropic exponent for a path on the P-T diagram Mass (Appendix B only) Rotative speed Polytropic exponent for a path on the P-v diagram Number of moles (Appendix B only) Isentropic exponent for a path on the p-v diagram Power Pressure Velocity pressure Other external heat losses Total mechanical losses (equivalent)
3
Units
ft2
ftlsec
b
C C C
CP C V
ft
dimensionless Btu/lbm mole "R Btu/lbm "R Btu/lbm "R Btu/lbm "R in. In. dimensionless dimensionless Ibm ft/lbf sec2 Btu/lbm-mole Ibm H20/lbm dry air Btu/lbm Btu/hr f t 2 "R
e
e
f
gc
H
HR
h h,
j K
k log
In MW
Mm
M m
m
ft Ibf/Btu dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless Ibmllbmole dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless

Ibm rPm dimensionless
N n
n
ns
lb mole dimensionless
psia
P P
Pv
Qext
hP
P Si
Btu/min Btu/min
Om
~~~
S T D D A S M E PTC LO-ENGL L997

ASME PTC 10-1997
0759b70 Ob05433 UT7 W
0,
QSl
R RA, RB, RC
Re Rem RH
RP
Rt
'r
'P ' 9
rt
r"
S
Sc
S
T t
U
U
V
V
W
W
X
X
Y Y
Z
Y
Heat transfer from the section boundaries External seal loss equivalent Rate of flow Gas constant Machine Reynolds number correction constants Fluid Reynolds number Machine Reynolds number Relative humidity Reduced pressure Reduced temperature Pressure ratio across fluid meter Recovery factor Pressure ratio Flow rate ratio Temperature ratio Ratio of specific volumes Molar entropy Heat transfer surface area of exposed compressor casing and adjoining pipe Entropy Absolute temperature Temperature Internal energy Blade tip speed Velocity Specific volume Work per unit mass Mass rate of flow Compressibility function Mole fraction Compressibility function Elevation head or potential energy Compressibility factor as used in gas law,
Btu/min Btulmin ft3/min ft IbWlbm . "R dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless percentage dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless Btullbmmole
fi2
- "R
Btu/lbm "R
"R
"F Btu/lbm filsec ftlsec ft3/lbm ft Ibf/lbm Ibm/m in dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless ft Ibfllbm dimensionless
144 pv = ZRT
rl P
EL in
PP
P S
Y
c
T
E
R d
Diameter ratio of fluid meter, d/D1 Isentropic exponent Partial derivative Efficiency Absolute viscosity Work input coefficient Polytropic work coefficient Isentropic work coefficient Kinematic viscosity Density Summation Torque Surface roughness Total work input coefficient Flow coefficient
dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless Ibm/ft sec dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless ft2/sec Ibm/ft3 dimensionless I bf-ft
in.
dimensionless dimensionless
STD-ASME PTC LO-ENGL

COMPRESSORS A N D EXHAUSTERS
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Subscripts Ambient a,b,c,j Component of gas mixture (Appendix B only) Average av C Casing Correction corr crit. Fluids critical point value d Compressor discharge conditions Dry air da
2.2.2 Gage Pressure. The gage pressure i s that pressure which i s measured directly with the existing barometric pressure as the zero basereference. 2.2.3 Differential Pressure. The differential pressure is thedifferencebetweenany two pressures measured with respect to a common reference (e.g., the difference between two absolutepressures). 2.2.4 Static Pressure. The static pressure i s the pressuremeasured in such a manner that no effect is produced by the velocity of the flowing fluid. 2.2.5 Total (Stagnation) Pressure. The total (stagnation) pressure is an absoluteor gagepressure that would exist when a moving fluid i s brought to rest andits kinetic energy is converted to an enthalpy rise by an isentropic process from the flow condition to the stagnation condition. In a stationary body of fluid thestaticand total pressuresareequal. 2.2.6Velocity(Kinetic)Pressure. Thevelocity (kinetic) pressure is thedifferencebetweenthe total pressureandthestaticpressure at the same point in a fluid. 2.2.7 InletTotal Pressure. The inlet total pressure is the absolute total pressure that exists at the inlet measuringstation (seepara. 4.6.8). Unless specifically statedotherwise, this i s thecompressor inlet pressure as used in this Code. 2.2.8 Inlet StaticPressure. The inlet static pressure is the absolute static pressure that exists at the inlet measuringstation(seepara.4.6.7). 2.2.9 Discharge Total Pressure. The discharge total pressure is the absolute total pressure that exists at the discharge measuring station (see para. 4.6.9). Unless specifically stated otherwise, this is the compressordischargepressure as used in this Code. 2.2.1 O Discharge Static Pressure. The discharge static pressure is the absolute static pressure that exists at thedischargemeasuringstation(seepara. 4.6.7).
db des dg
g hb i lu
Dry-bulb
Design Dry gas Gas Heat balance Compressor inlet conditions Leakage upstream Leakage downstream Gas mixture Polytropic Flow location reference Isentropic
Id
m
P
rotor
S
sh
SP
Shaft
Specified conditions su sidestream upstream sd sidestream downstream SV Saturated vapor Test conditions t Wb Wet-bulb 1, l n Upstream of fluid meter 2, 2n Downstream or at throat of fluid meter (Y Compressor inlet conditions (static, Appendix A only) Compressor discharge conditions (static, Y Appendix A only) static Static meas. Measured Superscripts
(
()
Condition at discharge pressure with entropy equal to inlet entropy Determined at static conditions
2.3
TEMPERATURES
2.2
PRESSURES
2.2.1 Absolute Pressure. The absolute pressure the pressuremeasuredaboveaperfectvacuum.
is
2.3.1AbsoluteTemperature. The absolute temperature is thetemperaturemeasuredaboveabsolute zero. It is stated in degreesRankineorKelvin.The Rankinetemperature i s the Fahrenheittemperature plus 459.67 and the Kelvin temperature is the Celsius temperature plus 273.1 5.
5
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ASME PTC 10-1997 COMPRESSORS AND EXHAUSTERS
2.3.2 Static Temperature. The static temperature is the temperature determined in such a way that no effect is produced by the velocity of the flowing fluid.
2.3.3 Total (Stagnation) Temperature. The total (stagnation) temperature is the temperature that would exist when a moving fluid is brought to rest and its kinetic energy is converted to an enthalpy rise by an isentropic process from the flow condition to the stagnation condition. In a stationary body of fluid the static and the total temperatures are equal.
2.4.4AbsoluteViscosity. Absolute viscosity is that property of any fluid which tends to resist a shearing force. 2.4.5KinematicViscosity. The kinematic viscosity of a fluid is theabsoluteviscosity divided by the fluid density. 2.4.6 Specific Heat at Constant Pressure. The specific heat at constant pressure, ( c , ) = (dh/aT), is the change in enthalpy with respect to temperature at a constantpressure. 2.4.7Specific Heat at Constant Volume. Thespecific heat at constant volume, (c,,) = (au/aT), is the change in internal energy with respect to temperature at a constant specific volume. 2.4.8 Ratio of Specific Heats. heats, k, is equal to cpIc,,.
2.4.9
2.3.4 Velocity (Kinetic) Temperature. The velocity (kinetic) temperature is the difference between the total temperature and the static temperature at the measuringstation.
2.3.5 Inlet Total Temperature. The inlet total temperature is the absolute total temperature that exists at the inlet measuring station(see para. 4.7.7). Unless specifically stated otherwise, this i s the compressor inlet temperatureused in this Code.
2.3.6 Inlet Static Temperature. The inlet static temperature is the absolute static temperature that exists at the inlet measuring station. 2.3.7DischargeTotalTemperature. Thedischarge total temperature is the absolute total temperature that exists at the dischargemeasuringstation (see para. 4.7.8). Unless specifically stated otherwise, this i s the compressor discharge temperature as used in this Code. 2.3.8 Discharge Static Temperature. The discharge static temperature is the absolute static temperature that exists at the discharge measuring station.
The ratio of specific
Acoustic Velocity (Sonic Velocity). A pressure wave or acoustic wave of infinitesimal ampliand reversible tude is described by an adiabatic (isentropic) process. The corresponding acoustic velocity for suchwaves in any medium is given by:
a2
($)
5
2.4.10Fluid Mach Number. The Fluid Mach number is the ratio of fluid velocity to acoustic velocity.
2.5
MACHINE CHARACTERISTICS
2.4
OTHER GAS (FLUID) PROPERTIES
Density. Density is the mass ofthe gas per unit volume. It is a thermodynamic property and is determined at a point once the total pressureand temperature are known at the point. 2.4.2SpecificVolume. Specific volume is the volume occupied by a unit mass of gas. It is a thermodynamic propertyand is determined at a point once the total pressure and temperature are known at the point. 2.4.3 Molecular Weight. Molecular weight is the weight of a molecule of a substance referred to that of an atom of carbon-1 2 at 12.000.
2.4.1
2.5.1 Capacity. The capacity of a compressor is the rate of flow which is determined by delivered mass flow rate divided byinlet total density. For an exhauster it is determined by the inlet mass flow rate dividedbyinlet total density. For sidestream machines, this definition must be applied to individualsections. 2.5.2 Flow Coefficient. The flow coefficient is a dimensionless parameter defined as the compressed mass flow rate divided by the product of inlet density, rotational speed, and the cube of the blade tip diameter. Compressed mass flow rate i s the net mass flow rate through the rotor. 2.5.3 Pressure Ratio. Pressure ratio i s the ratio of the absolute discharge total pressure to the absolute inlet total pressure.
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ASME PTC 10-1 997
2.5.4 Pressure Rise. Pressurerise is thedifference betweenthedischarge total pressureandthe inlet total pressure. 2.5.5 Temperature Rise. Temperature rise is the differencebetweenthedischarge total temperature andthe inlet total temperature. 2.5.6 Volume FlowRate. The volume flow rate as used in this Code is the local mass flow rate divided by local total density. It is used to determine volume flow ratio. 2.5.7 Volume Flow Ratio. is the ratio ofvolume the flow path. Thevolume flow ratio flow rates at two points in
streams enteringandleavingcanbequantitatively defined as well as the powerinput and heat exchange by conduction and radiation. Such a region can be considered to be in equilibrium for both a mass andenergybalance. 2.5.14 Compressor Surge Point. The compressor surge point is the capacity below whichthe compressor operation becomesunstable.Thisoccurswhen flow is reduced and thecompressorbackpressure exceeds the pressure developed by the compressor and a breakdown in flow results.This immediately causes a reversal in the flow direction and reduces the compressor back pressure. The moment this happens regular compression i s resumed and the cycle is repeated. 2.5.15ChokePoint. Thechoke point is the point where the machine is run at a given speed and the flow is increased until maximum capacity is attained.
2.5.8Specific Volume Ratio. Thespecificvolume ratio is the ratio of inlet specific volume to discharge specific volume. 2.5.9 Machine Reynolds Number. The Machine Reynolds number is defined by the equation Rem = Ub/v, where U is thevelocity attheouterblade tip diameter of the first impeller or of the first stage rotor tip diameter of the leading edge, Y is the total kinematic viscosity of the gas at the compressor inlet, and b is a characteristic length. For centrifugal compressors, b shallbetaken as the exit width at the outer blade diameter of the first stage impeller. For axial compressors, b shall be taken as the chord length at the tip of the first stage rotor blade. These variablesmustbeexpressed in consistent units to yield a dimensionless ratio. 2.5.10 Machine Mach Number. The Machine Mach number is defined as the ratio oftheblade velocity at the largest blade tip diameter of the first impeller for centrifugal machinesoratthe tip diameter of the leading edge of the first stage rotor blade for axial flow machines to the acoustic velocity of the gas at the total inlet conditions.
NOTE: This is not to be confused with local Fluid Mach number.
2.6
WORK, POWER, AND EFFICIENCY
These definitions apply to a section. 2.6.1 Isentropic Compression. Isentropiccompression as used in this Code refers to a reversible, adiabaticcompressionprocess. 2.6.2 Isentropic Work (Head). Isentropic work (head) is the work requiredto isentropically compress a unit mass of gas from the inlet total pressure and total temperature to the discharge total pressure. The total pressure and temperature are used to account for the compression of the gas and the change in the kinetic energy of the gas. The change in the gravitational potentialenergyofthe gas is assumed negligible. 2.6.3PolytropicCompression. Polytropic compression is a reversible compression process between the inlet total pressure and temperature and the discharge total pressureandtemperature.The total pressures and temperatures are used to account for the compression of the gas and the change in the kinetic energy of the gas. The change in the gravitational potential energy is assumed negligible. The polytropic process follows a path such that the polytropic exponent is constant during the process. 2.6.4 Polytropic Work (Head). Polytropic work (head) is thereversible work required to compress a unit mass of gas by a polytropic process from the inlet total pressure and temperature to the discharge total pressureandtemperature.
7
2.5.11 Stage. A stage for a centrifugal compressor is comprised of a single impeller and itsassociated stationary flow passages. A stage for an axial compressor i s comprised of a single row of rotating blades and its associated stationary blades and flow passages. 2.5.12Section. Section is defined as oneormore stages having the samemass flow without external heat transfer other than natural casing heat transfer. 2.5.13 Control Volume. The controlvolume is a region of space selected for analysis where the flow
ASME PTC 10-1997
2.6.5 Gas Work. Gas work is the enthalpy rise of a unit mass of the gas compressedanddelivered by the compressor from the inlet total pressure and temperature to the discharge total pressure and temperature. 2.6.6 Cas Power. Gas power is the power transmitted to the gas. It is equal to the product of the mass flow rate compressed and the gas work plus the heat loss fromthecompressed gas. 2.6.7 Isentropic Efficiency. The isentropic efficiency is the ratio of the isentropic work to the gas work. 2.6.8 Polytropic Efficiency. The polytropic efficiency is the ratio of the polytropic work to the gas work. 2.6.9ShaftPower(BrakePower). The shaft power (brake power) is the power deliveredto the compressor shaft. It is the gas power plusthemechanical losses in thecompressor. 2.6.10Isentropic Work Coefficient. The isentropic work coefficient is thedimensionless ratio of the isentropic workto the sum of the squares ofthe blade tip speeds of all stages in a givensection. 2.6.1 1 Polytropic Work Coefficient. The polytropic work coefficient is thedimensionless ratio of the polytropic work to the sum ofthe squares of the blade tip speeds of all stages in a givensection. 2.6.1 2Mechanical losses. Mechanical losses are the total power consumed by frictional losses in integral gearing,bearings,andseals. 2.6.13 Work Input Coefficient. The work input coefficient is the dimensionless ratio of the enthalpy rise to the sum of the squares of the tip speeds of all stages in a givensection. 2.6.14 Total Work Input Coefficient. The total work input coefficient is the dimensionless ratio of the total work input to the gas to the sum of the squares oftheblade tip speeds of all stages in a givensection.
station, the characteristic length D is the inside pipe diameter at the pressure measuring station and the kinematicviscosity, Y is that which existsforthe static temperature and pressure at the measuring station. The pressure and temperature measuring stations for flow metering calculations shallbe specified as in Section 4 and the accompanying illustrations.Thevariables in theReynoldsnumbermust beexpressed in consistentunits to yield a dimensionless ratio. 2.7.2 Dimensional Constant. The dimensional constant, gc, is required to accountfortheunitsof length, time, and force. It i s equal to 32.174 ft-lbm/ Ibf sec2. The numerical value is unaffected by the local gravitationalacceleration. 2.7.3 Specified Operating Conditions. The specified operating conditions are those conditions for which the compressor performance is to be determined. Refer to paras.6.2.3 and 6.2.4. 2.7.4 Test Operating Conditions. The test operating conditions are theoperating conditions prevailing during thetest.Refer to paras.6.2.7 and 6.2.8. 2.7.5 Equivalence. The specifiedoperating conditions and the test operating conditions, for the purpose of this Code, are said to demonstrate equivalence when, for the same flow coefficient the ratiosof the three dimensionless parameters (specific volume ratio, Machine Mach number, and Machine Reynolds number) fall within the limits prescribed in Table 3.2. 2.7.6Raw Data. Raw data is the recorded observation of an instrument taken during the testrun. 2.7.7 Reading. A reading i s the average of the corrected individual observations (raw data) at any givenmeasurementstation. 2.7.8 Test Point. The test point consists of three or more readings that have been averaged and fall within thepermissiblespecified fluctuation. 2.7.9 Fluctuation. The fluctuation of a specific measurement is defined as the highest reading minus thelowestreading divided by the average of all readingsexpressed as a percent.
2.7
MISCELLANEOUS 2.8 INTERPRETATION

OF SUBSCRIPTS
2.7.1FluidReynolds Number. The Fluid Reynolds number is the Reynolds number for the gas flow in a pipe. It is defined by theequation Re = VD/v, where the velocity, characteristic length, and static kinematic viscosity are to be used as follows: velocity V is the average velocity at the pressure measuring
2.8.1 Certainvaluesforthermodynamicstateand mass flow rateareused in the computation of the dimensionless performance parameters M, Re, r,, 4, P,,, pi, T,, and Unless otherwise specifically
s1.
STD-ASME PTC LO-ENGL
L997
0 7 5 9 b 7 0 Ob0543B bA9
m
ASME PTC 10-1997
stated, the thermodynamic total conditions are used. The subscripts used in these equations are interpreted as follows. 2.8.1.1 The subscript "i" on thermodynamic state variablesdenotes inlet conditions. For singleentry streams it refers to conditions at the section inlet measurement station. For multiple inlet streams it refers to a calculated mixed state.Seepara. E.5 of Appendix E. 2.8.1.2 The subscript "d" on thermodynamic state variables denotes discharge conditions. It refers to conditions at the mainstream discharge measurement station. 2.8.1.3 The subscript "rotor" i s used on mass flow rate to denote the net mass flow rate compressed by the rotor. Its determination requires that all measured flows and calculated leakages are considered.
S T D * A S M E P T C LO-ENGL L797 W 0757b70 UbO5439 515 H

COMPRESSORS AND EXHAUSTERS A S M E PTC 10-1997
SECTION 3
3.1 PLANNING THE TEST
- GUIDING
3.2
PRINCIPLES
TYPES OF TESTS
3.1.1 Before undertaking a test in accordance with the rules of this Code, the Code on General Instructions, PTC 1, shall be consulted. It explains the intended use of the Performance Test Codes and i s particularly helpful in the initial planning of the test. 3.1.2 When a test is to be conducted in accordance with this Code, the scope and procedures to be used shall be determined in advance.Selections of pipe arrangements, test driver, instruments, and test gas, if applicable,shallbe made.Estimates ofthe probable uncertainty in the planned measurements shouldbe made. 3.1.3 The scope of the test shall be agreed to by the interested parties. This may be dictated in advance by contractual commitments or may be mutually agreed upon prior to the start of the test. This Code contains procedures for a single point performance test and gives guidance on determining a complete performancecurve. 3.1.4 Specifiedconditions, that is, mass flow rate, inlet conditions of pressure,temperature, humidity, discharge pressure, cooling water temperature if applicable, speed, gas properties, and input power expectedshallbedefined. 3.1.5 A detailed written statement of the test objectives shall be developed prior to conducting the test.
A test facility shall be selected. Typically this is themanufacturerstest stand orthe users installation site.
3.1.6
ThisCodedefines two typesof test which are based on the deviations between test and specified operating conditions. 3.2.1 Type 1 testsare conducted with the specified gas at or very near the specified operating conditions. Deviations in the specified gas and operating conditions are subject to the limitations imposed by Table 3.1. These limitations are subject to the further restriction that their individual and combined effects shall not exceedthe limits ofTable 3.2. 3.2.2 Type 2 tests are conducted subject to the limits of Table 3.2 only. The specified gas ora substitute gas may be used. The test speedrequired is often different from the specified operating condition speed. 3.2.3 Theselection of test type shall bemade in advanceof the test. In theinterestof maximizing accuracy of test results it is desirable that test conditions duplicate specified operating conditions as closely as possible.The limits in Table 3.1 provide maximum allowable deviations of individual parameters for Type 1 tests. The limitations of Table 3.2 providemaximumallowabledeviationsofthe fundamental dimensionless parameter groupings for both types. The emphasis in conducting either a Type 1 or Type 2 test should be toward minimizing these deviations. The mostreliable test results would be expected when the deviations in both tables are minimized. 3.2.4 Calculationprocedures are given in Section 5 for gases conforming to Ideal GasLaws and for Real Gases. Where the compressibility values depart from the limits prescribed in Table 3.3 the alternate calculation procedures provided for Real Gases shall be used. These alternate procedures apply to calculations foreitherType 1 orType 2 tests.
3.1.7 The number of test personnel should be sufficient to assure a careful and orderly observation ofall instruments with timebetweenobservations to check for indications of error in instrumentsor observations. 3.1.8 An individual shall be designated as responsible for conducting the test.
11
3.3
LIMITATIONS
3.3.1 Compressors constructed withliquid cooled diaphragms, or built-in heat exchangers, shall be
S T D D A S M E P T C L O - E N G L L777 m 0757b70 ObOSqqO 237 M

ASME 10-1997 COMPRESSORS AND EXHAUSTERS
TABLE 3.1 PERMISSIBLE DEVIATION FROM SPECIFIED OPERATING CONDITIONS TYPE 1 TESTS
Symbol Variable
Inlet pressure Inlet temperature S P d Molecular weight Cooling temperature difference Coolant flow rate Capacity
Pi Ji
FOR
Permissible
psia
OR
596 8%
2%
N
MW
rPm Ibm/lbmole
O R
2%
5% 3yo
4i 4%
gal/min ft3/m in
GENERALNOTES: (a) Type 1 tests are to be conductedwith the specifiedgas. Deviations are based on the specified values where pressures and temperatures are expressedin absolute values. (b) The combined effect of inlet pressure, temperature and molecular weight shall not produce more than an 8% deviation in the inlet gas density. (c) The combined effect of the deviationsshall not exceed the limited of Table 3.2. Cooling temperature difference is defined as inlet gas temperature minus inlet cooling water temperature.
TABLE 3 . 2
PERMISSIBLE DEVIATION FROM SPECIFIED OPERATING PARAMETERSFOR TYPE 1 AND 2 TESTS
limit of Test Values as Percent of Design Values Parameter
Specific volume ratio Flow coefficient Machine Mach number Centrifugal compressors Axial compressors Machine Reynolds number Centrifugal compressors [Note Rem(111 Axial compressors where the Machine Reynolds number at specified conditions is below 100,000 105 Axial compressors where the Machine Reynolds number at specified conditions is above 100,000
NOTE:
Symbol
105
vhd
Min
95
96
Milx
104
See Fig. 3.3 See Fig. 3.4
See Fig. 3.5
90 [Note (111
10
200
(1) Minimum allowable test Machine Reynolds number is 90,000.
12
PTC
COMPRESSORS ASME AND EXHAUSTERS
10-1997
TABLE 3 . 3 LIMITS OF DEPARTURE FROM IDEAL CAS LAWS GASES

~~
OF SPECIFIED A N D TEST
~~ ~~ ~
Pressure
Ratio
Maximum Ratio
Allowed Range for Function X Min

-0.344 -0.1 75 -0.073 -0.041 -0.031 -0.025
Allowed Range for Function Y Min

0.925 0.964 0.982 0.988
0.991
k rnaxlk min
1.10 1.o9
Max
0.279 0.1 67 0.071 0.050 0.033 0.028
Max
1.O71
1 .O34
1.12
1.4
2
8 16 32
.O8
1.O7 1 .O6
0.993
1 .o1 7 1 .o1 1 1 .O08 1.006
GENERALNOTES:
(a)Where: X =
T av - 1 and v a-r
Y = 72)(See Figs. 3.6 and 3.7)

V
a pT
(b) Maximum and minimum values of k shall apply to both the specified and test gas over the complete range of conditions.
(c) When these limits are exceeded by either the specified gas or the test gas at any point along the compression path real gas calculation methods shall be usedfor that gas. Ideal or real gas method may be used if these limits are not exceeded.
tested on the specified gas and at the operating conditions specified for the inlet pressure, inlet temperature and speed, and with the flow rate and the temperature specified for the cooling fluid. The fluctuations of the test readings shall be controlled within the limits ofTable 3.4. Theresultsshallbe computed by themethodsprovidedfor a Type 1 test, andreported as run. The methods of this Codemay be applied for conversion of testresults to specified operating condition results for compressors which may be treated as oneormoresections. A section is that portion of a compressor where no intermediate streamleavesorentersbetweenone impeller inlet and the same or another following impeller discharge. See Table 3.2. Heat exchangers are excluded from the interior of the section boundaries. Section boundaries are indicated diagrammatically in Fig. 3.1. The gas state and flow rate shall be established for each stream where it crosses the section boundary.Thepowerabsorbedandheatloss or gain by naturalambientheattransfermustalso be determined.
test providing all conditions, including those at the sidestream, meet the requirements of Table 3.1. Compressors with sidestreams may also be tested by individual sections utilizing the criteria for a Type 2 test.
3 . 3 . 2
3 . 3 . 5 Where condensation can take place between compression sections; for example, intercooled compressors handlingmoist air; thecapacityshall be measured a t thecompressordischarge.(Foratmospheric exhausters the flow shall be measured at theinlet.)Care shall be taken to assure that there is no liquid carry-overfromthe intercoolers.
in practice differ between test and specified operating conditions due to leakagedifferences.Forexample, it is common to test at reduced inlet pressure andthereduced differential pressure across a seal to atmosphere could result in zero or negative leakage. As a result, volume flow ratio equality can not be achieved betweentestandspecifiedconditions. Therefore, it shall be necessary to estimatethe leakage ratio; that is, the leakage mass flow divided bythe inlet mass flow for both test andspecified conditions. If theleakage ratio differencebetween test andspecified is significant,theseeffectsshall be appliedto the calculations of capacity and power.
3.3.6 Volume flow ratios may
3.3.3 Compressors with externallypiped intercoolers may be given a Type 1 test ortheymaybe tested by individual sectionsusing a Type 2 test.
3 . 3 . 4 Compressors with inlet or outlet sidestreams may be testedusingtheproceduresfor a Type 1
13
PTC
ASME
1 O- 1997
TABLE 3.4 PERMISSIBLE FLUCTUATIONSOF TEST READINGS'

Symbol
~~~
Measurement
~ ~
Inlet pressure Inlet temperature Discharge pressure Nozzle differential pressure Nozzle temperature Speed Torque Electric motor input Molecular weight Cooling water inlet temperature Cooling water flow rate Line voltage
psia "R psia P Si "R rPm
2%
0.5% 2% 2% 0.5%
0.5%
1 Yo
1Yo
Ibf ft
MW T
kW lbdlbmole
"R
0.25%
0.5% [Note (2)1
gal/min volts
2%
2%
GENERALNOTES: (a) A fluctuation is the percent difference between the minimum and maximum test reading divided by the average of all readings. (b) Permissible fluctuations apply to Type 1 and Type 2 tests. NOTES
(1) Seepara.5.4.2.3. (2) See para. 4.1 6 for further restrictions.
Power in
r--
------boundary
lest section
Multiple entry streams
-7 -
/1
I
Multiple exit
"
I
Heat transfer
I
I ""-
" " "
I I
FIG. 3.1 SECTION CONTROL VOLUMES

14
S T D - A S M E P T C 10-ENGL L997
0 7 5 9 b 7 0 Ob05YY3 T q b
m
ASME PTC 10-1997
In many cases it is not practical to measurethe leakage flow and it is permissible to use calculated values of leakage for test and specified conditions.
3.3.7 Where the efficiency is to be determined by shaft input power measurements the bearing and seal losses should not exceed 10 percent of the total test power. This will minimize theeffectof uncertainties in the bearing and seal loss determination of gas power.
3.3.8 Evaluation of performance of components between sections, if any,such as heatexchangers, piping, valves,etc., is generallybeyondthescope of this Codeandshallbeagreeduponbyparties to the test.The specifiedoperating condition performance of such components or the technique for correctionof testresults to specifiedoperating conditions shall be agreed upon by parties to the test.
speeds of rotating equipment in selectingthetest speed. shall not exceed Testpressuresandtemperatures the maximum allowable pressures and temperatures for thecompressor.
3.5
INTERMEDIATE FLOW STREAMS
3.5.1 Section Treatment. Compressors having flowsaddedorremoved at intermediatelocations betweenthe inlet and final dischargearehandled by treating the compressor by sections. The gas state and flow rateshallbeestablished for eachstream where it crosses the section boundary.
3.3.9 When power is to be determined by the heat balance method, the heat losses due to radiation andconvection,expressed in percentof the total shaftpower,shall not exceed 5 percent. 3.3.10 For Type 2 tests, the inlet gas condition shallhave a minimum of 5F of superheat.
3.4
TEST CAS AND SPEED
3.4.1 The physicalandthermodynamicproperties of thespecified and test gas shall beknown.The option of using tabulated data, an equation of state correlation, or experimental determination as a source for these properties shall be agreed upon prior to the test. 3.4.2 The following physicalproperties of thetest gas throughout the expected pressure and temperature range shall be known or accurately determined: (a) molecular weight (b) specific heat at constant pressure (cf) (c) ratio of specific heats (c&) (d) compressibility factor (Z) (e) dew point (fl viscosity (g) isentropic exponent (h) enthalpy (i) acoustic velocity 3.4.3 The test speed shall be selected so as to conform to the limits of Table 3.2.Thetestspeed shall not exceedthe safe operating speed of the compressor. Consideration should be given to critical
15
3.5.2 It is necessary to maintain a consistency betweenspecifiedvolume flow rate ratio and test volume flow rate ratio for each section. Permissible deviationsfromtheseratiosare listed in Fig.3.2. As an example, in the first section of a multisection compressor,the ratio of inlet volume flow rate to dischargevolume flow rate for thespecifiedand test conditions must be held to within +S percent which is the same as that required for conventional compressors in Table 3.2. In addition, it is required thatthe ratio of first stage sectiondischarge flow rate to secondsection inlet volume flow rate for the specified and test conditions be held to within 2 1 O percent. This is required so that the total pressure determined at thesidestreamflange will have the same relationship to the total pressure actually existing atthe exit of the first section boundary for specified and test conditions. For thesecondandsucceedingsectionstherequirements are similar. The ratio of inlet volume flow rate to discharge volume flow rate for specified and test conditions must be held to within +5 percent. Also, the preceding section discharge volume flow rate to sidestream inlet volume flow rate ratio for specified and test conditions must be held to 21O percent.Finally,the ratio ofthedischargevolume flow rateofthesectionbeingtested to thenext sidestream volume flow ratemustalsobeheld to 2 1 O percent. This requirement is most important in the second section of a three section machine where both inlet anddischarge total pressuresare being determined at the sidestream flanges andvelocity similarities arenecessary for test accuracy. Code requirements arealsodescribed in equationform in Fig. 3.2.
--------Section 2 section 3
Section
Min. 95 9 (rpl-5)t 95 105 (rql.2)sp 105 rq3-2 = (13 (rq3-2)t 110 9o
Max.
Min.
Max.
46 h&t
Min.
w
Max. QL%5 = 45 110 &8-5)w
ql-2
q 92
- (rq7-2lt (rql-2M.J
q3-2
93 = 42 go w-5 ,,o
h2-2)t
(r++p
(r~-2)sp
44 = 45
rq7a = 41
Q8
95
105
re5=$
(rq8-5)t
(r,&sp go
110
whelre: flange 5 computed before 6 flange subscript 4 = Section 2 mixed inlet computed subscript7 = Section 3 mixed inlet computed from
subscript
1 -
Section 1 inlet from measurements
2 =
Section 1 diiharge from measurementa side&earn
Section 2 discharge computed from internal measurements before ridestream flange
8 = Section 3 discharge flange measurements
3 =
Section 2 inlet from measurement,
Section 3 inlet from measurements
FIG. 3.2
TYPICAL SIDELOAD
SECTIONAL COMPRESSORS
S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL L997 m 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 0 b 0 5 4 4 5 8 1 9 m
COMPRESSORS AND EXHAUSTERS ASME PTC 10-1997
3.5.3 Inward Sidestreams. When the sidestream flow is inward, the discharge temperature of the precedingsectionshallbe measured prior to the mixing of the two streams. This temperature measurement shall bemade in a portion ofthedischarge flow stream where the sidestream cannot affect the raw data. Raw data may be affected by heat transfer froma cold sidestream to a hotmainstream flow or fromrecirculation which mayoccur within the flow passage. The discharge temperature is needed to compute the performance of the preceding section and to computethereferencemixedtemperature for the nextsection inlet. It is possible for internal total pressures to exceed flange total pressure dueto the higher internal velocities. The higher internal velocities are accompanied by a lower static pressure which provides a pressure difference for inward flow. 3.5.4 Temperature Stratification. It is common for sideload sectional compressors to have temperature differences between the mainstream and sidestream. When testing all sections of a multisection compressor (three or more sections) simultaneously, large differences between the sidestream and mainstream temperatures may occur. It is possible, due to these differences, for thermal flow stratification to exist within the compressor sections. This stratification mayresult in inaccurate measurements of internal temperatures in downstream sections. Under test conditions, the stream temperature differences should be maintained as close to specified as practical.
The internal temperature and pressure can be assumed to be equal to the external flange temperatureand pressure oftheprimary internal stream. The ratio of flow raterestrictions in Fig. 3.2 shall also apply to outward flowing sidestreams. 3.5.7 It is recommended that each section of a multisection machine have its own performance curve defined by a number of test points. This enables synthesis of the combined overall performance curve and provides data on the interrelations of the individual sections. The ratios of Fig. 3.5 will apply at all points unless other specified operating ratiosare identified.
3.6
SAFETY
3.6.1 The test gas used shall be in compliance with local regulations and prudent practice with regard to flammability and/or toxicity. Test gases used in a closed loop shall be continuously monitored for composition and avoidance of combustible mixtures. Air or other oxidizing gases shallnotbeused in aclosedloop.
3 . 6 . 2
3.6.3 The party providing the test site will be responsible for establishing the requirements of system protection. Consideration should be given to the needfor relief valves for accidental overpressure. Therequirement of alarmsand/orautomaticshutdown devicesforsuchitems as high temperature, loss of cooling water, low oil pressure,compressor overspeed, or other possible malfunctions should be reviewed,
3 . 5 . 5 Performance Definition. Thesectionalhead, efficiencies, and pressures are defined flange to flange. The only internal measurementsneededare the sectional discharge temperatures for computing the mixed temperature conditions and sectional performance. The pressure used for calculating the sectional performance is assumed to be equal to the sidestreamflange total pressure. The internal mixedtemperatureshould be computed on a mass enthalpy basis (real gas evaluation) for obtaining the inlet temperature for succeeding sections. Simplified mixing based on mass temperature may be done for ideal gases with constant specific heat.Forfurther information see para. E.5 of Appendix E.
3.5.6 Extraction Sidestreams. Whentheintermediate flows are removed (.e., bleed-off) from the compressor,they will cross asectionboundary.
17
3.7
PIPING
3.7.1 Piping arrangements required to conduct a test under the Code are detailed in Section 4. Permissible alternatesaredescribed for convenienceand suitability. A selection suitable for the prevailing test conditions shall be made and described in thetest report. When the choke point is to be determined, care should be taken to assure that the compressor pressurerise shall exceedsystemresistance. 3.7.2 Minimum straight lengths of piping at the inlet, discharge, and on both sides of the flow device arespecified in Section 4. When compressors are treated as anumber of individual sections, these piping requirements apply to each section. Such piping between sections may not occur naturally in the design. When it does
ASME PTC 10-1997

O. 3
EXHAUSTERS
AND
COMPRESSORS
0.2
0.1
BI
8
0.0
-0.1
-0.2
I
-0.3 I O
I
I
I
I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I
I I
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I I
I
I
I
1.6
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Mach No. Specified
1.o Mmsp
1.2
1.4
FIG. 3.3
A L L O W A B L EM A C H I N EM A C HN U M B E R CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS
DEPARTURES,
not, the parties to the test should elect by mutual agreement to: (a) install additional piping between the sections (6) take measurementsin the availablespace. Consideration shall be given to any compromise in measurement accuracy and its effect upon the final test objective. (c) remove components such as external heat exchangers and replace them with the required piping. When this alternate is selected it is important that the removal of the component have a negligible effect upon the section entry or exit flowfield so as not to affect the section performance parameters.
shall be designed for the maximum pressure plus a suitable safety factor and the cooler shall be sized to dissipate the maximum heat load. Additional lengthsof piping beyondthe minimum prescribed may be required to provide additional system capacitance. Provisions may be necessary toallow for expansion of the piping and the piping design shall beofsufficientstrength to withstandthe stresses imposed during compressorsurge.
3.8
INSTRUMENTATION
3 . 7 . 3 Where externalintercoolerperformanceand
pressure drop are known for the specified operating conditions,ordeterminedon a separate test, the compressor may be tested as separate sections and the combined performance computed by the method described in Section 5.
Test instruments shall be selected, calibrated, and installed in accordance with the requirements of Section 4.
3.7.4 If a closed loop test i s to be performed, the 3 . 9 PRETEST maximum messure to be obtained and the maximum heat load shall be estimated. The piping and cooler Pretest inspection may be of interest to either from the compressor discharge to the throttle valve party. Refer to PTC 1 for guidance.
18
S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL L997 D 0 7 5 7 b 7 0 O h 0 5 4 4 7 bqL

COMPRESSORS ASME AND EXHAUSTERS PTC 10-1 997
Mach No. Specified - Mmsp
FIG. 3.4
A L L O W A B L EM A C H I N EM A C HN U M B E R COMPRESSORS
DEPARTURES, AXIAL
3.10
PRETEST R U N
3.10.1 Thecompressorshallbeoperated for sufficient time at the required conditions to demonstrate acceptable mechanical operation and stable values of all measurements to be takenduringthe test, Preliminarydatashallbetaken to familiarize test personnel, to determine if all instrumentsare functioning properly, and to ascertain if the reading fluctuations fall within the limits prescribed in Table 3.4. 3.10.2 All instrumentobservationspertinent to the test shall be taken during the pretest run. They commonly include the following: (a) inlet pressure (b) inlet temperature (c) relative humidity orwet bulb temperature, if atmospheric air is the test gas (d) discharge pressure (e) discharge temperature and/or shaft power input (0 flow device pressures and temperatures (gl speed (h) cooler inlet and outlet temperatures,gas and coolant sides, if applicable
19
(i) lubricant temperatures, inlet and outlet of bearings, seals, and speed changing gear, if applicable (j) coolant and lubricant flows, if applicable fk/ barometric pressure (I) gas analysis, if atmospheric air is not the test gas (m) time
3.10.3 A set ofcalculationsshall be madeusing the preliminary testdata to assure that the correct test speed has been selected, that the test parameters required in Tables 3.1 or 3.2, as applicable,were obtainedand that theoverallperformancevalues arereasonable. 3.10.4 Thepretestrunmaybeconsidered as part of the test if it meets all requirementsofthetest.
3.11
TEST OPERATION
3.1 1.1 The compressor shall be operated at the requiredconditions for a sufficient period of time to demonstrate that all variables have stabilized. 3.11.2 When all variableshavestabilized,the test personnelshall take thefirst set ofreadings of all
~~
ASME PTC 10-1997
0757b70. Ob05448 528
m
EXHAUSTERS
GENERAL NOTE: 90,000 is cutoff
FIG. 3.5
ALLOWABLE MACHINE REYNOLDSNUMBER CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS
DEPARTURES,
essential instruments. Three sets of readings shall be taken during eachtest point. 3.1 1.3 The minimum duration of a test point, after stabilization, shall be 15 minutesfromthe start of the first set of readings to the end of the third set of readings.
3.11.4 When a test is only to verify a single specified condition, the test shall consist of two test points which bracket the specified capacity within a range of 96 percent to 104 percent.
greater of specified capacity). When the compressor is used with a variable speed driver additional points maybe run onselectedspeedlines, provided that an equivalent speed is generated for each operating point selected. 3.11.6 The flow at which surge occurs can be determined by slowly reducing the flow rate at the test speed until indications of unstable or pulsating flow appear. The severity of surge will vary widely as a function of pressure ratio, type of compressor, andcapacitanceofthe piping system. Surge may be identified by noise, fluctuations in the differential pressure of the flow nozzle, or a drop and/or fluctuation of the pressure and/or temperature. When the surge flow has been identified, the flow shouldbeincreased slightly until stableoperation is restored so that a complete set ofperformance datamaybetaken.Thisprocessmayberepeated a second time to demonstrate the reliability of the initial setting. It should be understood that a surge flow established in a shop test may not define the surge conditions which will occur in the field due to
20
3.1 1.5 When performancecurves are required to verify the complete compressor range of operation, a multipoint test shall be performed. Each point selected along the curve shall be assumed to be a specified point andcheckedforequivalency.This may require a different equivalent speed foreach test point. Usually five pointsshouldbe used to complete a curve. A point shall be taken at approximately the specified capacity. The additional points should consist of one point nearsurge, two points between specified capacity andsurge, and one point in the overload range (preferably 105 percent or
PTC 10-1997
12
10 9
FIG. 3.6
SCHULTZ COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR
- FUNCTION
Y VERSUS REDUCED PRESSURE
differences in piping configurationand sponse.
system re-
3.12
INCONSISTENCIES
3.1 1.7 The choke flow may be determined by gradually opening the discharge throttle valve while maintaining speed and inlet pressure until the flow remains essentially constant with decreasing dischargepressure. If the compressoris to be operated as an exhauster ortested with an opendischarge,thechoke flow may be determined by gradually opening the inlet valve whileholding speed anddischargepressure constant. If choke flow is to bedetermined,the facilities shall be designed so as not to limit maximum flow.
21
3.12.1 Where four independent instruments are used to measure a pressure ortemperaturevalue and one recorded observation is inconsistentdue to measurementerror, its valueshall be discarded and the value determined from the average of the other three. Where fewer than four independent measuring devices are used, all values shall be used and averaged to determine the measurement value.
3.12.2 Thethreereadings for eachtest point shall be within the fluctuation tolerances listed in Table 3.4.
ASME PTC 10-1997
Reduced Pressure, Pr
FIG. 3.7 SCHULTZ COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR
- FUNCTION X VERSUS REDUCED PRESSURE

3.14 TEST LOG SHEETS Thetest log sheet shall identify thecompressor manufacturer, model, and serial number. Test location, driver identification, test instruments used, and test date shall be listed. Raw data for each test point shall be recorded as observed on the test log sheet as well as the time of each set of data. Corrections and corrected readings shall be listed separately in the test report. At the completion of the test the log sheets shall be signed by therepresentatives of theinterested parties. Copies of the complete log sheets shall be furnished to the interestedparties.The test report shall be completed in accordance with the instructions in Section 6.
3.13
ERRORS AND UNCERTAINTIES
3.13.1 It should be recognizedthattheresults of the test calculations are subject to error caused by theinaccuracies of the testinstrumentsand/or procedures. It is recommendedthat an uncertainty analysis be made prior to the test to assure that the test objectives can be met. The detailed procedures are given in PTC 19.1 and are discussed in para. 5.7 of this Code.
3.13.2 The uncertainty is a measure of the quality ofthe test andshouldnot beused as a measure of the quality of the machine.
22
S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL L777 H 0 7 5 7 b 7 0 Ob0545L 0 3 2

COMPRESSORS AND EXHAUSTERS ASME PTC 1O- 1997
SECTION 4
- INSTRUMENTSANDMETHODSOF
MEASUREMENT
4.1 METHODS
4.1.1 The choice of methods provided in this Code will depend on the compressor,thespecified gas, andthetypeoftestselected.
4.2
INSTRUMENTATION
4.2.1 The Performance Test Code Supplements in the PTC 19 series on Instruments and Apparatus provide authoritative information concerning instrumentsand their use andshouldbeconsultedfor suchinformation.Theselection of instrumentation shall be determined by the uncertainty limit requirementsofthetest as well as suitability forthetest site conditions. The instrument selection shall be justified by calculation that the uncertainty in results meets the statedtestobjectives. Instrumentation is required to determine the inlet and discharge gas states, flow rate, and compressor speed. Depending upon the method selected, additional instrumentation may be required to determine test power.
12 taps displaced 45 deg. fromthemandatleast in. downstream. In special cases when atmospheric conditions satisfytherequirements,thecompressormayberun without an inletpipe as shown in Fig. 4.2. The inlet opening shall be protected with a screenand bellmouth suitably designed to eliminate debris and minimize entrancelosses(seepara.4.4).The total inlet pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure. Temperature measuring devices shall be located on the screen to measure the temperature of the air stream at thecompressor inlet. Forcompressors with an axial inlet, the impeller may,undersomeconditions, produce a vortexat the pressure station to cause substantial error in the measurement of inlet pressure.Users of this Code, by agreement,mayusevanes suitably designed for low pressure loss to prevent rotation at the pressure taps.Thestaticpressurestationsshall notbe less than four pipe diameters upstream of the compressor flange as shown in Fig.4.3.
4.3.3 Typical discharge piping required for compressors are outlined in Fig. 4.1. The minimum straight length of discharge pipe required before and after the instrumentation is specified. The four static pressuretapsarea minimum of 12 in. downstream of the discharge opening. The pressure taps are followed by the four temperature taps displaced 45 deg. fromthemandatleast 8 in. downstream. Analternatearrangementmaybeusedwhen a compressoroperating as an exhauster on air has a dischargevelocitypressure less than 5 percent of the total pressure. In this case the compressor can berun without a discharge pipe as shown in Fig. 4.4. The discharge temperature of the gas stream is measuredat the compressor discharge. When the compressor has a volute that produces unsymmetrical flow at thedischargeopeningthe static pressure taps shall be a minimum of six diameters downstream as shown in Fig. 4.5. The other minimum dimensions are specified in Fig. 4.1. Straightening vanesdesigned for low pressure loss,
23
4.3
PIPING
4.3.1 The location of the pressure and temperature measuring stations have specificrelation to the compressor inlet and outlet openings. The pipe sizes shall match these openings, Minimum lengths of straight pipe are mandatory for certain pressure and temperature measurement stations and for certain flow devices.Pipearrangementsandallowableexceptionsaredescribed in thisSection.Appropriate selectionsshallbemadeanddescribed in thetest report. 4.3.2 Typical inlet piping required for compressors is outlined in Fig. 4.1. The minimum straight length of inlet pipe is determined by what is upstreamof the inlet opening. The four static pressure taps are a minimum of 24 in. upstream of the inlet opening. Downstream of the pressure taps are four temperature
ASME PTC 10-1997
6 minimum
12 in. minimum
6 in. minimum
12 in. minimum
8 in. minimum
h
temperature Inlet Inlet static pressure 4 taps spaced 90 deg. apart
4 measuring stations spaced 90 deg. apart (45 deg. from static pressure)
Discharge static pressure 4 measuring from taps spaced 90 deg. apart
Discharge temperature 4 measuring taps spaced 90 deg. apart (45 deg. pressure) static
Inlet Opening Preceded By Straight run Elbow Reducer Valve Flow device
~
Minimum Dimension A
Discharge Opening Followed By Straight run Elbow Reducer Valve Flow device
Minimum Dimension
A 20 20 30 30 80
6
30 30 50 5D IOD
2D
20
30
30 60 IOD
30
ED 3D
5D
For open inlet, see Fig. 4.2. For vortex producingaxial inlet, see Fig. 4.3.
For open discharge, see Fig. 4.4. For diffusing volute with unsymmetrical flow, see Fig. 4.5. Discharge Configuration
Inlet Configuration
FIG. 4.1
INLET AND DISCHARGE CONFIGURATION
Protecting screen
Inlet pressure by barometer
Inlet temperature 4 measuring stations

spaced 90 deg. apart
FIG. 4.2 OPEN INLET

24
ASME PTC
10-1997
r
Inlet static pressure 4 taps spaced 90 deg. apart
See Fig. 4.1 for
minimum dimensions
1D min
Inlet temperature 4 measuring taps spaced 90 deg. apart (45 deg. from static pressure)
A-
4Dmin.
L Straightener (optional)
See Fig. 4.8, para. 4.5
FIG. 4.3 VORTEX
PRODUCING AXIAL INLET
Discharge temperature 4 measuring locations spaced 90 deg. apart
Discharge static pressure by barometer (when discharge velocity pressure exceeds 5% of total pressure use discharge pipe arrangement, Fig. 4.1)
FIG. 4.4
OPEN DISCHARGE
as covered in para. 4.5, may be used by mutual agreement to minimize the effect of the unsymmetrical flow.
4.3.4 Figures 4.6 and 4.7 show a typical arrangement for testing with a general closed loop and closed loop with sidestreams.
4.4 PROTECTIVE
SCREENS
4.4.1 Compressors operating with an open inlet shall beprotected with ascreen orfilter,suitable
25
for the conditions. In general, a screen on the inlet must be strongenough to preventcollapse in the event of accidental clogging. The mesh of a screen shall be selected to prevent entry of foreign matter which might damage the compressor and impair itsperformance.Reliable tests cannot be made on atmospheric air laden with dust, oil-fog, paint spray, orotherforeignmatter which may foul the flow passage of thecompressor.Protectivescreensshall have an open area at least two timesthat of the compressor inlet or the nozzle pipe. When screens with very small mesh or filters are used, inlet pressure
S T D - A S M E PTC L O - E N G L L797
ASME PTC 10-1997
0757b70 Ob05454 821 W

AND COMPRESSORS
EXHAUSTERS Discharge static pressure 4 measuring taps spaced
minimum dimensions
Straightener (optional) See Fig. 4.8, para. 4.5
Discharge temperature 4 measuring tapsspaced 90 deg. apart (45 deg. from static pressure)
FIG. 4.5
DIFFUSING VOLUTE DISCHARGE WITH NONSYMMETRIC FLOW
Cooling water inlet temp.
arrangement
straightener and
III
v
FIG. 4.6
Drain pot Gauge
a
Drain tank
TYPICAL CLOSED
LOOP
26
S T D . A S M E P T C LO-ENGL
COMPRESSORS AND EXHAUSTERS Flow equalizer measuring straightenerand
L777
0757b70 O b 0 5 4 5 5 7bB
Nozzle arrangement (See PTC 19.5)
Y-
Drain pot Drain tank Gauge
i ! & +
Cooling III
water inlet temp.
ASME PTC 10-1997
Inlet
Inlet measuring stations (See Fig. 4.1
'
Throttle valve
Nozzle measuring arrangement (See PTC 19.5)
Valves for charging and venting gas
""" jJ
n
I m
Relief valve
-"
LJ
Flow equalizer and straightener
\ Flow nozzle
Drain tank Gauge
? i l +
FIG. 4.7 WITH SIDESTREAM
TYPICALCLOSEDLOOP
27
S T D - A S M E P T C 10-ENGL 2 9 9 7
ASME PTC 10-1997
0759b70 O b 0 5 4 5 b bTq
shall be measured by static taps as provided in Fig. 4.1 for straight pipe.Where screens or filters are used in a closed loop, precautions such as measurement of the differential pressurearerecommended.
4.6 PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS 4.6.1 Reference should be made to PTC 19.2, forgeneral information on instruments to measure pressure. For the range of pressures likely to be measured in compressor test, the manometerand the deadweight gage shall be used as standards. Pressure transducers and other pressure measurement devices can be used. These can be calibrated using deadweight testers or manometers. Deadweight testers shall be certified by a competent laboratory. Where gage lines are filled with liquids, means shall be provided to measure the liquid level, and a correction shall be applied forunbalanced liquid head. 4.6.2 Bourdon tubes or similar gages should be selected to operate in themid-range of the scale. Thediameters ofthe scales and thearrangement of thegraduations shall permit easy reading.The temperature of the gage during calibration shall be within 40F of theambienttemperature prevailing during the test. 4.6.3 Manometerscanbeeither U-tube orsingle leg design. Smallboremanometers are subject to appreciable error resulting from capillary forces, variable meniscus,andrestrictedseparationofentrained gas bubbles. These errors vary with the type of fluid, the tube diameter, and the tube cleanliness. Singlelegmanometers shall be checkedforzero position before and after test. Manometer fluid shall be chemically stable when in contact with the test gases andmetalpartsof the instrument. The specific gravity and the coefficient of temperature expansion of the fluid shall be determined before the test. See PTC 19.2 for further guidance. 4.6.4 Deadweight gages and testers shall be selected to suit the pressure range. Deadweight gages cannotmeasure rapid pressurechangesand where necessarytheyshallbe installed in parallel with a Bourdon tube gage, transducer, or other instrument. 4.6.5 Transducers shall be selected with pressure ranges appropriate for the expectedtestpressures. They must be calibrated before and after each test. When automated data collection equipment is used with a pressure switching device, and a single transducer, that transducer shall be selected to cover theentirerangeofpressure.Whenusingpressure switching devices, sufficienttime between successive switch points shall be allowed so that the transducer pressure will reach equilibrium for the selected pres28
4.5
FLOW STRAIGHTENERS A N D EQUALIZERS
4.5.1 Flow straighteners may be installed by mutual agreementof the parties to the test as shown in Figs. 4.3 and 4.5.These flow straighteners may be of the simple vane type, Fig. 4.8, sketch (a), where L/D will beequal to orgreaterthanunity, or of the multitube type,Fig. 4.8, sketch (b), wherethe length-diameter ratio of the tube shall be equal to or greater than eight and a maximum tube diameter of '/sD.
Flowequalizers shall be installed if required in PTC 19.5. See Fig. 4.8, sketch (c). Flow equalizers shall be a multihole plate,designed to produce a minimum static pressure drop of two times the calculated velocity pressure forthe pipe section. The total area required of the holes may be determined from the following formula:
4.5.2
where Ah= total area of holes in plate, sq in. Ap= area of cross section or pipe, sq in. q = inlet volume flow, cfm pi= inlet density,Ibmper CU ft Dp= diameter of pipe, in. pp= densityof gas in pipe upstreamofplate, Ibm per CU ft Ap= pressure drop acrossplate, psi The plate should contain not less than 50 holes persquare foot of area, uniformly spaced, but not less than50holes minimum. 4.5.3 A combined flow equalizer and flow straightener is used with flow nozzleswhererequiredby PTC 19.5. See Fig. 4.8, sketch (dl. The flow straightener shall be the multitube type as shown in Fig. 4.8, sketch (b), preceded by a flow equalizer onehalf pipediameter upstream. Alternatively three flow equalizers spaced one pipe diameter apart may be used as shown in Fig. 4.8, sketch (e).
ASME PTC 10-1997
lal Simple-Vane Flow Straightener
L 1 4
(bl Multi-Tube Flow Straightener
(cl Equalizer (Perforated Plate or Screen)
min.
Id) Combination Equalizer and Straightener
IfD-"-J
(e) Multi-Tube Type Equalizer and Straightener
FIG. 4.8
STRAIGHTENERS AND EQUALIZERS
29
S T D * A S M E P T C LO-ENGL L777 W 0757b70 O b 0 5 q 5 8 477 W

ASME PTC 10-1997 COMPRESSORS AND EXHAUSTERS
sure tap. Equilibrium shouldbe verified as part of the measurementsystem operatingprocedures. 4.6.6
Velocity pressure shall becomputed on the basis of average velocity. (Seepara. 5.4.3.) Static pressure shall be taken as the arithmetic average ofindividual rawdataobservations from four stations,spaced 90 deg. in the same plane of the pipe. Thediameter of the static hole shall not exceedfour-tenths of the pipewall thicknessand it should not be greater than V,, in. in normal circumstances.The hole shallbe drilled smoothandfree of burrs. A preferred connection is obtained by welding a coupling to the pipe and then drilling the hole. Total pressure probes may be used to measure pressure at the same stations the static measurements are made. Where the absolute values from four stations differ by more than one percent, the cause shall bedetermined and the condition corrected. See PTC 19.2 forfurtherguidance.
4.6.7
The measurement obtained by a total pressure probe can be influenced to varying extent by spatial location. In the event of significant unresolved differences from the total pressure deduced from the static pressure and average velocity, the static-pressurebasedresult shall prevail. 4.6.10 Barometerreadingsand thetemperature at theinstrument shall be recorded at the beginning and end of each test point. The instrument shall be located at the site of the test. It shall be protected from weather, direct sunlight, and fluctuating temperature changes. Precautions shall be taken to prevent negativepressures in the vicinity of the barometer which may be caused by strong winds, compressor intakes, or ventilating fans. The instrument elevation with respect to the compressor shall be determined and propercorrections applied. See PTC 19.2 for further guidance. 4.6.1 1 Internal pressure measurements are required only if the sectional performance is defined for internal conditions (as an alternative the Code definition in para. 3.5.6). Due to the many configurations of the internal passages in sidestreamcompressors, this Codecannotspecifypreciselywhereor how internal pressure instrumentation may be placed.As a guide, four pressure probes (either static ordynamic) should beinserted in themainstream flow. These probes should belocated so the incoming sidestream does not affecttheraw data (see Fig. 4.12). It is usually difficult to makeaccurate internal pressure measurements at a stage discharge since this is normally a region of high velocity with local variations of velocity, flow angle, and pressure. This measurement uncertainty should be reflected in the error analysis and in thevalue of the uncertainty assigned to thesestations.
4.6.8 Inlet pressure i s the total pressure prevailing at the compressor inlet. It i s the sum of thestatic pressure and the velocity pressure.Staticpressure shall be measured as specified for inlet pipes in Figs. 4.1 or 4.3. Where no inletpipe is used, as in Fig. 4.2, the inlet total pressure shall be measured by a barometer. Total pressuremay be directly measured by the use of total probes inserted into the flow stream (such probes shall be properly oriented or directionally compensated to insureproper measurement). The measurement obtained by a total pressure probe can be influenced to varying extent by spatial location. In the event of significant unresolved differences from the total pressure deduced from thestaticpressure and average velocity, the static-pressure-based result shall prevail.
4.6.9 Discharge pressure i s the total pressureprevailing at the compressor discharge. It shall be taken as the sum of thestaticpressureandthe velocity pressure. Static pressure shall be measured as illustrated in Fig.4.1. When no discharge pipe i s used, as illustrated in Fig. 4.4, the discharge static pressure shall be measured by a barometer. If the velocity pressure (based on discharge opening area) exceeds 5 percent of the static pressure,an open discharge shall not be used. Total pressuremaybe directly measured by the use of total probes inserted into the flow stream (such probesshallbe properly oriented or directionally compensated to insureproper measurement).
30
4.7
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS
4.7.1 Reference should be made to PTC 19.3, Temperature Measurement, for guidance on instruments for temperature measurement. Temperature shall be measured by thermocouples or mercury-inglass thermometers or other devices with equivalent accuracy. The range of their scales, the sensitivity, and the required accuracy shall be chosen for each of the significant measurements according to the particular need.The following generalprecautions are recommended when making any temperature measurement: the instrument installation should assure that thermal conductance by radiation, convec-
ASME PTC 1 O- 1997
tion, and conduction between the temperature sensitive elementand all externalthermalbodies(pipe wall, external portions of thermometer wells and thermocouple, etc.) shall be negligible in comparison to the conductance between the sensor and the mediumbeing measured. Insulationofthoseparts of thermometer well, thermocouple sheath, etc., that extendbeyondthe pipe outsidediametermaybe a means of accomplishing this objective if necessary. In somecases, insulation of the pipe wall near the thermometerorpossiblyinsulation of thesection of the pipe upstreamof the thermometermaybe necessary. The temperature measuring device shall extend a sufficient distance into the fluid stream to minimize unavoidable conduction of heat. They need not be perpendicular to the wall. Oil or other heat conducting fluid should be used in thermowells to improve heat transfer. Precaution shall be taken to avoid insertion of thetemperaturemeasuringdevice into astagnant area when measuring the temperature of a flowing medium. 4.7.2 When selecting a liquid-in-glass thermometer there may be a need for an emergent stem correction. Refer to PTC19.3 for further information. 4.7.3 Thermocouples shall have junctions silver brazedorwelded.Theselectionofmaterialsshall be suitable for the temperature and the gases being measured. Calibration shall be made with the complete assembly, including theinstrument,thereferencejunction,andthe lead wires. If the well is integral with the thermocouple,the well shall also be included in the calibration. 4.7.4 Thermometer wells shall be as small in diameter and with walls as thin as conditions will permit. Wells shall be evaluated for the conditions of anticipated use to determine the time lag and the corrections to be applied. Thermocouples should be welded to the bottomof a well toreduce orminimize the correction for well error. Resistancetemperaturedetectorsorthermistorsshouldbeselected for the appropriate range. Caution should be taken because some of these deviceshave a relatively slow responsetime.
4.7.5
temperature measured is a value between static and total temperature. The velocity temperature is then corrected for the recovery factor and added to the measured observation (see para. 5.4.4). Special temperature probes made to measure total temperature need little ornocorrection. 4.7.7 Inlet temperature is the total temperature prevailing at the compressor inlet. When the compressor is tested with an inlet pipe, four temperature taps shallbespaced 90 deg.apartand displaced Figs. 45 deg. fromthestaticpressuresensors(see 4.1 or 4.3). When machines are assembled with an open inlet as in Fig. 4.2, inlet total temperature is the atmospheric temperature, andit shall be measuredby fourinstrumentsattached to the protecting screen. In general, when the 4 (four) raw data observations differ by more than 0.5 percent of the absolute temperature the cause shall be determined and corrected. For low temperaturerisemachinesuncertainty analysis should be used to determine acceptable limits. Variations of more that 0.5 percent caused by factors other than instrument error such as design may require more than 4 (four) measuring stations. 4.7.8 Dischargetemperature i s the total temperature prevailing at thecompressordischarge.When a compressor is assembled for test with a discharge pipe,theinstruments shall be located as shown in Figs, 4.1 or 4.5 and spaced 90 deg. apart and displaced 45 deg. fromthe pressure taps. Where the compressor is operated without a discharge pipe, four instruments shall be anchored to the discharge opening with a suitable projection into the gas stream. Whenthefourraw data observations differ by more than 0.5 percent of the absolute temperature, the cause shall be determined and corrected. Variationof morethan 0.5 percent caused by factors other than instrument error such as design may requiremorethanfourmeasuringstations. 4.7.9 Forsidestreamcompressors,due to the many possible configurations of internal passages, this Code cannot specify where orhow internal temperature instrumentation may be placed (see paras. 3.5.5 and 3.5.6). As a guide, four temperature probes shouldbeinserted in themainstream flow. These probes should be located so the incoming sidestream does notaffecttherawdata(seeFig. 4.12). It is usually difficult to make accurate internal temperature measurements at a stage discharge since this is normally a region of high velocity. This measurement
31
4.7.6 Total temperature is the sum of static temperature and velocity temperature. Where the Mach number is lower than 0.1 1 for gases, or for air where the velocity is below 125 ft/sec, the velocity temperature may be negligible. Normally, the actual
ASME PTC 10-1997
Nozzle temperature
" 4 "
m
I
Nozzle pressure 2 taps spaced 90 dag.
para.
Protecting screen See 4.4
SD minimum
FIG. 4.9
INLET NOZZLE ON A N OPEN LOOP
uncertainty should be reflected in the uncertainty barometer pressure. Differential pressure i s measured analysisand in the value of the uncertainty assigned from two statictaps located 112Ddownstream of the to these stations. The internal temperature measurenozzle flange. Temperature is measured by sensors ment i s always required when sidestream and mainat the screen. stream flows mix internally. 4.8.4 The nozzle maybeused with an open discharge: Figs. 4.1 O and 4.1 1 show optional arrangements of the flow nozzle on the outlet end of a pipe for use where it is convenient to discharge the gas to atmosphere. For a subcritical flow, the nozzle differential pressure, A,, will be less than the barometric pressure and it shall be measured fromimpact tubes, as shown in Fig. 4.10. Where theavailable gas pressures permit,the nozzle maybesizedfor operation at critical flow. In this case the differential pressure will begreaterthanbarometric pressure, and it shall be measured fromstatic taps located 1 D upstream of the nozzle as indicated in Fig. 4.1 l . In both cases the minimum length of straight pipe precedingthe nozzle shall be 1 O D andthe pipe diameter shall be a minimumof 1.66 times the nozzle throat diameter. Temperature measuring Stations shall be located 6 0 upstream. The flow straightenerand/or flow equalizer, as described in para. 4.5, shall be used.Users of these arrangements are cautioned to observe the distinction between critical and subcritical flow. It shouldbenotedthatthe velocity ofapproach is included in measurements made with impact tubes. 4.8.5 Formulas for calculating mass flow for a variety offlow measuringdevices as provided in PTC 19.5 shallbeused.Methodsare included for the determination of the discharge coefficient, fluid expansion factor, and metering element thermal expansion coefficient for various flow elements.
32
4.8 CAPACITY MEASUREMENTS 4.8.1 Flow may be measured by using an ASME flow nozzle, concentric square edgeorifice, Herschel type venturi tube, or alternative devices of equal or betteraccuracy.Reference shall be made to PTC 19.5, Flow Measurement, for general instruction and detailed description of the various primary elements and their applications. Other references are provided in Appendix D. The interested parties shall mutually agree upon the type of metering device to be used and the choice shall bestated in the test report. 4.8.2 The flow measuring device may be located on either the inlet or discharge side of the compressor. It shall be usedto determine the net capacity delivered, or in the case of an exhauster, the netcapacity exhausted, which excludeslosses by shaftleakage, balancing pistons,condensation,andothernormal leakage that may be inherent in the compressor design. Multiple devicesare required for multiple inlet or discharge flow sections. The nozzle may be used with an open inlet. The nozzle arrangement shown in Fig. 4.9 may be used for the test of compressors as exhausters. The 4.8.3 minimum length of straight pipe, following the noz-
zle, shall be equal to five times the pipe diameter, and the pipe diameter shall be a minimum of 1.66
times the nozzle throat diameter. A protecting screen shall be used in accordance with the instructions of para. 4.4. Upstream total pressure is equal to the
S T D - A S N E P T C 1 0 - E N G L L797
0 7 5 7 b 7 0 ObOSLIbL T b l
PTC 10-1997
pressure Nozzle temperature Nozzle 2 measuring stations spaced 90 deg.
One impact tubefor d 5 5 in. act tubes ford > 5 in. Not greater than
Flow equalizer and straightener (See Fig. 4.9)
20
Il
II
1.. .
" " " "
.-
Il II
====
" " " "
r1
I.
II
I I
Efzz
" "
0.23d
4
1OD minimum
SPECIAL NOTE: d not more than 0.6D for any nozzle arrangement
FIG. 4.10
DISCHARGE NOZZLE ON AN OPEN LOOP, SUBCRITICAL FLOW
Nozzle temperature 2 measuring stations spaced
deg-
7
1ODminimum
Nozzle pressure 2 measuring stations spaced 90 deg.
, - / , - -
""-I
FIG. 4.11
DISCHARGE NOZZLE ON AN OPEN LOOP, CRITICAL FLOW
4.9
CAS COMPOSITION
4.9.1 The test gas must be defined.At the minimum, sampling will betaken at thestartand end of each test. 4.9.2 Special precautions shall be taken when testingwith the closed loopto eliminate all liquids from the gas stream and static instrument lines. When dealing with gas mixtures subject to variation, samplesshallbetaken at eachtest point andbe analyzed by spectrographic, chromatographic, or chemical methods. The sample shall be taken from the piping such that there i s no condensation before
33
the compressor or the sampling points. This analysis shallconsist of identification of theconstituents,a measure of mole percent of each and evaluation of the molecular weight. If the test gas is air no samples arenecessary.However, relative humidity ordewpoint shall be measured during eachtest point.
4.9.3 Note that while the gas under test conditions may not exhibit condensation, the gas in the instrumentlines will be cooler (.e., roomtemperature) and, under some conditions, condensation could occur.
ASME PTC 10-1997
4.1 O SPEED MEASUREMENT selected to provide a 4.10.1 Instruments shall be continuous indicationof speed fluctuation where variable speed drivers are used. Use of two independentinstruments,one to provide a check on the other, i s alsorecommended. 4.10.2 Thespeed of a compressor driven by synchronous motors may be determined from the number of poles in the motor and the frequency of the power systems. If gearsareused betweenthe measuring point and the compressor shaft, the speed ratio shall be computed from a count of the number of teeth. 4.10.3 Detailed instructions on speed measuring instrumentation is given in PTC 19.1 3, Measurement of RotarySpeed.
torque meters shall be of a type suitable for calibration. The torsion member shall be selected for readspeed and load prevailing ability and accuracy at the during test.
4.14 SHAFT POWER BY ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS shaft power input to a motor driven 4.14.1 The compressormay be computedfrom measurements of the electrical input to the motor terminals under certainconditions. The powerrequirement of the compressor should be above mid-point of the motor rating.The output of a motorshallbecalculated bysubtracting losses from the measured electrical input,or as the product of input and efficiency. Efficiency shall be determinedby an input-output test where output is measured on a calibrated dynamometer or other appropriate device. For efficiency determination, the supply line voltage used for calibration shall be the same as that used for the compressor test. 4.14.2 Efficiency determination by input-output measurements may not be practical for large motors. For large motors the loss method may be used. The segregated losses of an induction motor shall include friction and windage, core loss, 12R loss of the rotor and the stator, and a load loss. These measurements shall be made in accordance with current ANSI standards. 4.14.3 The electric power input to the motor shall bemeasured by theinstrumentsconnected at the motorterminals.Thedetailedinstructionsforthe measurement of electrical power are as given in IEEE 120. The indicating electric meters should be selected to readabove one-third of the scalerange. 4.14.4 Calculations of electrical power shall include calibration corrections for the meter and current transformers. The transformers shall be measured for ratio and phase angle at the load conditions prevailing during the test.
4.1 1 TIME MEASUREMENT

4.11.1 The date and time of day at which test readings are taken shall be recorded on all data records.
4.12
METHODS O F SHAFT POWER MEASUREMENT
4.12.1 The shaft power input at the compressor coupling or the drive shaft maybemeasured directly by: (a) torque meters (b) reaction mounted drivers or evaluated from: (c) measurementof electrical input to a driving motor (d) a heat balance method (e) heat input to a loop cooler 4.1 2.2 The precautions, limitations, and the permiseach of these methods are described separately. Code users shall select the method best suited for the application. Detailed instruction on the measurement of shaft power will be found in PTC 19.7, Measurement of Shaft Power.
sible applicationsfor
4.13
SHAFT POWER BY TORQUE MEASUREMENTS
4.15 SHAFT POWER BY HEAT BALANCE MEASUREMENTS 4.15.1 When it i s not possible or practical to measureshaft power by direct means, it may be computedfrom measured values of thecapacity, gas properties at inlet and discharge, heat exchange 34
4.13.1 Torque may be directly measured by devices installed in a drive shaft interposed between the driver and the compressor. For tests under this Code,
L977
0759b70 ObU5qb3 839
m
ASMEPTC 10-1 997
k-
Location C
Location A
Location B
GENERAL NOTE: Mainstream instrumentation to be located between stations A and B.
FIG. 4.12
TYPICAL SIDESTREAM INLET AREA
through the casing, mechanical losses, and gas leakage - loss from the shaft seals.
4.15.2
Methods to account for mechanical losses are discussed in para. 4.18. External heat loss from
the casing may be evaluated para. 4.1 7.
''
with
4.15.3 The heat balance method shall be used with the following precautionsand limitations. (a) The inlet and discharge temperatures shall be measured with instruments suitably selected and applied toprovide combined accuracywithin 1 percent of the temperature rise. When the rise is less than SOOF, consideration should be given to direct mea35
surement of the temperature rise (such as with differential thermocouples). Evidence of nonuniform temperature distribution more than 2 percent of the temperature rise at either the inlet or the discharge measurement station, may require one of the following procedures be used at the offending measurement station: (7) Apply insulation to the piping upstreamof the temperature measurement station in an effort to minimize thermal gradient.If successful, the temperature measurement installation need not be changed. (2) Move the temperature measurement station away from the compressor and add pipe insulation. This might be particularly effective when temperature
'STD-ASME
P T C 10-ENGL L 7 7 7 W 0757b70 Ob054b4
770
ASMEPTC 10-1 997
stratification causes the problem at a compressor discharge. (3) Perform a temperature traverse using 1O locations along each of two diametral traverse lines spaced 90 deg. apart at the same pipe crosssection.The 1 O sensing locations along each traverse line should correspond closelyto the average radii of five annular regions of equal area which comprise the entirepipe cross section. (The central region actually would be a circular rather than annular area.)Themeasured temperature would be the averageof the 20 individual measurements. (b) In sidestream machines, whereinternal temperature measurements areto be made,ideally four locations should be used. However, this may not prove to be practical. In all cases, the upstream temperatures of the two streams mixing internally should be measured, A measurement ofthe downstream mixed temperature would be unreliable and should not be used for calculation purposes dueto inherent poorinternal mixing conditions in a machine. (c) Temperature equilibrium shallbeestablished before starting the test reading. Acceptable equilibrium will be demonstrated by six or more readings, uniformly timed, fora period not less than 1 O minutes, during which the temperature rise drift does not exceed 5 percent of the temperature rise. (cf) The heat losses due to radiation and convection expressed in percent of total shaft power shall not exceed 5 percent. (See para. 4.1 7.) (e) The inlet gas conditions shall have a minimum of 5 deg. superheat for Type 2 tests.
fluctuation of the temperature rise by not more than 1 percent of the temperature rise. (b) The cooling fluid flow meter shall be selected and calibrated to maintain the uncertaintylimit within 1/2 percent at test conditions. (c) The cooling fluid flow rate shall be regulated so that the temperature rise i s not less than 20F. (d) Two or more temperature measuring devices shall be used at each cooling fluid inletand outlet. (e) Spinners or similar devices shall be used to insure thorough mixing of the outlet stream prior to temperature measurement. (0 The heat losses dueto radiation and convection from the gas loop piping, the compressor,and the cooler shall not exceed 5 percent of the total shaft power. It is recommended that the piping between the compressor discharge flange and the cooler inlet be insulated. (g) Temperature equilibrium shall be established before starting the test reading. Acceptable equilibrium will be demonstrated by six or more readings, uniformly timed, fora period not less than 1 O minutes, during which the temperature rise drift does not exceed 5 percent of the temperature rise.
4.17
HEAT LOSS
4.16
SHAFT POWER
BY HEAT EXCHANGER
METHODS
4.16.1 When it is not possible or practical to measureshaft power directly or by a compressor heat balance, and a heat exchanger is incorporated in the test arrangement, the heat transferred to the cooling watermaybeused to determinethenet compressorshaft power. 4.16.2 Methods to account for the mechanical losses are discussed in para. 4.18. External heat loss from the casing, piping, and coolermay be evaluated in accordance with para. 4.17. 4.16.3 Theheatexchanger methodshall be used with the following precautionsand limitations. (a) The cooling fluidsupply shall be stable in pressure and temperature so that the fluctuation of flow rates will not deviate more than 2 percent and the
4.17.1 When using either the heat balance or heat exchanger method for determining power, it is recommended that heat loss be minimized by the application of a suitable insulating material. If the compressedgas temperature rise is less than S O O F , the inlet piping, compressor casing, and exit piping shall be insulated atleast to the measuring station. Theexternalheat loss fromthecompressorcasing andconnecting piping may be computed with acceptable accuracy from measurements of the exposedsurfacearea, the average temperature of the surface, and the ambient temperature. Where a hot surfacetemperaturevarieswidely, as in large multistage compressors, it is advisable to divide the casing into arbitrary sections and determine the area and temperature of each separately, and thus obtain an approximateintegratedaveragetemperaturefor the total surface. 4.1 7.2 Where cooling occurs between the inlet and outlet measuring stations as part of the compressor design, measurement of temperatures and flow rates of the cooling fluids are required. Examples are compressors incorporating cooled diaphragms, interstage coolers, or aftercoolers as part of the compressorpackage being tested.
36
ASME PTC 10-1997
4.18 MECHANICAL
LOSSES
4.18.1 Whenpractical,theheatequivalent of the mechanical losses (integral gears, bearings, and seals) shall bedeterminedfromthetemperatureriseof the cooling fluid. The quantity of fluid flowing shall be determined by calibrated flow meters.Theheat equivalent of the external losses as well as the frictional loss in the mechanical seals, if used, shall be determined and included in the total mechanical losses. Where the mechanical losses are well known and documented, the calculated values or those values determined from prior testing may be used by agreement by testparties. 4.18.2 Where speed changing gears (not part of thecompressor)areusedbetween a driverand a compressor, and shaft power is measured on the input side of the gear, it willbe necessary to subtract the friction and windage loss of the gear to obtain the shaft power input to thecompressor.Thegear power loss to the lubricating fluid may be determined by measuring the flow rate and the temperature rise. The additional external loss to the atmosphere may be determined by the methods of para. 4.17. When gear loss measurements are madeon an independent geartest, careshouldbetaken to assure that the load, lubricating oil temperature, viscosity, and flow ratesare similar to those for thecompressortest.
4.1 9.2 Pressure measurement devices (Bourdon tube gages and transducers, etc.) shall be calibrated with a deadweight standard or manometer at approximately 5 percent intervals for the anticipated measurementrange. Instruments affected by temperature shall be calibrated in the same temperature range prevailing during their use. 4.1 9.3 Temperature measurement devices (thermocouples, mercury-in-glass thermometers, RTDs, thermisters, etc.) shall becalibrated with certified standards at 20 percent intervalsfor the measurement range. The standardshall be suitable for the measurement range of the instruments to be calibrated. Procedures described in PTC 19.3, Temperature Measurement, shall be followed for checkingthe accuracy of temperature measuring instruments. Thermocouplecalibrationchecksshall include the hot junction, the lead wires, and the indicating instrument. RTDs and thermisters shall be calibrated with the total system. 4.19.4 Instruments for measuring electric power such as wattmeters, ammeters, and voltmeters shall be calibrated with primary standards. The zero adjustments shall be checked. They shall be examined for pivot friction. Instruments showing pivot friction shall not be used. Dynamometer types may be calibrated on either ac or dc current. Current transformersshallbemeasured for transformation ratio and phase angle at the range of burdens prevailing in the circuit duringthe test. The transformation ratio of potential transformers shall be measured at theapproximateprimaryvoltageandfrequency prevailing during the test. 4.19.5 Torque meters shall be calibrated by applying torque with certified standard weights, load cells, or other appropriate devices spaced to cover the working range. For strain gage types, the calibration shall includethe brushes, leadwires,andthe indicatinginstrument.
4.1 9
INSTRUMENT CALIBRATION
4.19.1 All instrumentsused for measurement shall be currently certified by comparisonwith appropriate standards before the test. Those instruments subject to change in calibrationsdue to use, handling,or exposure to injurious conditions, shall be compared again with standardsafterthetest.
37
ASME PTC 10-1997
OF RESULTS SECTION 5 - COMPUTATION

FORMAT 5.1 percent one in efficiency and two percent in dischargespecificvolume.'The ideal gas equation of The Calculation The process Of state, 14dPv = RT, and the corresponding derived establishing compressor performance from test data equations in Tables and may be involves a number of calculation steps. This Section For gases with variable specific heats, average is presented in the following chronological order: properties are calculated at the arithmetic mean
0 0 0
0
0
0
0
Perfect real or gas treatment is selected. section temperature. The appropriate test speed is calculated if a Type 2 test is to be performed. The raw test data is processed. Test performance is calculated. Test performance is expressed in dimensionless form. Reynolds number correction is applied. The corrected dimensionless expressions are used to predict performance at specified operating conditions.
The important subject of uncertainty is treated separately. The section format is intended to guide the user in basic calculation procedure and to present the necessary equations. Appendix E is provided as a background theory source and further explanation of the equations.
5.2.1.2 Schultz Method. Thegasmay be treated as a real gas using the method of Schultz [see Ref.(D.1311 when the compressibility functions are known.Thereal gas equationof state, 144pv = ZRT, andthecorrespondingderivedequationsof Tables 5.2 to 5.4 are used. The arithmeticmean between inlet and discharge conditions shall be used forevaluatingcompressibility,specificheat, X and Y. TheSchultzmethod is normally used whenthe discharge conditions are unknown and an estimate ofthepolytropicexponent, n, is needed. Iteration is required to obtain the arithmetic mean conditions. Thecurves provided for X (Fig. 3.6) and Y (Fig. 3.7) are for reference. They were derived from the generalizedcompressibility charts. Specific values of X and Y may be developed for any test or specified gas composition. 5.2.1.3 Tabulated Properties and Equation of State Methods. Pure gases and gas mixtures for which tabulated data properties exist may be treated as real gases. There are many gas property correlation equations of state for pure components and gas mixtures. Many of the generalized equations of state provide sufficiently accurate predictions of gas properties to be used in conjunction with the calculation methods. Theuse ofeitherofthesemethods will require iterative procedures to satisfy the equations in Tables 5.2 to 5.4.
5.2 COMPUTATIONAL METHODS AND REAL GASES
FOR IDEAL
5.2.1 Choice of Methods. The test and specified gases maybetreated as eitherperfectorrealdependingupon their respectivethermodynamicbehavior. For thepurposesofthisCode ideal gases are those which fall within the limits of Table 3.3. Gases which exhibit deviations beyond these limits are considered real. Three distinct treatments of gases are recognized in the computational procedures. The appropriatechoice will dependupontheselected gas, knowledge of its properties, and the desired accuracy.
the limits imposed h Table 3.3. 'Th;! table limik aredefined so that the use of ideal gas laws will introduce maximum uncertainty of approximately
39
5.3.1 Test Gas Selection. The gas to be used in establishingtheperformance of thecompressor to betestedcanbethespecifiedoperating gas ora
S T D * A S M E P T C LO-ENGL L777
MME PTC 10-1997
0757b70 Ob054b7 4 8 T
TABLE 5.1
IDEAL GAS DIMENSIONLESS Parameter
Flow coefficient
PARAMETERS Eq. No. Assumption
Mathematical Description at Test Operating Conditions
Work input coefficient
[Pinlsp [5.1T-21
[PinIr
Isentropic work coefficient
-RT;.
-31 15.1
k-1
IPslsp = [PJf R e m ,
Polytropic work coefficient [Pdf =
I5.1 T-41
where nt =
[1-
(5.1T-51
In
PiTd
Isentropic efficiency [%If =
Polytropic efficiency
hplf
Total work
input coefficient
See Table 5.3
For ideal gases with constant specific heats
k.1
and, [rlplr =
GENERAL NOTE:Appropriate unitsmust be chosen to render the parameters dimensionless. Further explanation of the equationsis available
in Appendix E.
40
ASME PTC 10-1997
TABLE 5.2 REAL GASDIMENSIONLESS PARAMETERS

Parameter Mathematical Operating Description Test Conditions at
!
Eq. No. [5.2T-1j

t
Assumption
4sp
Flow coefficient
4f
Work input coefficient
where [ndr =
[T]
In t
15.2T-41
(5.2T-51
and f, =
Polytropic work coefficient
Irplr =
where nt =
[T] In
I
[5.2T-7j
Isentropic efficiency
[ d r =
hd
[5.2T-8]
[vSlsp= I
d t
Remccllr
- hi
[Table continued on next pagel
41
PTC
ASME
1O- 1997
TABLE 5.2 (CONT'D)

REAL GAS DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETERS
Parameter Mathematical Operating Test Description Conditions at Polytropic efficiency
Eq. No.
Assumption
Total work input coefficient
See Table 5.3
GENERAL NOTE: Appropriate units must be chosen to render the parameters dimensionless. Further explanation of the equations is available in Appendix E.
gas which allows for similarity testing at equivalent conditions.

5.3.2 Test Speed Selection. The volume ratio limitation of Table 3.2 may be met by controlling the test speed. The appropriate test speed i s calculated from
.e.,
(E)
1
where
The Machine Reynolds number correction, R e m ,,, is explained in para. 5 . 6 . 3 . In order to apply theseequations it is necessary to knowthe polytropic exponent, which is a function of polytropic efficiency. Foranygas,
[5.3.61
n l ( ) :
and,
Foran
ideal gas,
n
"
n- 1
-T
k
p E
i5.3.71
For a real gas usingtheSchultzmethod, with the restriction that,

1 Y-m(l
k"1t
= 1r"lsp
[5.3.4]
n =
+x)
I5.3.81
42
L777
0757b70 Ob05Y70
T7Y
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ASME PTC 1 O- 1997
where
m =
?(L+ x)
C P TP
[5-3.91
60th the test and specified operating condition &iciencies are known only approximatelybeforethe test. Where no better approximation is available, estimated be may design they the from value,
5.4.2.3 Fluctuation. Threeormorereadingsare used to obtain the test point. The allowable fluctuation of the readings is shown in Table 3.4. The fluctuation is computed by taking the differences of the highest reading and the lowest reading and the average of all the readings*
AF=
1 O0 (AH - AL)
15.4.1 1
where TestSpeed Validation.When the actualtest conditions differ from the estimated values, the most appropriate test speedwill depart fromthe previously calculated testspeed.Some deviation is allowable. The test speed is acceptable when the deviation satisfies the limits of Table 3.2.
5.3.3
AF=
fluctuation expressed in
YO (Table 3.4)
AH= highest reading
AL= lowest reading Ai= ith reading

n= total number of readings If the fluctuation values of Table 3.4aresatisfied, thenthe point i s assumed to be valid.
5.4
5.4.2.4 Test Point Data. The individual readings and summed are divided the by total of number readings to establish an average. This average is Performanceat the test conditions is calculated then used as thetest point data. by the following procedures. 5.4.2.5 Total Conditions. Gas state static test point data shall be converted to total condition values for thecomputationalprocedure.This does not preclude final presentation in terms of static conditions, but total values are usedin the intermediate computations. The relationship between static and total properties is velocitydependent.Average total properties are estimatedhereinfromtheaveragevelocity at the measurementstation. Theaverage velocity atthemeasurementstation is givenby
CALCULATIONS FOR TEST OPERATING CONDITIONS
5.4.1 Raw DataAcceptability.Theobserved data shall be checked for compliance with the limitations imposed in Sections 3 and 4. See PTC 19.1 for guidance on examining data for outliers. 5.4.2 Processing Raw Data. Acceptable raw
data
shall beprocessed to provide values to be used in

thecomputationofresults.
5.4.2.1 CalibrationsandCorrections.Applicable instrument and system calibrations shall be applied to the raw data. The need for corrections and calibrations arises from both the indicating system components andmeasurementtechnique.Rawdata shall be corrected as required based on: (a) instrument and instrument system calibrations (b) liquid legs in pressure measurement lines (c) temperature effects (d) thermometer emergent stem corrections (e) local gravitational variation
5.4.2.2 Data Conversion. The corrected raw data is then averaged from the total number of observations(rawdata)ateachmeasurementstation. This averaged data becomes the reading. The reading i s then converted to absolute units of pressure, temperature,etc,
43
Simplified methods for converting between static and total conditions at low Fluid Mach numbers are presented in the following paragraphs. A refined method for higher Mach numbers is given in Appendix G. The Fluid Mach numberfor ideal gases is given by
ASME PTC 10-1997
M =
Thetest total temperature is calculated from the measured temperature taking into account the effect of recovery factor. 5.4.4.2 Simplified Method. The difference between total andstatictemperaturesmaybeevaluated from
5.4.3
Test Pressure
5.4.3.1 Simplified Method. Formeasurement station Fluid Mach numbers of 0.2 orless theeffects of compressibility are small, A good approximation of velocity pressuremaybe obtained by assuming incompressible flow at the measurement station and calculating anapproximatedensityfromthemeasuredstaticpressureandmeasuredtemperature. Thus
[5.4.61
Thisequation is accurate for ideal gases (using an average c&. It is less accurate for real gases and should be used with caution for real gases for Fluid Mach numbersabove 0.2 (see Appendix G). The above equation and thedefinition of recovery factor rf combine to give
Va, = ~ / 6 0 p A
15.4.31
5.4.3.2 Refined Method. For cases where the measurement station Fluid Mach number exceeds 0.2, or when abetteraveragevelocityestimate is desirable,therefinedmethodofAppendix G may be used. This method is based upon the assumption of uniform compressible flow at themeasurement station. 5.4.4 Test Temperature
5.4.4.3 Refined Method. For cases where the measurement station Fluid Mach number exceeds 0.2 for areal gas, thediscussion in Appendix G gives guidelines for more accurate methodsfor relating total temperature to measured temperature. For cases involving extreme variation from ideal gas behavior,such as near the critical point, the total temperature may differ greatly from the value indicated by para. 5.4.4.1 and the methods outlined in Appendix G shouldbe used.
5.4.4.4 Test DischargeTemperatureFrom Shaft Power. An alternative method for determining test discharge temperature is discussed in para. 5.4.7.6.
5.4.4.1 Recovery Factor. The temperature indicated by a sensing element is normally a value somewhere between thestatic and total temperature, depending upon the ability of the sensor to recover the converted kinetic energy of the gas stream. This ability is defined in terms of a recoveryfactor,
5.4.5TestDensityandSpecificVolume. Thetest total density is calculated from the test total pressure and total temperature as
[5.4.81
for ideal gases, and, The recovery factor i s primarily dependent upon geometric configuration, orientation, and Fluid Mach number. Standardized Performance Test Code wells (PTC 19.3) used at velocities below 300 fthec have arecoveryfactor for air equal to 0.65. Recovery factors for various sensors may beavailablefrom the instrument manufacturer.
44
[5.4.9]
for real gases. The test total specific volume is the reciprocal of the total density
TC
10-1997
v, = Pt
[5.4.10] where
[Coutwh - Lnwhl
5.4.6 Test Flow Rate. The measured flow rate is calculated according to theformulasapplicable to the indicating instrument used. In somecasessecondary flows such as leakages may be wholly calculated ratherthanmeasuredwhenmutuallyacceptablemethodsareavailable,
indicates thesum of mass flow rate-enthalpy products for all flowscrossingthesectionboundaries. QI i s the heat transfer from the section boundaries. 5.4.6.1 Mass Flow Rate. Test flow rates are exShaft power i s the sum of gas power plus any pressed as mass rateof flow at thestationofinterest.parasitic losses,
Psh,
5.4.6.2 Volume Flow Rate. This Code uses a flow rate definition in the calculation process which has the units of volume flow rate. It is
q=W
Pg, i Pparasitic,
[5.4.14]
[5.4.11]
5.4.7.3 Heat Exchanger Method. Closed loop heat input tests are a form of the heat balance method.The gas power is given by,
where mass flow rate P= total density This definition is consistent with the use of total properties in the calculation procedure. It does not represent the actual local volume flow rate because it is based upon total rather than static density. All references to calculated volume flow rate imply this definition unless otherwise stated.
W= Pg,
= [wwcpW (r2
- tl) + Qr
Qextl
[5.4.15] 33000
where
W,=
cooling fluid massrate of flow cooling fluid specific heat
C P ' ,
t2= cooling fluid outlet temperature

= cooling fluid inlet temperature heattransfer from the section boundaries QIxt= other external heat loss equivalent, for example,sealleakage
tl
5.4.7 Test Power. The calculation of test power depends upon the methodof measurement. Both shaft power and gas power may be of interest. Shaft power is the power input to thecompressordrive shaft.Gas power is the power delivered to the gas in thesection(s1ofinterest. 5.4.7.1 Shaft Power Methods. Whenpower input i s measured by instrumentssuch as a torque meter, dynamometer, or calibrated motor, the shaft power is calculated using the appropriate formula. Gas power is calculated by subtracting the parasitic losses fromthe shaft power (seepara. 5.4.7.5 for parasiticlosses).
Psh,
Qr=
5.4.7.4Casing Heat Transfer. Theexternalheat loss or gain from the section may be computed from measurements of the exposed surface area, the average temperature of the surface, and the ambient temperature from
Qr
= I SA tc -.
ta)
hl60
15.4.1 61
= measured value
5.4.7.2 Heat Balance Method. Gas power is calculatedfromtheFirst Law ofThermodynamics applied to the compressor section of interest, yielding 45
where Sc= heat transfer surface area of exposed compressorandadjoiningpipeforsection of interest tc= casing surface temperature ta= ambient temperature hr= coefficient ofheattransfer for area (combinedconvectionand radiation) Where the casing surface temperature varies be widely, the accuracy of this calculation may improved by treating small areas of the surface
S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL L777
ASME PTC 1O- 1997
0757b70 Ob05q73 783 W

COMPRESSORS AND EXHAUSTERS Pg = Psh
separately and summing the results. See paras. 4 . 1 5, 4.16, and 4.17.
- Ppararitic
[5.4.19]
5.4.7.5 Parasitic Losses. Parasitic losses are the difference between shaft power and gas power for the section(s) of interest. They are comprised of mechanical losses and other power requirements which do not contribute to theenergyriseofthe gas in thesection of interest,
(b) Calculate the enthalpy rise from the gas power
( h 7 Qr)
33000
yielding
Pparasitic
Pmech
Pother
15.4.1 71
(a) Mechanical Losses. Mechanical lossesare always considered to be parasitic losses. Those losses due to lubricated gears, bearings, seals, etc., may be estimated from the lubricating oil temperaturerise. etc., Othermechanical losses from seals, bearing, which do not contribute to the lubricating oil temperature rise shall be determined separately. Thatportion of the mechanical loss evident in the lubricating oil temperature rise is given by:
(c) Determinethedischargestagnationtemperature from the calculated discharge stagnation enthalpy and discharge stagnation pressure, according to the properties of the gas.
NOTE: An iterative calculation is required for real gases.
5.5
Prnech
DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETERS
= [wcpAtl 33000
[5.4.18]
The following dimensionless parameters are calculated for the test conditions to provide verification that the limits of Table 3.2 havebeenmet.
5.5.1
where mass flow rate of the lubricating or sealing fluid cp= specific heat of the lubricating orsealing fluid At= temperature rise of the lubricating or sealing fluid (b) Other Parasitic Losses. When the shaft power method is used, power supplied to drive auxiliary equipment is treated as parasitic. Also, power supplied to sectionsof a multisection compressor other than the section being tested i s considered parasitic. When the heat balance method is used, and total shaft power i s defined toinclude power to drive auxiliary equipment, theauxiliary power requirement is treated as parasitic.
W=
Machine Mach Number. The Machine Mach number is given by

M m = U/ai
i 5 . 5 . 1I
For ideal gases,
For real gases,
di
Yi
=G
( 5 . 5 . 3 1
5.4.7.6 Alternate Method For Determining Test DischargeTemperature. For cases wherethedischarge temperature cannot be measured with sufficient accuracy, it may be possible to obtain a value from the measuredshaft power. Themethod is as follows: fa) Calculate gas power from theshaft power measurement
46
5.5.2 Machine Reynolds Number. The Machine Reynoldsnumber is given by

Rem = Ublu
[5.5.41
(a) For Centrifugal Compressors U= velocity at the outer blade tip diameter of the first impeller, ft/sec b= first stage impeller exit width, ft
ASME PTC 10-1997
kinematic viscosity of thegas at inlet conditions,ft2/sec (b) For Axial Compressors U = velocity at first stage rotor blade outer diameter,ft/sec b= chord at tip of first stage rotor blade, ft v = kinematic viscosity of the gas, ft2/sec
Y=
5.6.1 The Single Section Compressor
5.6.1.1 Description. Thesinglesectioncompressor from inlet to outlet measurement stations experiences no gas cooling otherthannaturalradiation and convection. No gas flow is added or removed other than that lost through seal or balance piston leakage. No condensationoccurs.
5.6.1.2 Calculation ProcedureforSingleSection Compressors. The first step i s to calculate thefollowing values: (a) flow coefficient (b) work input coefficient (c) polytropic work coefficient (d) polytropic efficiency (e) total work input coefficient Theequationsneeded todo this are shown in Tables 5.1, 5.2, and 5.3, and are explained in detail in Appendix E. Some of these parameters are subject to correction for the difference in Machine Reynolds number between test and specified operating conditions, as explained in para. 5.6.3. The right-hand columns show the relationship between the test and specified condition values. The second step is an interpolation process. Compressor performance at a single specified condition operating point is determined from at least two bracketing test points. To perform the interpolation, the specified operating condition dimensionless parameters are treated as functionsofthespecified operatingcondition flow coefficient. Thespecified operating condition dimensionless parameters for each point may be plotted as shown in Fig. 5.1. A smooth curve i s drawn connecting the data points. For two pointsthis is simplylinear interpolation. Improved data interpolation may bepossible with additional test points and nonlinear curve fitting. The third step is to establish the compressor performance in dimensionless terms at the specified operating condition flow of interest. To do this, a specifiedoperating conditionflow coefficient is calculated fromthe flow rate, speed, and inlet conditions of interest. The remaining dimensionless performance parameters are defined from the interpolation process of step 2. This information is simply 5.1 at the flow coefficient read from the curves of Fig. of interest. The compressor performance at the specified operating conditionpoint of interest is now defined in dimensionlessterms. The fourth step is to calculate the compressor performance in thedesireddimensionalform.This is done by solving the dimensionless parameter 47
5.5.3Specific Volume Ratio. Thespecificvolume ratio is the ratio of inlet to discharge total specific volume.
5.5.4 Volume Flow Ratio. Thevolume flow ratio betweenany two points x and y in thesection is given by
Forcompressors without sidestreams the inlet to discharge volume flow ratio is limited by the specific volume ratio limit. Forsidestreamcompressors the volume flow ratio limits of Fig. 3.2 also apply. 5.5.5 Flow given by Coefficient. The flow coefficient is
where wrotor i s the mass flow rate which enters the rotor and i s compressed. It differs from the measured mass flow rate by the amount of leakage and sidestream flow which occursbetweenthe rotor entry and the flow measurement station. Figure E.2 gives a schematic representation of mainstream, sidestream, andleakageflows.
5.6
CALCULATIONS FOR SPECIFIED OPERATING CONDITIONS

is calculated
Performance at specified conditions
by the following procedures. Certain additional
di-
mensionlessparametersarecalculated for thetest conditions and extended to specified conditions.
S T D - A S M E PTC LO-ENGL L997 m 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 Ob05975 55b

ASME 10-1997
TABLE 5.3 TOTAL WORK INPUT COEFFICIENT, ALL GASES

Parameter Mathematical Operating Conditions Test Description at Total work input coefficient (Note (heat balance method)
Eq. No.
(1 ) I
llspwmption
(Pd
coefficient input work Total (heat balance method)
[arlt=
- fpdtie)33000
It
[5.3T-21
1 n S h 1 r p = Iadlt
GENERAL NOTE Appropriate units must be chosen to render the parameters dimensionless. Further explanation of the equationsis available in Appendix E. NOTE (1 1 This equation applies to a particular model as presented in Appendix E, para. E.3.12. Some of the terms may not apply in a particular case. Additional terms may apply. The analysis of para. E.3.12 may be followed to develop appropriate equations.
equations for those quantities of interest. Typical equationsused to do this areshown in Table 5.4. For example, to calculate the discharge pressure at the specified condition flow the following steps are taken: (1 ) the pressure ratio is calculated from the now known specified operating condition polytropic efficiency and polytropic work coefficients, and (2) the discharge pressure is the product of this pressure ratio and the specified operating condition inlet pressure. 5.6.2 The Multisection Compressor
5.6.2.1 Description. A multisection compressor is a compressor which may be treated as a number ofindividual singlesectioncompressorsoperating in series.The output from each single section provides input to the next section. The section boundaries may be drawn to exclude intermediate components such as externalheatexchangers. The following conditions shall bemet to treat a compressor as a multisection compressor.
48
(a) It shall be possibleto gather test information for each single sectionas though it were an independent single section compressor. That is, the test speed, flow rate, and inlet and outlet states must be available for each single section. In the special case of sidestream mixing internally in a compressor, the inlet mixed condition shall be determined from the inlet states of the incoming streams. (b) When a component such as an external heat exchanger exists between sections, the performance of that component shall be known for specified operating conditions. (c) Differences in the intermediatecomponent performance between test and specified operating conditions shall have a negligible or known effect uponthe single section performance. That is, a negligible or known effect upon thedimensionlessperformance parameters.
5.6.2.2 Calculation Method for Multisection Compressors. The specified operating condition per-
S T D - A S M E PTC LO-EFJLL
L197
0759b70 ObU5q7b q92
m
ASME PTC 10-1 997
I m p
Test F
FIG. 5.1
SPECIFIED CONDITION CAPACITY COEFFICIENT FOR SPECIFIED CONDITION CAPACITY OF INTEREST
formance for multisection compressors is calculated from the specified operating condition performance of the individual calculated sections. The basic calculation procedure for each section is the same as for singlesection tests.Thetest data for eachsection is reduced to the form of dimensionless performance parameters which apply at thespecifiedoperating conditions. The performance of the first section is calculated just as is done for a single section compressor. This yields the discharge conditions from the first section. If an intermediatecomponent such as an intercooler existsbeforethenextsectionentry,the
49
effects onflow rate and gas state are taken into account. For a heat exchanger these effects are temperature reduction,pressuredrop,andcondensateremoval. For the case ofmixed streams see para. E.5. The resulting condition becomes the specified operating condition gas state at the entry to the second section. The flow coefficient calculated from the known flow rate becomesthe interpolating flow coefficient for the second section. The calculation process is repeated through the second section, remaining intermediate componentsandsections,and on to the final discharge. It i s not necessary that an intermediate
ASME
10-1 997
TYPICAL CONVERSION
TABLE 5.4 O F DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETERS

Eq. No.
15.4T-1]
Parameter Mathematical Description Test Operating at Conditions
[5.4T-21
(5.4T-31
Capacity [5.4T-4]
Polytropic work (head) per section
I5.4T-51
Pressure ratio (ideal gas with constant specific heats) n-1
[5.4T-6]
where
n k =(n - 1 (k - 1)sp ( t l d s p
I5.4T-71
Pressure ratio (real gas)
[5.4T-81
[5.4T-9]
[5.4T-1 O]
I5.4T-11I
In
[5.4T-12]
[Table continued on next page]
50
ASME PTC
10-1997
TABLE 5.4 (CONT'D)

TYPICAL CONVERSION O F DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETERS
Parameter Mathematical Description Test Operating at Conditions
Pressure ratio (real gas) (Cont'd)
Eq. No.
or, where the Schultz method is used 15.4T-131
m 5 P
[-ZR (-1
Cf
x)]sf
[5.4T-141
Discharge pressure Pressure rise
[5.4T-15] I5.4T-161
Discharge enthalpy
15.4T-171
Temperature ratio (ideal gas)
15.4T-191
The discharge temperature may also be obtained from the discharge pressure and enthalpy when the appropriate data is available.
Gas power per section
[5.4T-201
Shaft power
Assumption,
n = &h
or,
Sf
ash
Sf
GENERAL NOTE: Consistent units must be used in defining dimensional properties.
51
~~
S T D ASME P T C 1 0 - E N G L L777
ASME PTC 10-1997
0757b70 Ob05477 1 T 1
component exist in order to treat a compressor in multiple sections. The exit of one section and entry of another may coincide. The specified operating condition flowcoefficients for the second and succeeding sections are functions of the performance of the preceding sections. This dependence upon preceding section performance is an effect commonly referred to as section matching. When the individual section performance curves are as the number of individual sections steep, and increase, the overall compressor performance becomes increasinglysensitive. It is because of this effect that it is important to follow the calculation method presented. What mayappear to be small differences betweentest and specified operating conditions in each section may combine to show up as important effects in overall performance. Calculation methods which attempt to make overall corrections without explicit consideration of the section matching effectcanlead to erroneousresults.
The correction to be applied is as follows: (a) For Centrifugal Compressors
RA = 0.066
+ 0.934
(4.8 x lo6 x b)
Rem
RC
[5.6.2]
0.000125 + RB =
Rem
log ( + )
13.67\
Rem
15.6.31
5.6.3
Machine Reynolds Number Correction

General. Theperformanceof a compres-
RC =
5.6.3.1
0.988 ~~~0.243
i 5 . 6 . 4 1
sor is affected by the Machine Reynolds number. Frictional losses in the internal flow passagesvary in a mannersimilar to friction losses in pipesor other flow channels. If the Machine Reynolds number at test operating conditions differs from that at specified operatingconditions, a correction to the test results is necessary to properly predict the performance of the compressor. The flow patterns of axial and centrifugal compressors are relatively complex. The term Machine Reynoldsnumber is used to provide a basis for definition in this Code. The Machine Reynolds number correction forcentrifugal compressors recommended in thisSection is based on Ref. (D.3) but simplified for ease of application. The Machine Reynoldsnumber correction for axial compressors is unchanged from the previous issue of the Code and is based on Ref. (D.7). If anothermethodof correction is used it shall be agreed on by theparties prior to the test (See Appendix F).
where
b= as defined in para. 5.5.2, ft

of the flow passage, in. The polytropicwork coefficient should be correctedfor Machine Reynoldsnumber in the same ratio as the efficiency.
v= the average surface roughness
(b) For Axial Compressors

The correction for axial compressors continues to be based on Ref. (D.7), and is a function only of the Machine Reynolds number ratio and not the absolute value of the Machine Reynolds number.
5.6.3.2 Correction Factor. Since frictional losses in the compressorare a function of the Machine Reynolds number it is appropriate to apply the correction to the quantity (1 - 7 ) . Themagnitude of the correction is a function of both the Machine Reynoldsnumber ratio andtheabsolutevalueof the Machine Reynolds number, with increasing effect as the Machine Reynoldsnumberdecreases.
52
Again, as for the centrifugal compressor case,
The limitations of Table 3.2 apply.
ASME PTC 10-1997
5.6.3.3 limits of Application. Since the performance variations increase substantially as the Machine Reynolds number decreases, tests of compressors designed for operation at low Machine Reynolds numbers should be tested at conditions closeto those specified. Therefore, the maximum and minimum permissible ratios between Reml and R e m , are shown in Fig. 3.4. Also, see Appendix F and Table E.2. 5.6.4 Mechanical losses. When the mechanical losses at specified operating conditions are not known they may be determined from the following equation:
estimated error limit of a measurement or result for agivencoverage.Coverage is thefrequencythat an interval estimate of a parameter may be expected to contain the true value. Forexample, 95 percent uncertaintyintervalsprovide 95 percent coverage of the true value. That is, in repeated sampling, when a 95 percent uncertaintyinterval is constructed for each sample, over the longrun, the intervals will contain the true value 95 percent of the time. Uncertainty analysis i s theprocess of identifying and quantifying the errors in test measurements and propagating these errors to estimate the uncertainty in the final result. The methodology of ASME PTC 19.1 is the standard for ASMEPTC 1O tests. If other methods areto be used they are subject to agreement by parties to thetest.
5.7.5 Scope of Uncertainty Analysis. The scope of the uncertainty analysis required for a given test is intimately related to the test objectives. The scope of such analysis is subject to agreement by the parties to the test.Suchagreements shall be made prior to undertaking the test.
The exponent in the preceding equation may vary with the design of bearings, thrust loads, oiling It usually has a value between 2.0 systems, etc. and 3.0.
5.7 TREATMENT OF ERRORS

5.7.1 Source. The information presented Section is derivedfrom PTC 19.1.
in this
5.7.2 Errors. All measurementshaveerrors.Errors arethedifferencebetweenthe measurementsand thetruevalue. The total error is made up of two components. One i s called bias error. Bias errors are thesystematicerrors which may includethose which are known and can be calibrated out, those which are negligible and are ignored, and those which are estimated and included in the uncertainty analysis. The other type of error is called precision error. Precision errors are the random errors observed in repeatedmeasurements.Exactagreement in repeated measurements does not and is not expected to occur because of numerous error sources. 5.7.3TheImportance of Errors. One chooses.to run a performance test with certain objectives in mind. They may be as varied as establishing a benchmark for maintenance or to verify guarantee performance. Acceptable error limits will depend upon the test objectives. The error in the final result shall be sufficiently small so as not to mask the test objective. 5.7.4 Uncertainty. Some means are necessary to quantifyerrors to make a judgement in terms of acceptable error limits for a test. Uncertainty is the
53
5.7.6 The Methods of PTC 19.1. PTC 19.1 includes discussionsandmethods which enable the user to select an appropriate uncertainty model for analysis andforreporting testresults. It defines,describes, and illustrates the various terms and methods used to provide meaningful estimates of the uncertainty of measurements and results. It is in essential agreement with various national and international standards on the samesubject. The uniqueness of PTC 1 O test objectives precludes exhaustive treatment of uncertainty in this document. It is anticipated that the user will refer to PTC 19.1 for detailed information to apply to individual tests. The uncertainty analysis can thereby be tailored to meet the individual testobjectives. The following discussion is includedto indicate thecalculationmethod in generalterms.Asimple sample demonstration case is given in Sample Calculation C.8 of this Code. Another simple compressor example may be found in PTC 19.1. Both are intended simply to demonstrate the method. Neither should be construed as exhaustive in detail nor necessarilygenerallyindicative of usualor anticipateduncertainty. PTC 19.1 presents a step-by-step calculation procedure to be conducted before and after each test. It is summarized in brief as follows: Step 1 - Definethemeasurementprocess. (a) Review test objectives and test duration.
ASME
10-1997
(b) List all independent measurement parameters and their nominal levels. (c) List all calibrations and instrument setups. (d) Define the functional relationship between the independent parameters and the test result. Step 2 - List elemental error sources. (a) Exhaustive list of all possible measurement error sources (b) Group error sources according to calibration, data acquisition,anddata reduction . Step 3 - Estimateelementalerrors. (a) Obtain estimate of each errorin Step 2 above. (6) Classify as precision or bias error. Step 4 - Calculate bias and precision errors for eachparameter. Step 5 - Propagate the bias and precision errors. (a) Bias and precision errors of the independent parameters are propagated separately all the way to the final result. (b) Propagate according to the functional relationship defined in Step l(d) above using sensitivity factors. Step 6 - Calculate uncertainty.' (a) Select UADD and/or URSS models. (bl Obtain uncertainty. Step 7 - Report (a) Calculations (b) Tabulated elemental errors (c) Bias (d) Precision [rssSl,where S = [CS,2/Ni]"
The UADD and URSS models are the mathematical models which are used to combine bias and precision errors to a single uncertainty value. UAOD provides approximately 99 percent coverage while URSS provides approximately 95 percent coverage when neither bias errors nor precisionerrors are negligiblecompared to the other. If the bias error is negligible, both UADD and U R S S provide95 percent coverage.
'
54
ASME PTC 10-1997
SECTION 6
6.1 CONTENTS
- REPORT OF
TEST
The Report of test shall include applicable portions shown in para. 6.2, and may of the information include otherdata as necessary. Copiesofthe original testdata log, certificates of instrument calibration, prime mover (motor or othertype)efficiency data as needed, description of testarrangementandinstrumentation,andany special written agreements pertaining to thetestor thecomputation of results shall be included. When tests are runover a rangeofoperating conditions the results shall also be presented in the form of curves. The curves shall be clearly marked to denote use of staticor total conditions.
(e) Description of compressor cooling system and coolant properties

6.2.3 Specified Operating Conditions (a) Gas composition and source for properties (b) Inlet gasstate (7) Total and static pressure' (2) Total and static temperature' (3) Total and static density', (4) Relative humidity if applicable' (c) Gas flow rate (7) Inlet and discharge mass flow rate (2) Inlet and discharge volume flow rate (3) Capacity (dl Discharge static and/or total pressure (e) Coolant type, properties, flow rate, and temperature for cooled compressors (0 Speed (g) Others as needed 6.2.4 Expected Performance Specified at eratingConditions (a) Developed head (b) Efficiency (c) Power requirement (d) Discharge total temperature (e) Others as needed Op-
6.2 TYPICAL
REPORT INFORMATION
6.2.1 General Information (a) Date of test (b) Location of test (c) Manufacturer (d) Manufacturer'sserialnumbersandcomplete identification (e) Party or parties conducting test ff) Representatives of interested parties (g) Detailed written statement of the test (h) Agreement made by parties to the test 6.2.2 Description of Test Installation (al Type of compressor;radial flow, axial flow, etc. ( 1 ) Type of impellers; open, shrouded, cast, fabricated, etc. (2) Number of stages (3) Arrangement of casing and piping (4)Pipe sizes; inlet and discharge (51 Arrangement of intercoolers, if used (6) Impeller diameter and blade tip widths (b) Description of lubricating system and lubricant properties (c) Type of shaft seals (d) Type and arrangements of driver; turbinedirect connected, motor direct connected, motor and gear, etc.
55
6.2.5 Derived Parameters at Specified Operating Conditions (a) Machine Mach number (b) Pressure ratio (c) Volume ratio (d) Flow coefficient (e) Machine Reynolds number (0 Others as needed 6.2.6SetupofInstrumentsandMethodsof Mea-
suring (a) Description of all allowed departures from this

Code which have been authorized by agreement (b) Piping arrangement with sketches and diagrams (c) Location ofall measuring stations with diagrams and sketches
'Pressures, temperatures, and densitiesshould be clearly identified as static or total conditions.
ASME
10-1997
(d) Method of measuring flow rates

(e) Instruments usedfor the measurement of pressure, temperature, speed, composition ofgas, density, and power (0 Procedures and facilities used for the calibration of instruments (g) Calibration data (h) Instrument accuracy (i) Source of test gas property data 0) Method of determining powerlosses, if any, between the power measurement station and the compressor input shaft (k) Description of sampling and analysis method for test gas
6.2.7 Mean Observations Derived FromTest Data (All calibrationsandinstrumentcorrectionshaving beenapplied) (a) Test run number (b) Duration of run (c) Speed (d) Inlet temperature (e) Barometer reading (0 Ambient temperature at barometer (g) Inlet static pressure (h) Dry bulb temperature if required (i) Wet bulb temperature if required Dew point temperature if required (k) Gas density if measured (I) Gas composition if measured (m)Discharge static pressure (n) Discharge temperature (0)Flowmeter data, typically: ( 1 ) Pressure differential across flowmeter (2) Pressure upstream side of flowmeter (3) Temperature upstream side of flowmeter (4) Flowmeter throat diameter [Items (P) to (W) apply to cooled compressors:] (p) Coolant flow rate CS,, Coolant inlet temperature (r) Coolant outlet temperature ( S ) Gas temperature at inlet of cooler (t) Gas temperature at outlet of cooler (u) Gas pressure at inlet of cooler (v) Gas pressure at outlet of cooler (W) Condensate drained from cooler (x) Power input (y) Torque (z) Lubricant flow rate (aa) Lubricant inlet temperature (bb) Lubricant outlet temperature (cc) Mean casing surface temperature (dd) Ambient temperature
(ee) Casing surface area Leakage flow rates
(m
u)
6.2.8 Computed Results for Test Operating Conditions (a) Type of test (b) Test run number (c) Barometricpressure (d) Gas composition (e) Mass flow rate (0 Inlet static conditions ( 1 ) Pressure (2) Temperature2 (3) Compressibility factor (4) Density (5) Enthalpy (6) Others as needed (g) Inlet volume flow rate (h) Inlet velocity temperature2 (i) Inlet velocity pressure 0) Inlet total conditions (7) Pressure (2)Temperature (3) Compressibility factor (4) Density (5) Enthalpy (6) Others as needed (k) Capacity (I) Discharge static conditions ( 1 ) Pressure (2)Temperature2 (3) Compressibility factor (4) Density2 (5) Enthalpy (6) Others as needed (m)Discharge volume flow rate (nl Discharge velocity temperature2 (o) Discharge velocity pressure (p) Discharge total conditions (7) Pressure (21 Temperature (3) Compressibility factor (4) Density (5) Enthalpy (6) Others as needed (q) Leakages (7) Mass flow rate (2) Enthalpy (3) Energy loss or gain (r) Secondary flow streams ( I ) Mass flow rate
*Iterativesolutionmay be required.
56
ASME PTC 10-1997
(2) Enthalpy (3) Average mixed gas state (4) Energy loss or gain (S) Rotor mass flow rate (t) Mechanical loss (u) Heat transfer loss (v) Gas power (W) Shaft power (x) Head
(I) Pressure ratio

6.2.10 Machine Reynolds Number Correction (a) Test operating condition Machine Reynolds number (b) Specified operating condition Machine Reynolds number (c) Machine Reynolds number correction (d) Specifiedoperating condition polytropic efficiency (e) Specified operating condition polytropic work coefficient 6.2.1 1 Computed Results for Specified Operating Conditions (Speed and inlet gasstate given) (a) Flow rate (7) Capacity (2) Inlet and/or discharge mass flow rate (3) Inlet and/or discharge volume flow rate (4) Leakage flow rate (5) Cooler condensate (6) Secondary flow rates (7) Others as needed (b) Discharge conditions (7) Static and total pressure (2) Static and total discharge temperature (3) Compressibility factor (4) Static and total density (5) Others as needed (c) Work related terms (7) Polytropic head (2) Enthalpyrise (3) Gas power (4) Shaft power (5) Others as needed 6.2.1 2 Uncertainty Analysis
6.2.9 Computed Test Performance Parameters (a) Isentropic total discharge conditions (7) Temperature (2) Density (3) Enthalpy (6) Polytropic work coefficient (7) Overall isentropic volume exponent (2) Polytropic work factor (3) Polytropic exponent (4) Polytropic work (5) Impeller blade tip velocity (6) Polytropic work coefficient (c) Isentropic work coefficient (7) Isentropic exponent (2) Isentropic work (3) Isentropic work coefficient (d) Polytropic efficiency (e) Isentropic efficiency (0 Work input coefficient (g) Total work input coefficient ( 1 ) Energy lost or gained via leakage (2) Energy lost or gained via secondary flows (3) Energy lost via casing heat transfer (4) Mechanical loss (h) Flow coefficient (i) Volume ratio ci., Machine Mach number (k) Specific heat ratio, inlet and discharge
6.2.13 Suggested Summary of Results, Comparing the Test, TestResults,and IntendedValues
57
APPENDIX A USE OF TOTAL PRESSURE A N D TOTAL
TEMPERATURE TO DEFINE COM.PRESSOR PERFORMANCE

(This Appendixisnot
a part of ASME PTC 10-1 997.)
A.l Theperformancecharacteristicsofacompressor which depend upon thermodynamic properties for their definition are, under the provisions of this Code, based on stagnation (total) conditions.This procedure can cause confusion if the principles involved are not kept clearly in mind. Compressor performance may be specified at static pressures and temperatures or at stagnation pressures and temperatures, as desired, and the following explanation serves topointout the differences between the two.
Subscripts i and d refer to stagnation inlet and discharge conditions, respectively, as determined by stagnation pressures and temperatures. In the stagnationprocess
[A-41
A.2
When the FirstLaw ofThermodynamics, written as the generalenergyequation, is applied to a compressor section with the system boundaries defined as the interior wall of the casing and the transverse planes across the inlet and discharge flanges in the absence of leakageandsidestreams, the following expressionresults:
The difference between static and stagnation conditions is shown graphically on a Mollier Diagram, Fig. A.l. A.4 As will be notedfrom Fig. A.1, the process ofcompressiontakesplacebetweenstates (Y and y. Some calculations regarding the internal compression process might requirethe use ofstatic states intermediate to (Y and y. However, as shown by Eqs. [A-1I through [A-51, use of the stagnation properties for the external energy balance of the compressor is an excellent approximation because: (a) "Charging" the compressor with receipt of gas at the stagnation enthalpy hi (at stagnation pressure pi) i s equivalent to charging it with receipt of gas at the static enthalpy h,a (at static pressure pa) plus kinetic energy
Subscripts aand yrefer to static inlet and discharge conditions, respectively. The inlet and discharge flanges may be considered to be at the same elevation so that y. and yr the elevation heads, become equal.Solving Eq. [A-11 for W s h gives
Thisresultinvolvesstaticenthalpiesdetermined
by staticpressures andtemperatures.
A.3 When the stagnation concept is employed, Eq. [A-21 becomes
59
FIG. A.l
COMPRESSOR STATE POINTS STATIC AND

TOTAL
and,
(b) Crediting the compressorwith delivery of gas

at the stagnation enthalpy hd (at stagnation pressure
p& is equivalent to crediting it with delivery of gas at the static enthalpy h, (at static pressurep,) plus kinetic
are energy
thermodynamic or otherwise, taking place within thecompressorproper.Should a study of events internal to the compressor be desired, a new system must be defined and the appropriate conditions stated. Studies of events internal to the compressor not included within the scope of this Code. Theotheruse of thestagnationpressureand stagnation temperature in this Code is for the determination capacity. Capacity of is a volumetric flow related rate inlet to conditions. Capacity is defined herein as thedelivered mass flow rate divided by inlet total density correspondingto total pressure and temperature. This is convenient because it permits a clear definition of volume flow rate consistent with mass flowwithout referring to thedesign of the compressor.
60
A.6
v; 2gcJ
The preceding analysis can be applied only becausethesystemboundarieswerecarefullydefined so as to preclude any consideration of events,
A.5
APPENDIX B PROPERTIES OF GAS MIXTURES

(This Appendix is not a part of ASME PTC 10-1997.)
B.l The testing of modern compressors may require the use of a gas mixture as the testgaseither because the specified gas is itself a mixture or because it is necessary, foronereasonoranother, to substitute for thespecified gas duringthe test a mixture is the only satisfactory program, and method of obtainingthedesiredproperties in the substitute gas. The use ofa gas mixture presents, in essence, a two-part problem. If thestate of the mixture is such that it may be considered as a mixture of ideal gases, the usual methods of classical thermodynamicscan be applied to determine the state of each constituent gas,If,however,the state of the mixture is such that the mixture and the constituentsdeviatefromthe ideal gaslaws, other methods must be used which recognize this deviation. In either case there is the necessity that accurate thermodynamic dataforthegases beavailable. If accurate thermodynamic properties for a gas, based on experimentaldataor reliable mathematical and physical methods are available, these properties shouldbe used with preferencegiven to thatdata based on experimental work. So far as this Code is concerned, the problem is one of determining density, enthalpy, specific heats, and entropy of constituent gases at the pressure and temperature each experiences.
partial pressureof that constituent by
The molal (volumetric) analysis of the mixture is oneoftheitems of testdataandgivesthe mole fraction readily. With a homogeneousmixture, all constituent gases will havethe sametemperatures as the mixture thus providing the second of the two independent properties needed to define the gas state. (This excludes saturated vapors.) With the state of each constituent thus defined, the individual property of interest may be determined and the equivalent mixture properly calculated by the methods outlined below.
B.4 With properties of the individual gases determined, the equivalent value of the property for the gas mixture may be calculated by summing the individual property values on a total basis, .e., quantity of the gas times property value. The equations are summarizedbelow.
Enthalpy:
B.2 When the thermodynamic state is such that the gas mixtureand its constituent gases must be treated as real gases, themethodofdefiningthe thermodynamic state oftheconstituent gases and thus arriving at their properties shall be agreed upon in writing prior to thetest. Once the state of the gas i s defined, presumably by pressureandtemperature,theotherproperties of interestmaybeobtainedfromcharts,tables,or equations of state.
B.3 For ideal gases, the mole fraction, xi, of any constituent gas j may be used to determine the
61
nmHm = naHa+ nbHb + ncHc+
e + n,Hj
18-31
Entropy:
In the preceding series of equations, lB-21, [B-S], and [B-81 are on a mass basis; [B-31, [B-61, and [B-9] are on a mole basis, and [B-41, [B-71, and [B-101 are on a mole fraction basis. It shouldbe noted that the determination of theend point of the isentropic process starting at inlet conditions and ending at thedischargepressureandentropy value correspondingto inlet conditions will probably involve a trial-and-error solution.
62
APPENDIX C
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
(This Appendix is not a part of ASME PTC 10-1 997.)
The sample calculations contained in this Appendix demonstrate the basic calculation principles of this Code. Each sample highlights one or morefacets of the necessary procedures for application oftheCode to realmachines.Thedatapresented is typical and does notrepresentanyactual operating unit. Additionally this data should not be taken as expected for any actual conducted test.
Sample C.l
Sample
Sample Sample Sample
Sample Sample Sample
demonstrates a Type 1 testfor a centrifugal compressorusingan ideal gas.The conversionofstaticreadings to total conditionsandcalculationofresults by heatbalanceand shaft powermethods arecovered. ideal gas. C.2 demonstrates a Type 2 testfor a centrifugalcompressorusingan Application of Reynoldsnumbercorrections, heat loss to ambient and variable speedeffectsarecovered. C.3 demonstrates the ideal gas application to selectionoftestspeedandtestgasand alsocoversthemethods of power evaluations. C.4 demonstrates the treatment of bracketed test points. C.5 demonstrates how to select a test gas for a Type 2 testusing ideal andreal gas equations. A flow chart procedure is presented to assist in outlining the required steps. C.6 demonstratesaType 2 testusingreal gas equations for data reduction. C . 7 demonstratesthetreatmentofa two sectioncompressor with externally piped intercooler. C.8 demonstrates the application of uncertainty analysis to this Code.
63
SAMPLE CALCULATION C.l TYPE 1 TEST FOR A CENTRIFUGALCOMPRESSOR USING A N IDEAL GAS
Thissample calculation is intended to demonstrate: (a) Type 1 test (6) Test gas same as specified gas (c) Ideal gas (d) No heat loss (except to lubricating oil) (e) No flow leakages (0 Centrifugal machine (g) No flexibility to change compressor speed (h) Single section machine The purpose of this calculation is to determine the quantity of gas delivered and the compressor head,pressurerise,efficiency, and shaft inputpower. Paragraph3.1 1.4 of theCoderequires that whena test is only to verify asinglespecified condition,the test shall consistof two test points which bracketthespecifiedcapacity. The calculations demonstrated in this sample calculation would be used on both of these bracketing points.
Description of Test Installation (seepara.6.2.2) (a) Type of compressor - centrifugal (7) type of impellers - shrouded (2) number of stages - single section, five stages (3) arrangement of casing and piping - not applicable to this sample (4) pipe sizes; inlet and discharge - inlet pipeis 18 in., schedule 40 (Di = 16.876 in.); discharge pipe i s 10 in., schedule 40 ( D d = 10.020 in.) (5) arrangement of intercoolers, if used no intercooler (6) impeller diameter and blade tip widths - impeller diameters 0 1 = D 2 = D 3 = 18.4 in. and D 4 = D 5 = 16.6in.; first stage impeller tip width = 6 = 1.SOO in. (b) Description of lubricating system and lubricant properties- Lubricating sytem oil flow rate is 4 gpm per bearing for a total flow rate of 8 gpm. Oil density i s 55.6 Ibm/ft3 so the oil flow rate is 59.5 Ibm/min [8 gpmA7.48 gal/ft3) x 55.6 Ibm fi3]. Oil has constant pressure specific heat of cp = 0.462 Btu/lbm "R. (c) Type of shaft seals - Not applicable to sample (dl Type and arrangementsof driver; turbine direct connected, motor direct connected, motor and gear, etc. - Not applicable to sample (e) Description of compressor cooling system and coolant properties- No cooling system
Simpliving AssomptionsforThisSample (al The gas (air) may be treated as an ideal gas with a constant specific heat (evaluated at the average of the inlet and discharge temperatures). (b) The Reynolds number correction i s negligible.
Specified Operating Conditions (seepara. 6.2.3) (a) Air with constant pressure specific heats of dry air and water vapor givenin Fig. C.1, MWda = 28.97 and MW, = 18.02
65
(b) Inlet gas state (7) pslatic i = 14.00 psia at inlet flange (2) TStatic &i = 560.0 "R at inlet flange (3) have to calculate inlet densities (4) RHinlet = 81.7 percent (c) Gas flow rate (7) inlet mass flow rate = discharge mass flow rate =
(3) capacity to be calculated
W = 600 Ibm/min ( 2 )inlet and discharge volume flow rates have to be calculated
(d) Discharge static pressure = 45.00 psia at discharge flange

(e) Compressor coolant not applicable (0 N = 10,000 rpm (g) Not applicable
Expected Performance at Specified Operating Conditions (see para. 6.2.4) (a) Developed polytropic head = 44100 ft Ibf/lbm (based on total conditions) (b) Efficiency (polytropic) = np = 0.80 (c) Power requirement = Psh = 101 9 hp (d) Discharge total temperature = 844.1 "R (The discharge static temperature is assumed given as 842.8 "R.) The following preliminary calculationsestablish the givenspecifiedoperating conditions in a form convenient for the Code calculations. (a) Partial pressure of water vapor is found using the steam tables: [Ref. (D.20)]
(b) Air humidity ratio at inlet flange [Ref. (D.20)1
(HRi)sp
= (0.6220
-(
0.6220 Ibm (0.7825 psia) Ibm da
")
(1 4.00
- 0.7826) psia
lbmole W (28.97 ibm da) 180.02 ibrn W lbrnole da lbmole W lbrnole da
= 0.05921
(c) Air molecular weight [Ref. (D.2011

(MWaIsp =
mole da ( M W d + mole mole da + mole
W
(MW,)
Ibm da
) + 0.05921 lbmole
+ 0.05921 lbmole
1 .O00lbrnole da
66
m 0757b70
Ob05492 h35
Ibm = 28.36 lbmole
(d) Air specific heat at constant pressure is found using dry air and steam properties (Fig. C.l)
mass da
(cp)sp
(Cpda)
mass da
+ mass W (cpw) + mass W
1 .O00 Ibrn da 0.240

(cpi)sp =
Ibrn & " R 1 .O00 Ibrn da
) + 0.03683 Ibrn (O 448 Ibrn w"R

W
*
+ 0.03683
Ibrn
= 0.247
Ibrn "R
Btu
1.000 Ibrn da 0.2445

, \
Wpdsp
Ibrn da "R
Btu
1.000 Ibrn da + 0.03683 Ibrn

Btu [note: ( H R i ) s p = Ibrn "R
) + 0.03683 Ibrn (O 462 Ibrn w o R

W
'
= 0.252
(e) Air specific heat ratio [Ref.
(D.20)]
0.247
(kAp
(0.247
m) Btu
Btu Ibrn "R Btu lbmole
(1.986
)(
"R
lbmole
)=
28.36 Ibrn
0.252
(kd)sp
Btu Ibrn "R lbmole "R
Btu Btu (0.252 Ibrn "R
-)
- (1.986
)(
lbmole
)=
28.36 Ibrn
(0 Static specific volume at inlet and discharge flanges is found using the ideal gas law
67
S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL 1777 m 0757b70 U b 0 5 Y 9 3 571 m
(vstatic Jsp
(1545 ft lbf) lbmole (560.0 "R) lbmole "R 28.36 Ibm (14.00
S) $)
(144
= 15.13 Ibm
fi3
(1545 ft lbf) lbmole (842.8 "R) lbmole "R 28.36 Ibm (45.00
S)
(144
$-)
= 7.086 I bm
ft3
f g ) Average fluid velocity at inlet and discharge flanges (see para. 5.4.3.1)
( 6 0 0 2 ) (15.13
(Vilsp
ft3
= 97.40
ft sec
(600
(vd)sp
g) L)
(7.086
ft
= 129.4
sec
(h) Fluid Mach number at inlet and discharge flanges (see para. 5.4.2.5)
97.40
(M;)sp
ft sec
(1545 lbmfole "R
lb
) (28.36 lbmole ) (560 "R) Ibm
= 0.0832
68
129.4
(Md)sp
=
1.385 32.1 74
ft sec
Ibm2) (1545 Ibf sec
ft lb lbrnole "R
) (28.36 lbmole ) (842.8 "R) Ibm
= 0.0905
(i) Totaltemperaturesatinletanddischargeflangesarefoundusingtheenergyequationand assuming an adiabatic process (see Eq. [5.4.6])
(97.40
(TJsp
560.0 "R
k)
ft Ibrn
2 778.17 Btu E ) (32.174-)
= 560.8 "R
Btu
Ibf sec2 (0.247
(1 29.4
(TdlSp
= 842.8 "R
k)
ft Ibrn
2 778.1 7 Btu
E) (32.1
= 844.1 "R
74 7) (0.252 Ibf sec Ibm "R
ci,, Since the Fluid Mach number isless than 0.2, the total pressure may be calculated according to the simplified Eq. i 5 . 4 . 4 1
(97.40
(pi)sp
= 14.00 psia
2)
ft Ibrn in2 ft2) Ibf sec2) 144 -
2 1 5.1 3 -
J : , '
= 14.07 psia
(32.174-
(1 29.4
(pd)sp
A)
-)
= 45.00 PSia
i -
2 (7.086
S)
(32.1 74ft Ibrn (1 44 Ibf sec2 69
g)
= 45.26 psia
(k) Total density at the inlet and discharge flanges is found using the ideal gas law
1 (4 0 .7 ) :
(pi)sp
= ($)*P
ft Ibf
(1545 lbmole "R
) (lbmole) 1
(144 in2 ~lbf)
Ibm
= 0.06632
"
28.36 Ibm
(560.8 "R)
fi3
(45.26
(Pd)sp
( g ) s p =
(1 545
ft Ibf lbmole "R
)(
S) $)
(144
"
lbmole) 1 28.36. Ibm
I bm = 0.141 7 (844.1 "R)

ft3
(I) The sum of the squares of the blade tip speeds is
\ lo4 min)
j= 1 j= 1
13 (18.4 inIL + 2 (16.6 il.,
= 2.983
mln
lo6sec2
fi2
Mean Observations Derived fromTest Data (seepara. 6.2.7) (a) Test run number 1 (b) Duration of test = 30 minutes (c) Compressor speed = 10,000 rpm id) Inlet temperature = T&ic dbi = 540.0 "R (e) Barometer reading = 14.1 7 psia (0 Ambient temperature at barometer = 540.8 "R (g) Inlet static pressure = 14.10 psia (h) Dry bulb temperature at inlet flange = = 540.0 "R (i) Wet hulb temperature at inlet flange = TStatic wbi = 530.0 "R 0) Dew point at inlet flange = 524.4 "R (k) Gas density not measured (1) MWda = 28.97 and MW, = 18.02 (m) Discharge static pressure = fstatic d = 47.00 psi in) Discharge static temperature = Tstatic dbd = 830.0 "R (o) Mass flow rate = 38,000 Ibm/hr (dto (W) Not applicable to this sample (x) Shaft power input = Psh = 1097 hp (y) Shaft torque = 57.62 ft lb (z) Lubricating system oil flow rate is 4 gpm per bearing fora total flow rate of 8 gpm. Oil density is 55.6 Ibm/ft3 so the oil flow rate is W, = 59.5 Ibm/min. Oil has constant pressure specific heat cw = 0.464 Btu/lbm. (aa) Lubricant inlet temperature = Toin = 530.0 "R (bb) Lubricant outlet temperature = Toout= 561 .O O R (cc) to (fi3 Not applicable to this sample Computed ResultsforTest OperatingConditions (similar to para. 6.2.8) The previous test data is converted into a form convenient for Code calculations. (a) The air humidity ratio ofthe inlet air is found using air and steam properties [Ref. (D.20)]
70
= 0.6220
0.3667 psia Ibrn W = 0.01661 14.1 O psia 0.3667 psia Ibrn da
Btu Ibrn da
O R
(540.0
Btu - 530.0) R t (0.01661 G Ibm ") (1092.2 - 38.35) Ibrn Btu (1095.5 - 38.35) Ibrn
W
0.01881
=) ( L lbmole 7 (28.97 Ibrn lbmole da Ibrn 18.02 da

W
0.03024
lbmole
lbmole da
(b) Air molecular weight [Ref. (D.20)]

(MW,), = (MWdJ + mole [mole damole + mole
da
1.000 lbmole da 28.97
W
W
(MW,)
I,
) + 0.03024 lbmole
W
Ibm da lbmole da
1.00 lbmole da
+ 0.03024 lbmole W
28.65
I bm lbmole
(c) Air specific heat is found using dry air and steam properties (see Fig. C.1)
mass da (Cpda) + mass W (cpw) mass da + mass W
(c,), =
I,
1 .O00 Ibrn da 0.240

(Cp;)t
Ibrn da "R
1 .O00 Ibrn da + 0.01 881 Inm
) + 0.01881 Ibrn ( 0.447 Ibm w"R

W
= 0.244
Btu Ibrn " R 71
S T D - A S M E PTC LO-ENGL L 7 7 7 D 0 7 5 7 b 7 D Ob05q77 1 1 7
1 .O00Ibrn da (0.244 cc,,,, = Btu = 0.248 Ibrn "R
Btu + 0.01 881 Ibrn (0.460 da OR 1.O00Ibrn da + 0.01881 Inrn W
A verage specific heat

0.244
+ 0.248 Btu Btu

2
"
Ibrn "R
- 0.246 Ibrn "R
(dl Air specific heat ratio
(Z),
(Mt
(0.244
S) -
Btu 0.244 Ibrn "R lbmole Btu O R )
(0.1 986
(G 1 r lbmole )
= 1.397
0.248
(kd)t
Btu Ibrn
O R
Btu
(o'248
-) Ibrn "R - (0.1 986 lbmole "R
Btu
)(
lbmole)
= 1.388
28.65
Ibrn
(e) Static specific volume at inlet and discharge flanges is found using the ideal gas law
(1 545
(vstatic d t
lbmole O R
ft Ibf
) (28.65 1 lbmole) 540.0 "R Ibm

"
= 14.34
ft3
(14.10%)
(144$) 72
I brn
(1 545
(Vstatic
d ) r
ft Ibf lbmole "R
) (28.65 1 lbmole) 830.0 "R Ibrn

"
(47.00
S) $)
(1 44
= 6.613
I bm
ft3
CO
Fluid velocity at inlet and discharge flanges (see para. 5.4.3.1)
(38,000
(VJt =
TT
?) hr
(1 4.34
(3600
4 (T 16.87ft)
T)
E) Ibm
= 97.45sec
ft
(38,000%) hr (6.613
(vd)t
ft
E) Ibrn
7 F 77 ( 10.020ft)'
(3600
y)
= 127.5 sec
[g) Fluid Mach numbers at inlet and discharge flanges (see para. 5.4.2.5)
ft 97.45 -
(Mi), =
sec
ft m J I .397 32 174Ibf!ec2
-)
(I 545
lbmole "R
ft
lb
) (L28.65-) Ibm
= 0.0852
(540.0 "R)
127.5 -
(Md)( =
ft sec
ft Ibrn 41.388 32.1 74 Ibf sec2 (1 545
-)
lbmole "R
lb
)( 1 e (830.0 ) "R) 28.65 Ibrn
= 0.0902
(h) Totaltemperatureatinletanddischargeflanges adiabatic process (see Eq. [5.4.6])

73
is foundusingtheenergyequationforan
~~
~~
0759b70 Ob05499 T 9 T
(97.45
(Ti), = 540.0 "R
Z)
= 540.8 "R
0 . 2 4 4 Btu ~ ) ( 7 7 8 . 1 7 E ) ( 3 2 . 1 7 4 - ft Ibm Btu Ibf sec2)
(Td)t
= 830.0 "R
2 0.248 Ibrn "R (778.1
-) Btu
E) 7 (32.174 Btu Ibf secz
ft ,bm
) = 831.3 "R
(i) Since the Fluid Mach number is less than 0.2, the total pressure may be calculated according to the simplified method of Eq. (5.4.41
(97.45
( p h = 14.10 psia
+
2
(14.34
&)
&)
= 14.1 psia
(32.174 ' I b m )
lbfsec~(144%)
(Pd)(
= 47.00 psia +
2 6.61 3
(1 27.5
A)'
Ibf Ihm) sec2 (144
-) Ibm
ft3
(32.1 74
$)
= 47.27 psia
74
fj) Total density at the inlet and discharge flanges is found using the ideal gas law
(Pu)sp =
(&),=
(14.17
Ibf (1545lbmole "R
S) 5)
(144
"
Ibm = 0.06997 ft3
) (28.65 lbmole) (540.8"F) Ibm
(Pd)sp
(&),
(47.26
ft Ibf
)(
S)
1
5
(1 44 lbmole)
$)
(831.3"F)
I bm
= 0.1518 ft3
"
(1545lbmole O R
28.65 Ibm
(k) The sum of the squares of the blade tip speeds is
[x
5
j= 1
Ur],=
[TE
5
j= 1
Dr], =
[Tz
j=l
Dr] = 2.983 X lo6secZ ft*
(I) The shaft power was measured by the shaft power method to be (Psdt= 1097 hp (shaft power method) Theshaftpowercanalsobedeterminedusing Eq. 15.4.141:
where Eqs. [5.4.17] and [5.4.18] showtheparasiticlosses by the lubricating oil temperaturerise). Also using Eq. [5.4.13] gives
to bemechanical losses(represented
(38,000 0.2459
Ihm) (
~
) (60 F) (42.440mln hp
~~ ~~
ft Ibf ) (831.1 - 540.8)"R Ibm "R
(59.5
%)
(0.462
Btu
) (31.O "R)
= 1065 hp + 20.1 hp
= 1085 hp (heat balance method)
75
(m) The gas power can be calculated from the heat balance method using ,Eq. [5.4.13]
The gas power canalsobe calculatedfromthe Using Eqs. [5.4.12], l5.4.171, and [5.4.181 P&= (Psh)t wo c p A To = 1097 hp 20.1 hp = 1077 hp (shaft power method) (n) The capacity is
shaft powerusingtheshaft
power method.
(38,000
T) -k)
9f =
(0.06997
*)
ft3
(60
= 9051 min
ft3
Check for a Type 1 Test The following calculations confirm thatthe Type 1 test in Table 3.1. (a) Inlet pressure departure
test conditions meetthe
limits prescribedfor
Thetest inlet total pressure is within the Table 3.1 limit of 5%. (b) Inlet temperature departure
(T;)sp
( T;) sp
- (Ti), x 100 = 650.8 - 540.8 X 100 = 3.6%

560.8
Thetest inlet temperature is within the Table 3.1 limit of 8%. (c) Speed departure
(NJsp
( N;)sp
- (Ni)(x 100 = 10,000 - 10,000 x 100 = 0%

10,000
Thetestspeed is within the Table 3.1 limit of 2%, (dl Molecular weight departure
(MW;Isp- (MW;)t 28.36 - 28.65 x 100 = x 100 = -1.02% 28.36 (MW;) sp
Thetest molecular weight is within the Table 3.1 limit of 2%. 76
S T D - A S M E P T C L O - E N G L L997
0 7 5 9 b 7 0 D b 0 5 5 0 2 304 9
fe) Capacity departure
36,000 38,000 "

0.06632
36,000
0.06997
X
100 = -0.049%
0.06632
Thetest inlet capacity is within the Table 3.1 limit of 4%. (0 Density departure
(pdsp
(P ilsp
- (pJr x 100 = 0.06632 - 0.06997 x 100 = -5.5%

0.06632
Thetest inlet total density is within theTable 3.1 limit of 8%. The test coolanttemperaturedifferenceandcoolant flow ratewere not checked with the specified values since there is no coolant at the specified condition. Since all thetestparameters listed in Table 3.1 (excluding the coolantparameters) satisfy the Table 3.1 limits,thetest is a Type 1 test. Computed TestDimensionlessParameters (similar to para. 6.2.9) The dimensionless parameterswhich form the basis for the conversion fromtest data to specified operating conditions are calculated in this section. (a) Polytropic efficiency is found as follows: Averagespecificheat ratio
kr=
(cp -
-=
CP
0.246
Btu Ibm "R

Btu
-)Ibm "R
t Ibf
)(
- (1.986 lbmole "R
lbmole) 28.65 Ibm

1
= 1.392
Polytropicexponent (see Eq. [5.1T-51)
47.26 psia
=
In (14.1 7 pia)
In
(47.26 psia) (540.8 O R ) (14.17 psia) (831.3 O R ) 77
= 1.555
Polytropic efficiency (see Eq. [5.1T-91)
(b) Flow coefficient (see Eq. [5.1T-11)

(38,000
P)(5 (-) )
2.rrrad
60hr min
4t =
(0.06997 F Ibm)(1 0,000 rev

min
-)
( 18.4 y ft)
= 0.03996
(cl Polytropic work coefficient (see Eq. [5.1T-4])
- o 555
(F)
ft Ibf
lbmole
545 lbmole "R)
( S K) (2.983 x l o 6 sec L (32.174 * )ft Ibm
(540.8 "R)
[ 47 26 -- 1 1
0.555
q)
= 0.4734
(d) Total work input coefficient using the shaft power method (see Eqs. [5.4.18] and [5.3T-21)
(59.5
(om) t
e)
min
(0.462
wotp0ATo
(42.44
-) Btu
Btu m) (31.O "R)
= 20.1 hp
minhr
(1 097 hp - 20.1 hp) (33,OO ft Ibf
(38.000
T)
(2.983
lo6
T) 2) (h=)
-) mm hp
(60
= 0.6052
(e) Total work input coefficient using the heat balance method (see Eq. [5.3T-11)
78
6 ft lb ) (831.3- 540.8)"R + O1 778.1 Btu
= 0.5996
(0 Work input coefficient (see Eq. [5.2T-2])
(g) Volume ratio at stagnation conditions (for information only)

Ibm 0 . 1 8 5 1
ft3
Ibrn fi3
= 2.170
0.6997
Computed Resultsfor Specified Operating Conditions (similar to para. 6.2.1 1) The performance at the specified operating conditions is calculated from the test dimensionless parameters.Thesevalues apply directly sincetheReynoldsnumbercorrections are negligible. (a) Discharge total pressure at specified conditions is obtained as follows: Averagespecificheat
Btu Btu
0.247+ 0.252 Ibrn "R Ibrn "R Btu = 0.250 2 Ibrn "R
(Thedesigndischargetemperature hasbeenused to estimate cpd)
Average specific heat ratio

Btu Ibrn "R
0.250
(0.250 Btu - (1.986 Btu Ibm "R lbmole "R
-)
)(
1 lbmole) 28.36 Ibrn
= 1.389
Polytropic exponent is found assuming equality of the polytropic efficiency at test and specified conditions (see Eq. [5.4T-71)
79
= 0.7905
1.389 (-)0.389
= 2.823
n S P
= 1.823 = 1.549
2.823
= 0.4734
(2.983
1 O6
(-)0.549 (1 545 lbmole

1 549
sec ft lb "R
5) ( L
)(
= ) 32.174 ft Ibm
1
2.823
lbmole)
= 3.196
28.36 Ibm
(560.8 "R)
(pd)sp
= 3.196 (pjlSp = 3.1 96(14.07 psia) = 44.97 psia
(b) Capacity at specified conditionsis found using the definition of theflow coefficient and equating the flow coefficients at test and specified conditions (see Eq. (5.4T-11).
0.03996 10,000
2)
(2.")
80
rad
18.4 ft3 (T ft)3 = 9051 min
S T D m A S M E P T C 10-ENGL L997 D 0759b70 Ob055Uh T 5 T
(c) The inlet mass flow rate is
WSP
(E)sp
(pi)sp = (9051
min Ibm ft3 ,in) (0.06631 F) (60 7)
= 36,020
Ibrn Ibm = 600.3 hr min
(cf) The specific volume ratio based on total conditions is (for information only)
(e) Discharge total temperature is found using Eq. [5.4T-18]
Since this temperature is nearly equal to the design value of 844.1R, the average specific heat chosen for the calculations is assumed appropriate. (0 Gas power is found using the equality of the total work input coefficient between the test and the specified operating condition. Using the shaft power method and Eq. (5.4T-201 gives
Usingtheheatbalancemethod,
Eq. [5.4T-201gives
Wsp (&b)sp
(y)sp c. u2 (600.3 x) Ibm (0.5996)

-
(2.983 X lo6
(PghJsp
33,000
ft Ibf (33,000mm hp (60
-)
$)
= 1011 hp
(g) Since the specified speed and the test speed are equal, the mechanical losses are assumed equal. The shaft power is then
( p s h ) ~ h= (Pg,,,
+ Q , A P = 1021
hp + 20.1 hp = 1041 hp (shaft power method)
or
(Ps&,
= (Pghb+
= 1011 hp + 2 0 . 1 hp = 1031 hp (heat balance
method)
(h) Static discharge temperature and pressure may be calculated from the mass flow rate, flow area, and total temperature and pressure. Since the flow Mach number is below 0.2,Eqs. [5.4.21, [5.4.31, f5.4.41, and [5.4.61 may be used.
81
With a guessed velocity of 130.5 ft/sec, obtainedbytrialanderror,
(Tstatic d)sp
(Td)sp
Vd - 2)g ccp
(130.5)'
= 846.5
- 2 778.1 7
Ibm
sec
( Ibf
-ft ) Ibf
Btu
(32.1 74 ft Ibm (0.252
-)
sec2
"R
f t '
= 845.2
OR
(pstatic d)sp
(pd)sp
(Pstatic d)sp
2gc (1 44)
Vd = 44.97 I bf
--
(0.1 40
F)
(130.5)'
ft Ibm)
2 32.174-
Ibf ( sec2 inn) = 44.7 in'

144
ft2 -
sec2Ibf
Checking
V=Ibstatic
II
A/
\(0.140-Ibm) - (1 ;;2) T
I = 130.5
ft2/
ft sec
ft3
(Pstatic d)sp
144
R
(pstatic d)sp
(1 44
$) $)
(44.7
(Trtatic d)sp
ft Ibf (1545 ibm "R
-)
(Lm) 28.36 Ibm (854.2 "R)
= 0.140-
Ibm
ft3
82
S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL L777 U 0 7 5 7 b 7 0 0 b 0 5 5 0 8 8 2 2
TABLE C.l.l CALCULATION SUMMARY

Test Corrected to specified Operating Test Operating Quantity Condition Symbol Condition Value
W
Expected at specified
Units
Ibm/hr psi
l. Quantity of gas delivered

rise 2 . Pressure (total) 3. Head
38,000 36,000 36,000

33.1
*P
W P
30.9
ft Ibf/lbm 44,100 43,900 43,900
4 . Shaft power
Shaft (a) method method (b) Heat
(Psh)sh
hP 1020 1040 1100

hP 1020 1030 1080
(Psh)hh
VP
5 . Polytropic efficiency 6 . Flow coefficient 7 . Machine Mach no. 8 . MachineReynoldsno. 9 . Specific volume ratio (total)
ratio heat 10. Specific coefficient 11.work Polytropic
0.80
0.790 0.790 0.0400 0.0400
4
Mm
2 . 11
Rem
(vi/v&
2 . 17 1.39 1.39 0.473 0.473 0.600 0.600
k
pp
Pmin
12. Work input coefficient 13. Total work input coefficient method Shaft (a) method Heat (b) 14. Capacity 15. Inlet gasstate
(a) Static temperature
a s h nhP
9 = (w/oJ
T
0.605 0.600
ft3/min
0.605 0.600
9050 9050
(bl Staticpressure
(c) Total temperature (d)Total pressure
P T P
560 O R 560 1 4 . 0psia 1 4 . 0 O R 561 561 14.1psia 14.1
540 1 4 . 1 541 14.2
16. Discharge gasstate

(a)Statictemperature
(b) Staticpressure
(c)Totaltemperature (d) Total pressure
T P
T P
OR
psia "R psia
845 830 44.7 47.0 831 45.0 47.3

1o m
847
843.5 45.0 844.8 45.3
17. Cas power

(a) Shaft method
(pg)sh
(b) Heat method
( pg)hb
hP hP
1060
1O20 1010
1 O00
1 000
18. Cooling condition 19. Speed 20. Mechanical losses
Not applicable
N
Qm
rPm hu
10,000
20.1 2 0 . 0
10,000
10,000
2 0 . 1
83
1200
1100 400
0.600
lo00SOO
900
700
1300
0 . 4 9 0
0.450
0.440 600
600
700
FIG. C.l(b)
800
900
loo0 1200
1100
1300
Steam Temperature PR)
IDEAL GAS SPECIFIC HEAT
FOR STEAM
84
SAMPLE CALCULATION C.2 TYPE 2 TEST FOR A CENTRIFUGALCOMPRESSOR USING AN IDEAL GAS
Thissamplecalculation is intended to demonstrate: fa) Type 2 test (b) Testgassameas specified gas (c) Ideal gas (d) No heat loss to lubricating oil and to ambient (e) No flow leakages (0 Centrifugal machine (gl No flexibility to change compressor speed (h) Single section machine The purpose of this calculation is to determine the quantity of gas delivered and the compressor head,pressurerise,efficiency,andshaft input power. Paragraph 3.1 1.4 of theCoderequires that when a test is only to verify asinglespecified condition,the test shall consist of two testpoints which bracketthespecifiedcapacity.The calculations demonstrated in this sample calculation would be used on both of these bracketing points.
Description of Test Installation (seepara. 6.2.2) (a) Type of compressor - centrifugal (7) type of impellers - shrouded (2) number of stages - single section, ten stages (3) arrangement of casing and piping - not applicable to this sample (4)pipe sizes; inlet and discharge- inlet pipeis 18 in., schedule 40 (Di = 16.876 in.); discharge pipe is 10 in., schedule 40 (Dd = 10.020 in.) (5) arrangement of intercoolers, if used - no intercooler (6) impeller diameter and blade tip widths - impeller diameters D 1 =D 2 =D 3 =D 4 =D 5= D 6 = 20 in. D 7 = D 8 = D 9 = D l 0 = 18.0 in.;firststage impeller tip width b = 1.5 in. (b) Description of lubricating system and lubricant properties - Lubricating system oil flow rate is 4 gpm per bearing for a total flow rate of 8 gpm. Oil density is 55.6 Ibm/ft3 so the oil flow rate is 59.5 Ibm/min [8gprnA7.48 gal/ft3) x 55.6 Ibm ft3]. Oil has constant pressure specific heat of cp = 0.462 Btu/lbm "R. (c) Type of shaft seals - Not applicable to sample (d) Type and arrangements of driver; turbinedirect connected, motor direct connected, motor and gear, etc. - Not applicable to sample (e) Description of compressor cooling system and coolant properties - No cooling system Simplitjhg Assumptionsfor This Sample (a) Thegas (air) may be treated as an ideal gas with a constant specific heat (evaluated at the average of the inlet and discharge temperatures). Specified Operating Conditions (seepara. 6.2.3) (a) Air with constant pressure specific heats of dry air and water vapor givenin Fig. C.1, MWda = 28.97 and MW, = 18.02 (b) Inlet gasstate
85
(1)
hatic i
= 7.50 psia at inlet flange
(2) T& dbi = 600.0 O R at inlet flange (3) inlet densities; to be calculated
(4) RHinlH = 50.0 % (c) Gas flow rate (7) inlet mass flow rate = discharge mass flow rate = W = 17,300 Ibmhr = 288.3 Ibm/min (2) inlet and discharge volume flow rates have to be determined (3) capacity has to be determined (d) Discharge static pressure = 48.00 psia at discharge flange (e) Compressor coolant not applicable (fl N = 10,000rpm (g) Compressor internal roughness = E = 0.00012 in. Expected Performance at Specified Operating Conditions (see para. 6.2.4) (a) Developed polytropic head = 88200 ft Ibf/lbm (based on total conditions) (6) Efficiency (polytropic) = np = 0.82 (c) Power requirement = Psh = 1025 hp (d) Discharge total temperature (The discharge static temperature is assumed given as 1103"R.) The following preliminary calculations establish the given specified operating conditions in a form convenient for the Code calculations. (a) Partial pressure of water vapor is found using the steam tables: [Ref, (D.20)]
(6) Air humidity ratio at inlet flange [Ref. (D.20)l

(HRi)sp = (0.6220
-(
0.6220 Ibm (1.456 psia) Ibm da (7.50 - 1.456) psia lbmole W (28.97 Ibm da) 18.02 Ibm W lbmole da
= 0.2408
lbmole W lbmole da
(c) Air molecular weight [Ref. (D.2011
Ibm da
) + 0.2408 lbmole
1 .O00 lbmole da t 0.2408 lbmole W
= 26.04
Ibm lbmole
86
(d) Air specific heat at constant pressureis found using dry air and steam properties. The specific heat at constant pressure for both the dry air (da)and water vapor ( W ) are given in Sample Calculation C.1. (Fig. C.1)
mass da
(Cpda) + mass W (cpw) mass da + mass W
(cplsp
1.000 Ibrn da 0.240

(cpi)sp
Btu + 0.1498 Ibrn W O 448 Ibm da "R * Ibm W "R 1 .O00 Ibrn da + 0.1 498 Ibrn W
0.267
Btu Ibrn "R
1.000 Ibrn da (0.251

kp&p
da
OR
) + 0.1498 Ibm (0.480 Ibrn w o R

W
1 .O00 Ibrn da
+ 0.1 498 Ibrn W
= 0.281
Btu Ibrn "R
(e) Air specific heat ratio
0.267
k)sp
=
(0.267
Btu Ibrn "R lbmole "R
Btu Btu
G)
- (1.986
) ( lbmole ) =
26.4 Ibrn
0.281
(kd)sp
(0.281
-) Btu - (1.986
Ibrn "R
Ibrn "R
Btu lbmole "R
Btu
)(
lbmole
26.84
)=
Ibrn
(0 The inlet flange kinetic viscosity is found from Ref. (D.20) and is assumed to be that of dry air at the inlet pressure and temperature
(~i)sp =
4.00
1 O4
ft* sec
87
(g) Static specific volume at inlet and discharge flanges is found using the ideal gas law
(Vstatic i)sp
(1545 ft Ibf) lbmole (600.0"R) lbmole "R 26.84 Ibm

(7.50
5)
(1 44
$)
)
= 31.98
Ibm
ft3
(1545 ft lbf)
lbmole "R
lbmole (1 103.0 O R ) 26.84 Ibm
(48.00
$)(1 44 $)
= 9.186 Ibm
ft3
(h) Average fluid velocity at inlet and discharge flanges (see para. 5.4.3.1)
(Vi)sp
(1 7,300 - h r ) (31.98 hr 3600 sec = ?r i16.876 , \ 2
Ihm) (
$)
= 98.94
ft sec
88
{i) Fluid Mach number at inlet and discharge flanges (see para.
5.4.2.5)
(-)W V
T SP
98.94 .
" "
ft sec
(Mi)sp =
(1545
= 0.0798
lbmole lb "R
) (26.84 lbmole Ibm) (600.0 "R)
80.61
(Md)sp
=
(32'174
ft sec
S)
= 0.0484
lbmole lb "R
) (26.84 lbmole Ibm) (1 103.0 "R)
ci,, Totaltemperatureatinletanddischargeflanges adiabatic process (see Eq. [5.4.6])
(Tilsp= 600.0
"R +
2 778.1 7
sec/
ft Ibm E) (32.1 74 7) (0.267 Btu Btu Ibf sec
= 600.7 "R
(80.61
(Td)sp = 1103.0
"R +
(778.1 ft Ibf 7 (32.1 Btu
-)
74 ft Ibm (0.281 Ibrn Ibf sec2
-)
k)2
"R
= 1 1 03.46 "R
(k) Since the Fluid Mach number is less than 0.2, the total pressure may be calculated according to the simplified Eq. [5.4.4]
89
(pi), = 7.50 psia +

2(31.98$)(32.1741bfre;i)(144$) ft Ibm
7.53 psia
48.00 psia +
2 (9.186
$)
(32.174
ft Ibm m) (144
G)
= 48.08 psia
(I) Total density at the inlet and discharge flanges is found using the ideal gas law
(7.53
S) $)
(1 44
"
) ( ' lbmole) (600.7 "R) (1545 lbmole "R 26.84 Ibm

Ibf
= 0.03136 ft3
Ibm
(48.08
(Pd)sp = (&)sp
h Ibf
(lS4' lbmole "R
)(
z) S)
1
(1 44 lbmole)
Ibm = 0.1090 ft3
"
26.84 Ibm
(1 103.5 "R)
(m)The sum of the squares of the blade tip speeds is
j=l
= 7.037
lo6 h2
sec2
Mean Observations Derived from Test Data Thetest is to berun with air at atmosphericpressureandtemperature as the inlet pressure and temperature. These give (pstatic i ) l = 14.1 O psia and Ustatic &i),= 560.0 "R. Both the specified gas and the test gas are assumed ideal gases. Assuming equality of the (total) volume ratio between the testand specified operating conditions gives
90
Assuming equality of the polytropic
efficiencies between the test and specified conditions gives
Since the same gasi s used i n the test and at the specified operating conditions, assume kt = ksp Then,
as the approximate (total) discharge pressure for the test. Thetestspeed is found by assumingequality of the polytropic work coefficient between the test and the specified operating condition to give
(E), (3)
CU2
c u2 sp
which can be obtained from equality Thenumericalvaluesgive
of Machine Mach numbers.
Nt = 10,000 rpm
= 9841 rpm
as the approximate appropriate test speed. Not that no Reynolds number correction (as used later in converting the testdata to the specified operating condition) is used in this estimation of the testspeed.Also, note that the Code speed rule (para. 5.3.2) reduces to the equality of Machine Mach numbers between the test and the specified operating conditions for ideal gases with equal values of the specific heat ratios. See para. 6.2.7. fa) Test run number 4 fbl Duration of test = 40 minutes (c) Compressorspeed = 9,500 rpm fd) Inlet temperature = TStatic dbi = 540.0 "R
91
(e) Barometer reading = 14.1 O psia (0 Ambient temperature at barometer = 540.0 "R ( g ) Inlet static pressure = Pstatic i = 14.1 O psia (h) Dry bulb temperature at inlet flange = Tstatic dbi = 540.0 "R (i) Wet bulb temperature at inlet flange = TStatic d i = 530.0 "R 0) Dew point at inlet flange = 525.1 "R (k) Gas density not measured (I) MW& = 28.97and MW, = 18.02 (m) Discharge static pressure = PStatic d = 99.6 psia (n) Discharge static temperature = Tstatic d&j = 1042.2 "R (o) Mass flow rate = 36,500 Ibm/hr (pl to (W) Not applicable to this sample (x) Shaft power input = Psh = 1851 hp (determined by measuring shaft input torque of speed) (y) Shaft torque = 1023 ft lb (zl Lubricating system oil flow rate is 19.3 gpm. The oil density is 55.45 Ibm/ft3 so the oil flow rate is 143.1 Ibm/min (19.3 x 55.45/7.48), The oil has constant pressure specific heat cp = 0.462 Btu/lbm "R. (aa) Lubricant inlet temperature = Toin = 525.0 "R (bb) Lubricant outlet temperature = Toout = 568.5 "R (cc) to (eel Casing heat loss = 6740 Btu/hr (ft7 Not applicable
m
Computed Results for Test Operating Conditions (similar to para. 6.2.8) The previous test data is converted into a form convenient for Code calculations. (a) The air humidity ratio of the inlet air is found using air and steam properties [Ref, (D.20)]
= 0.6220
0.3667 psia Ibm W = 0.01661 14.10 psia - 9.3667 psia Ibm da
0.240
Btu
Ibm da "R
(540.0 - 530.0) R
+
Btu - 38.35) Ibm W
Btu (1092.2 - 38.35) Ibm W
(1095.5
0.01881
Ibm W ) ( 1 lbmole W) (28.97 Ibm da 18.02 Ibm W
lbmole da
= 0.03024
lbmole W lbmole da
92
(b) Air molecular weight [Ref. (D.20)]
mote da (MW&) + mole W (MW,) mole da + mole W
I,
) + 0.03024 lbmole
W W
1.O00 lbmole da 28.97
Ibm da lbmole da
1 .O0 lbmole da + 0.03024 lbmole
= 28.65
Ibm lbmole
(c) Air specific heat is found using dry air and steam properties
mass da (Cpda) + mass c (wp,)

mass da
+ mass W
I,
1 .O00 Ibrn da 0.240

(cp,.)r =
Btu Ibrn da "R
1.O00 Ibrn da + 0.01 881 Inm
) + 0,01881 Ibrn (O 447 Ibrn

W
W "R
= 0.244
Btu Ibrn "R
1.000 tbm da 0.249

(cpd)t
Ibrn da "R
) + 0.01881 Ibm (0.475 Ibrn w " R

+ 0.01 881 Inm W
1.O00 Ibrn da
Btu Ibrn "R
= 0.253
Average specific heat
(C,),
('pi
Btu 0.253 Btu - = 0.244 + - 0.249 2 Ibrn "R Ibrn "R

"
93
(d) Air specific heat
ratio
Btu 0.244 (kilt
(0.244
m) - (0.1
Btu
Ibrn "R Btu 986 lbrnole "R
)(
= 1.397
0.253
Btu Ibrn "R
0 . 1 986
Btu lbmole "R
)(
= 1.37
(e) The inlet flange kinematic viscosity is found from Ref. (D.20) and is assumed to be that of dry air at atmospheric pressure and the existing temperature
= 1 .TOx 10-4ft2 sec
(0 Static specific volume at inlet and discharge flanges is found using the ideal gas law
(vstatic i ) t
(lS4'
ft Ibf lbmole "R
)(
"
(14.10
5)
1
1 lbmole) 540.0 "R 28.65 Ibrn
(144
$)
1042.3 "R
= 14.34
ft3
Ibrn
ft Ibf
(vstatic d)r
)(
lbmole)
"
(1545 lbrnole "R
(99.6
5)
28.65 Ibrn
(1 44
$)
= 3.919 I bm
ft3
[g) Fluid velocity at inlet and discharge flanges (see para. 5.4.3.1)
94
S T D * A S M E P T C LO-ENGL L777 E 0757b70 Ob05520 3 2 T m
(36,500
(Vi),
4( 16.876 7 fi)'(3600 F)
T
%) hr
(1 4.34
E) Ibrn
= 93.60
ft sec
(36,500 Ibrn (3.919

(vd)t
=
77
-)hr
Ibrn
10.020
h) (3600 (h) Fluid Mach numbers at inlet and discharge flanges (see para. 5.4.2.5)
4( F
r)
= 72.56
sec
ft
93.60
(Milt =
f-t sec
lbmole "R
lb
) (-S) (540.0 "R) 28.65 Ibm

1
= 0.0818
72.56
(&)r
ft sec
) (-
-)
Ibrn
(1 042.2
= 0.0459 "R)
lbmole "R
28.65
(i) Totaltemperatureatinletanddischargeflanges adiabatic process
(93.60
(T;)( = 540.0 "R
0.244
E)Btu
(778.1
-ft)7Ibf
Btu
(32.1 74 ft Ibrn
- = 540.7 "R
Ibf sec2)
95
(72.56
(Td)l
1042.2 'R
+2
(0.253 Btu
m)
A)'
Btu
(778.17
= 1042.6 "R E) (32.174 ft Ibm
Ibf secz)
(j) Since the Fluid Mach number is less than 0.2, the total pressure may be calculated according to the simplified method of Eq. [5.4.41
Pl
193.60
(pi), = 14.1 O psia +

2 14.34
\-
f t z -\ secl
-) (32.1 74 m Ibm Ihm)(144 $)

ft3
14.1 7 psia
(Pd),
= 99.6 pSa +
= 99.74 psia ) ( inn) 2 (3.91 9 2) (32.1 74 lbfsec~ 144 ft Ibm
(&I
Total density at the inlet and discharge flanges is found using the ideal gas law
(14.17
ft Ibf (1545 lbmole "R
)(
S) $)
(144
lbmole)
"
28.65
Ibm
(540.7 )
O R
= 0.06993
fi3
Ibm
(Pd)sp
(&),
=
(99.74
E)
(144
$)
= 0.2555
ft3
Ibm
(I) The sum of the squares of the blade tip speeds is

(9,500
1'1
j=1
z)'
I6 (20 in)'
+ 4 (1 8 in)']
= 6.35
X
lo6
ft2 5ec2
mm
(m)The shaft power was measured by the shaftpower

method)
96
method to be ( f s h ) , = 1851 hp (shaft power
S T D e A S M E P T C 30-ENGL 1 7 7 7 I I 0 7 5 1 b 7 0 Ob05522 L T 2
Theshaft powercanalsobecalculatedfromthe and Eq. [5.5.14]
gas powerusingtheheatbalancemethod
Equations L5.4.171 and [5.4.181 show the parasitic losses to be mechanical losses. Also, using
Eq. [5.4.131 gives
(36,500 Ibrn (0.2459
-)
E ) (1042.6 - 540.7) "R

Ibm "R
hr
(psh)t
6740
(42.44
&) F)
(60
+
(42.44
S) T)
(60
hr
Btu
(143.1 min Ibrn (0.462 ,bm
-)
x) (568.5
525.0) "R
= (1791.4
+ 2.65 + 67.8) hp
= 1862 hp (heat balance method)
(n) The gas power can be calculated from the heat balance methodas done above to get
(P,),
(W C p ) t (Td - Ti), + Qr = (1791 4 + 2.65)hp = 1794 hp (heat balance method)
Thegas power can also be calculated from the shaft power using the shaft power method
(P,),=
(Psh)r
- W o Cpo ATO
= (1 862 - 67.8) hp = 1794 hp (shaft power method)
Check for a Type 1 Test The above test does notqualify as a Type 1 test due to thelargedifferences pressures. To formalize this observation,the inlet pressuredeparture is
(Pi),
in the inlet
- (piIr x
100 =
7.53
(pi)sp
7.53
- 14.16 X
100 = -88.0%
which is outside the range of the Table 3.1 limit of 5%; therefore, the test is not a Type 1 test. Therefore, wemustconduct a Type 2 test; however, we will verify that this i s aType 2 test, .e.,satisfies the Table 3.2 requirements.
97
S T D - A S M E P T C 10-ENGL 1997
0 7 5 9 b 7 0 0605523 O34
Computed Test Dimensionless Parameters (similarto para.6.2.9) The dimensionless parameters which form the basis for the conversion from test data to specified operatingconditionsarecalculated in thissection. (a) Polytropic efficiency is found as follows: Average specific heat ratio
0.249
Btu Ibm "R

Btu
-) Ibm "R - (1.986 lbmole "R

Polytropic exponent (see Eq. [5.1T-51)
f i Ibf
)(
lb mole)
= 1.386
28.65
Ibrn
(99.74 psia) 14.1 7 psia = 1.507 (99.74 psia) (540.7 "R) In (14.17 psia) (1042.6 "R)
Polytropic efficiency (see Eq. [5.1T-91)
(b) Flow coefficient (see Eq. l5.1T-11)
(36,500
2)(L (-) )
2
T
rad
60 min
hr
(0.06993 F Ibm )(9,500
S)( 1 2 ft)
20.0
= 0.03148
3
98
STDmASME PTC 10-ENGL L977
075'1b70
Ob05524 T 7 5
(c) Polytropic work coefficient (see Eq. [5.1T-41)
(-)
1 507 (1 545 lbmole ft Ibf "R 0.507
)( 28.65 L F Ibm ) (540.7"R) [( -)99.74 1.507 - 1 1 14.17 ft2 ) ( 1 Ibf sec2) 6.35 lo6-X
0.507
sec2
32.174 ft Ibm
(143.1
(Q,,,)t= wocpJT0 =
?)
mm
(0.462 G) Btu (42.44
(568.5 - 525.0) "R

Btu
-mln ) hr
Ibf ) (60 mrn hp
= 67.8 hp
(1851 hp - 67.8 hp) 33,000

W-
(36,500
gc
F)
F)
= 0.4901
(6.35 x
lo6 E) ( L F )
sec2
32.174 ft Ibm
(e) Total work input coefficient using the heat balance method (see Eq. [5.3T-l])
(0.249
Btu -) llbm "R
(1042.6- 540.7)"R +
t ' (6.35 lo6 ()-f
36,500 hr
Btu
= 0.4935
sec2
32.174 ft Ibm
(0
Work input coefficient (see Eq. [5.2T-2])
b"h
cp (Td
) Btu - Ti) I - (0.249E CU' g c
(1042.6- 540.6)"R (778.1 7
*) Btu
= 0.4927
99
(g) Volume ratio at stagnation conditions (for information only)
(;)r
c)r
=
0.2555
0.6993
Ibm ft3
ft3
I bm = 3.65
Computed Results forSpecified Operating Conditions (similar to para. 6.2.1 1) The performance at the specified operating conditions is calculated from the test dimensionless parameters. The effect of the difference between test and specified operating condition Reynolds numbers is estimatedfromthe PTC 10 Reynoldsnumbercorrection. (a) Discharge total pressure at specified conditions is obtained as follows: Average specific heat
0.267+ 0.281 Ibrn "R Ibrn "R = 0.274

2
Btu
Btu
Btu Ibrn "R
(Thedesigndischargetemperaturehasbeenused Average specific heat ratio
to estimate cps)
0.274
Btu Ibrn "R
-)
Btu Ibrn "R - (1.986 lbmole "R

Btu
)(
lb mole) 28.36 Ibrn

1
= 1.370
Polytropic efficiency correction is now used to accountforthedifferences in the Machine Reynoldsnumbers.TheReynoldsnumber limits forthis correction are found using Eqs. [5.4.41 and 15.6.11 to 15.6.41
(F)
SP
= 2.73 x 105
NDib
(9,500 min (2 T$)
T )
(=E) 20 rad
(E) 1 .5
ft
= 6.10 x
105
sec
1O0
or
Remt < 4.775 Remsp = 4.775 (2.73 x Remt > 0.2094 Rem,
lo5) =
1 . 3x
lo6
= 0.2094
(2.73 x 1Os) = 5.72 x lo4
Sincethetest Machine Reynoldsnumber (6.10 x lo5)fallsintheaboverange,thefollowing Reynoldsnumbercorrectionmaybeused. The correctedpolytropicefficiency forthespecified operatingcondition is relatedtothe test polytropicefficiency by
where
0.988
= 0.988(2.73 x 105)4.243= 0.04718
RCt= 0.988 Remt0.243= 0.988
(6.10 x 105)-0.243 = 0.03881

RCsp
RA,=
0.066 + 0.934 0.066 + 0.934
46 X 1 0 '
Rem
1,
Il
RA,=
4 (I .5 in) x 1 os 2.73 X 105
]
]
On4718
= 1.0354
RAsp= 0.066 + 0.934
46 X
lo5 RCt
0~13881
Rem
RA,=
0.066 + 0.934
4 (I.5 in) x 1 o5
6.10 X 1 0 5
= .O99940
0.000125 + RBI =
Reml
log c +
( Remt)
13.67
13.67 6.10 x lo5) = 0.9961 13.67 log 0.00012 + 6.10 x 105)
1 o1
Then,
1
and
-(
~ =) 11 ~
1 .O354 ) (0.9967) = 0.1785 -p0.828) (0.99940 0.9961
(vsp)sp
0.822
The polytropic exponent is found from
or
nsp = -- 1.49
The polytropic work coefficient ratio for the specified operating condition is
3.054 2.054
(pplsp
= (pph-- 0.4075 -= 0.4044

(qp)r
0.822
0.828
Discharge pressure ratio is found using the definition of the polytropic work coefficient to give
r.4044
[(E)
(1 545
Pd
(7.037x
lo6 -
f i l z ) 1
(-Ibf secz)
3.042
sec 32.174 fi Ibm fi l b (600.70R) lbmole "R 28.36 Ibm
)( ' 3 )
= 6.400
Dischargepressure is found using Eq. [5.4T-151

= 6.400 (pi)sp = 6.400 (7.53 psia) = 48.2 psia
(b) Capacity at specified conditions is found using the definition of the flow coefficient and equating the flow coefficients at test and specified conditions (see Eq. [5.4T-11)
= 0.03148 10,000
z)
(277~)
rad
20
fi)
= 9157- min
fi3
102
S T D - A S M E P T C 10-ENGL 1997 W 0 7 5 7 b 7 0 Ob05528 b 1 0
(cl The inlet mass flow rate is
= ( 9 1 5 f t7 3 ~( )0 . 0 3 1 3 6 F ) 6 ) 0 ( :
= 17,230-Ibm
hr
(d) The specific volume ratio based on total conditions is
(2) = [
Vd sp
(F)q
1
= 6.4007.49 = 3.48
1 -
*P
(e) Discharge total temperature is found using Eq. [5.4T-181
(TdlSp
= [Ti
(E)7]
n-1
0.49
= 600.7 "R (6.400)'.49 = 1 1 .O6 "R

5P
Since this temperature is nearlyequal to the designvalue of 1103.5"R, the average specific heatchosen for the calculations is assumed appropriate. ffl Gas power is found using the equality of the total work input coefficient between the test and the specified operating condition. Using theshaft power method, Eq. [5.4T-20], and Table 5.3 gives
= 932.8 hp (shaft power method1
Usingtheheatbalancemethod,
Eq. [5.4T-201, andTable 5.3 gives
33,000
(1 7,230
F) min
(0.4935) (7.037 X 10'
sec2
ft2
) (1 Ibf sec2) 32.174 ft Ibm
= 939.3 hp (heat balance method)

103
S T D - A S M E PTC LO-ENGL L797
0 7 5 9 b 7 0 Ob05529 557
(g., The shaft power is found by assuming the mechanical losses are proportional to a power of the rotational speed (see Eq. 15.6.81)
(Qmlsp
(Qm)r
N (2) =
2.5
67.8 hp
10,000
rev -
2.5
9,500 min
= 77.1 hp
The shaft power is found using Eqs. [5.4.14],[5.4.17],and[5.4.181
= 1O 1 0 hp (shaft power method)
or
101 6 hp (shaft power method)
(h) Static discharge temperature and pressure may be calculated from the mass flow rate, flow area, and total temperature and pressure. Since the flow Mach number is below 0.2, Eqs. 15.4.21, (5.4.33,i5.4.41, and 15.4.61may be used. With a guessed velocity of 80.2 fthec, obtained by trial anderror,
(802)2 = 1106.
sec2
ft2
ft Ibm 2 778.17- Ibf) (32.1 74 (0.281 Btu Ibf sec
-)
Btu
= 1 105.5 'R
= 48.2
--
Ibf
(0.1 O9
F)
ft Ibm 2 32,174 Ibf sec2
= 48.12 ) (144 ;J in2 -
(80.2)2~
ft* e c ~
Ibf
104
0 7 5 7 b 7 0 Ob05530 2 7 7
Checking
= 80.2 -
ft sec
(1545
(144
$) $)
(48.2
Ibrn
ft Ibf -) ('W) Ibm 28.36 Ibm

O R
= 0.109 ft3
(1105.5 "R)
Check for a Type 2 Test (a) Specific volume ratio (see Eq. [5.5.51)
,oo -
3.65 3.48
100 = 1.049%
The test specific volume flow ratio is just within the Table The difference is due largely to the assumption of equal specified conditions made when determining the testspeed. A reduce this deviation. (b) Capacity - speed (flow coefficient) ratio (see Eqs. [5.2T-11
3.2 range of 95% to 105%.

gas properties between test and retest at an adjusted speed would and [5.4T-43
(36,500 hr
F)
E) min
X
(0.06993 Ibm ft3 (9,500

x 100 =
-)
(1 7,300 hr
F)
100 = 99.6%
(0.03 136 T I bm fi) (1 0,000 min 105
")
Thetest capacity speed ratio is within the Table 3.2range (c) Test Machine Mach number (see para. 5.5.1)
of 96% to 104%.
Mm, =
= 0.710
(9,500
2) ($
(-
h) (2
Mmt
TE) (Az)
of 0.625(0.710
1 moe 26.84 Ibm (540.7 R)
= 0.708
2)
Thetest Machine Mach number is within the Fig.3.4range (0.71O + 0.105). (cf) Machine Reynolds number ratio (see Eq. [5.5.51)
- 0.085)to 0.815
Rem,
=
sec
= 2.73
105
(9,500 mm Remt =
?)
(hg) (S (g fi)
h)
= 6.10 x 105
Remt 6.10 x 105 x 100 = 2.73 x 105 Remsp
100 = 223.4%
The test Machine Reynoldsnumber is abovetheTable 3.2 lower limit of 90,000 andthe Machine Reynoldsnumber is between the Fig. 3.6 limits of 0.17 and 6.5. Since all the Table 3.2 requirementsaresatisfied,thetest is a Type 2 test.
106
STD ASME P T C 10-ENGL
0759b70 Ob05532 O'+& H
TABLEC.2.1 CALCULATION SUMMARY

Test Corrected to Specified Operating Condition 17,230 40.7 88,450 1010 1016 0.822 0.031 5 0.703 273,000 3.48 1.37 0.44 0.493 0.490 0.494 9160 660 7.50 601 7.53 1106 48.1 1106 48.2 933 939 Expected at Specified Operating Condition 17,300 40.6 88,200 1025 1025 0.82 0.031 6 0.703 273,000 3.48 1.37
Test QuantityValue Units Symbol lbmhr psi ft . Ibf/lbm 36,500 85.6 80,400 1851 1862 0.828 0.031 5 0.724 610,000 3.48 1.39 0.408 0.493 0.490 0.494 Whin 8700 540 14.1 S41 14.2
1, Quantity of gas delivered

2.Pressurerise 3. Head (total) 4.Shaftpower (a)Shaft method (b) Heat method 5. Polytropic efficiency 6. Flow coefficient 7. Machine Mach no. 8. Machine Reynolds no. 9. Specific volume ratio (total) 10. Specific heat ratio 11. Polytropic work coefficient 12. Work input coefficient 13. Total work input coefficient (a) Shaft method (b) Heatmethod 14. Capacity 15. Inlet gasstate (a) Static temperature (b) Static pressure (c) Total temperature (dl Totalpressure 16. Discharge gasstate (a) Static temperature (b)Staticpressure (cl Totaltemperature (d)Totalpressure 17. Gas power (a) Shaft method (b) Heat method 18. Casing heat loss 19. speed 20. Mechanical losses
hP
hP
9190 600 7.50 601 7.53
OR
psia
OR
psia
"R
psia
O R
psia
1042 99.6 1043 99.7 1794 1794 2.65 9,500 67.8
1103 48.0 1103 48. I
hP hP hP rPm hP
10,000
10,000 77.1
107
SAMPLE CALCULATION C.3 IDEAL GAS APPLICATIONTOSELECTION OF TEST S P E E D AND TEST GAS ANDMETHODS OF POWEREVALUATION
Thissamplecalculation is intended to demonstrate: (a) Test speed selection (b) The effect of substitute gas use on achievement of flow similarity (c) Methods of power evaluation The following information is givenaboutthedesign: Number of stages = 6 1 st stage diameter = 1 1.459 Discharge in. pressure Impeller exit tip width = 0.5 Polytropic in. efficiency Shaft rotational speed = 16000 rpm Gas - Methane Inlet pressure = 30 psia Inlet temperature = 570"R W 2 / g c = 1.1 1006 x 1O5 ft-lbf/lbm At an inlet flow of 3000 ft3/min
= 90 psia
= 0.76 Shaft power = 690 hp
Thedata in the left hand column above indicate the specified operating conditions. This data describes the compressor geometry, the operational speed, and inlet gas conditions. The data in the above right hand column describes the intended performance of the compressor at the specifiedoperatingconditions. It is thepurpose of thetest to verify these intendedvaluesor establishtheactualvalues. It i s assumed thatcircumstances prohibit testing with methane. Air i s available at 14.7 psia, 520"R, and 50 percent relative humidity. The driver has variable speed capability. The following assumptions are made to simplify the calculation process so that focus may be madeondemonstrationpoints. (a) Both the test gas, air, and the specified gas, methane, will be treatedas ideal gases with constant specific heats. Average values will be used. (The alternative is to use actual gas thermodynamic data and the Type 2 calculation procedure. This would lead to slightly more accurate results.) (b) Leakages will be assumed negligible at both test and specifed conditions. The rotor mass flow rate is then the inlet mass flow rate. The test speed required to provide equivalence betweentest and specified conditions is obtained fromthe speed selection rule. For ideal gases,
1o9
TABLE C.3.1
PRETEST C A L C U L A T I O N S U M M A R Y
CaS
Pd
Pi
Methane
Air 51.597 14.7 520. 53.53 1.396 0.0761 1.27x 10-5 12704.
psia psia
90. 30.
Ti
R
"R
ft-lbf/lbmOR
570.
96.31 1.28 0.078693 0.769 x 16000. 800. 0.532 3.411 X lo5 0.76
k
P P
Ibm/ft3 Ibmh . sec

rPm
u
Mm
ft/sec
635
0.5675 1.583 X lo5 0.76
(excludes Reynolds Number correction) 3.51
Rem TP
1 . 6
pd/pi n qi/qd
3 . 0 1 . 4 2 . 19 0.00343
2 . 19
with
1 1
and
"
n n-1
k
'Ip-
k - 1'
and Remco,, = 1
Precise values of pressure ratio, efficiency, and polytropic exponent for both specified and test conditions are of course unknown before test. However, the appropriate test speed may be estimated by making the following assumptions: (al Thepressure ratio and efficiency at specified operating conditions are equal to the design values. (b) The efficiency at test conditions is also equal to the design value.While the Reynolds number effect might be taken into account here, it is small and the current calculation is only an estimate. It is ignored simply for computational ease. The firstassumptionallows calculation of thespecified conditionpolytropic exponent.The second allows calculation of the test polytropic exponent. With these a test pressure ratio estimate and a required testspeedestimatemaybecalculated.This speed may be used to calculate Machine Mach andReynoldsnumbers. Thegasdataused andresults of the computations indicated abovearesummarized in Table C.3.1. Thevalues in thistable may be used to determine if it is possible to accomplish the proposedtest within the allowable deviations in similarity parameters. Mach NumberCheck:The test Mach number is = 6.6 percentgreaterthanthedesign Mach number. This is an unavoidable consequence of gas selection with
110
different k valueswhenspecificvolume ratio equality i s maintained. Thedeviation is, however, within the limits of Fig.3.2. ReynoldsNumberCheck:ThetestReynoldsnumber is -46 percent of thedesignReynolds number. This is within the deviation limits of Fig. 3.4, and the correction relationship applies. The correction has not been applied to the tabulated values,sincethe computations are preliminary. The compressor is run to obtain a bracketing point. A bracketing point lies within 2 4 percent of the specified operating condition flow coefficient of interest, which is
3000
2~(16000)
= 0.03427
(y)3 12
condition flow
The desired test inlet flow may be calculated from test and specified operating coefficient equality, which yields
9;, = 9i
'P
( 9
NS
= 3000
12704 (-)16000
= 2383
ft3 rnln
Thetest yields the following data: W = 2.9595 Ibm/sec pi= 14.7 Ibf/in3 Ti= 520 "R
RH;= 50%
50.4 Ibf/in2 Td= 832 "R 20 hp (from lubricating oil temperature rise and flow rate) 5574.5 Btu/hr(calculatedcasingheat loss) Psh= 339. hp (shaftpower,perhaps from a torquemeter) N= 12690 rpm R = 53.53 ft-lbf/lbm*"R The next step is to compute the following dimensionless parameters from the test SpecificVolumeRatio:
pd=
om= or=
data.
r", =
(3;
1
= 2.14286
Flow Coefficient:
111
Polytropic Work Coefficient:
(-)n -n 1
ClPt =
RF
xu2
- 1 1 = 0.62702
Work InputCoefficient:
PolytropicEfficiency:
Total Work InputCoefficient: (Heat balancemethod)
Total Work InputCoefficient:(Shaftpowermethod)
gc
MachineMach Number:
Mmt =
U -
Machine ReynoldsNumber:
Remt =
- = 1.583 X lo5
V
Ub
whichhavebeenevaluated
using
S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL 1777
0 7 5 7 b 7 0 Ob05537 b 2 3
W;
= (2.9595 Ibm/sec) (60 sec/min) = 177.57 Ibm/min
N = 12690 rev/min
D = 11.459 in.
R = 53.53 ft-lbf/lbm*"R
CU2
1.11006 X 1 0 ' = 6.9828 X
lo4 Ibm
ft
k = 1.396
Btu
Ibm "R
cp =
(5574.5Btu/hr) (1/60hr/min) = 92.91 Btu/min
113
14.7
p i = - -Pi =
Ibf (5) 144 ):(
R Ti
53.53
(-)Ibm "R
ti Ibf
Ibm = 0.076047 ft3
520 "R
2.9595 q,=-=
Pi
Wi
(E) 60 sec
(=)
min
= 2335 min
ft3
0.076047
I bm (F)
(20hp) 33000
o m .... =
778.1 6
ft Ibf (-)min hp
f-\ti
Ibf
= 848.2 min
Btu
u =" 2lrN
60 24
Rad -( 2 . )( 1 2 6 9 0 ; )
rev
mm
1 min (--) 60 sec
(?in.)
11.459
1 f t (--) 12 in.
= 634.5
ft -) sec
1.27x
y="=
10-5
( r Ibm ) sec
Ibm
= 1.67 X
ti2 -
0.076047 (F)
sec
b = 0.5 in,
1 f t (-12 -)in.
= 0.041 7 ft
The preliminary assumptionis madethatthesecoefficients withappropriateReynoldsnumber correction,alsoapplyatspecifiedconditions.Thelimitsforallowabletest Machine Reynolds numberaregivenby
114
or
6.41 x
lo4 5
Rem, 5 1.81 x
lo6
Thetest Machine Reynoldsnumberdoes maybe used.Thus
fall within these limits and the efficiency correction
1 where
VPsp
= (1
- VPt)
RASPRBsp
- (1 - 0.744)1 .O1
0.97798 (0.99648) = 0.2476 184 (0.9971 8)
R A S P = 0.066 + 0.934
(4.8X 1 O6 b) RCsp
R e m ,
= 0.97798
RAI = 0.066
+ 0.934
RCr
= 1.01184
R B ,
= 0.99648
with R C , = 0.988 Remsf-0.243= 0.044696 RCt= 0.988 Rem,p-0.243 = 0.053862 b= 0.5 in. Remsf= 3.411 x lo5 Remr= 1.593 x lo5 E= 0.000120 in.
so,
vpsP= 0.7524,and Remco,, = - = -= 1.0118
PSP
0.752
Pt
0.744
The Reynolds number correction work coefficient.
is applied to both the polytropic efficiency and the polytropic
115
In summary, the preliminary assumption is that the applies at specified operating conditions.
following dimensionless coefficient set
drp
= 4, =
0.3363
p*p
qpt Remcorr=
0.744 (1 .O1
18) = 0.752
This assumption is taken to be valid to the approximation involved if: (a) the test specific volume ratio is within 2 5 percent of the specifiedcondition volume ratio (Table 3.2). The specified operating condition volume ratio is calculated to determine if this requirement is met. This is done by using the polytropic work coefficient and polytropic efficiency to calculate the
specified condition discharge gas state, .e.,
= [0.6344
1.11006 x lo5 ((3.4395) ) + 11 96.31 (570)
3.4395
= 2.9750
where
n
1.28
0.7524 = 3.4395
116
S T D O A S M E P T C 20-ENGL 2 7 7 7
0759b70 Ob05542 O 5 4
which yields nsp = 1.4099, Thespecificvolume ratio is then
(which is within the + 5 percent limit). (b) the test Machine Mach number is within the limits of Fig. 3.4, which is seen to be satisfied; (c) the test Machine Reynolds number is within the limits as already described; (d) the test flow coefficient is within ?4 percent of the specified operating condition flow coefficient of interest, It is concluded that the dimensionless coefficient set developed is valid for the specified operating conditions. The following quantities of interest at the specified operating conditions are established from this set as follows. Thesectionpressure ratio hasalreadybeenestablished in thevolume ratio calculationusing the polytropic efficiency and polytropic work coefficient. Thedischarge gasstate is then
(3,
(3"
n-1
= 2.975 1.4099 = 1.373
0.4099
Tdsp =
($sp
Tisp= 1.373 (570) = 782.6 "R
The flow is determined from the
flow coefficient
gi = [ 4 s p 2 7 ( ~ )
D 3
SP
= 0.03363 2 min
rad
7 -
11.459 3 ft 3 16000 rev 1 2 ft) = 2944 rev min
wj = pigi =
144 (30) Ibm
[96.31 (570)
F I
117
ft3 Ibm 2944 - = 231.7 mm mln
The power requirement at the specified operating conditions is determined from the total work input coefficient.
= 3.862-60-0.849
sec
Ibm
sec
min
ft Ibf 1.11006~ lo5Ibm
= 697.3 hp (G=)
min
hp
where,
Om,
-=" 33000
Om,
33000 N t
Nsp)2'5
= 20 hp
In this example both the shaft method and heat balance method give exactly the same power requirement. This may not always be true because of differences in the independent measurements which areused.Thisexamplewas specifically constructedusingvaluessuchthatthepowers would match.
118
ASME PTC 10-1997
SAMPLE CALCULATION C.4

TREATMENT OF BRACKETEDTEST POINTS
This sample problem is an extension of Sample Calculation C.3. It demonstratestreatmentof bracketing points. Supposethat a seconddata point forthecompressorofSample Calculation C.3 is available. The data is shown in the upper portion ofthesecond column in Table C.4.1. Calculations were done for this data set following thesame procedure as in Sample Calculation C.3. Theresults are summarized in the lower portion of column 2. The calculated efficiency and work coefficients are plotted as functions of flow coefficient in Fig. C.4.1.The flow coefficient of interest is for 3000 ft3/min at specified conditions, or
3000 d =
min
ft3
= 0.03427
in Fig. C.4.1. The data points are valid which falls about midway between the data points bracketing points in that they are well within 4 percent of the flow coefficient of interest (Table 3.2). In the absence of additional data points, the values of the dimensionless coefficients at the flow coefficient ofinterestaredetermined by linear interpolation. Linear interpolation gives
These values are used to calculate the compressor performance in dimensional terms as follows: Flow rate: 3000 ft3/min as above Dischargepressure:
1.11006 x l o 5 (3.430196.31(570) +
'1,
3.4304
= 2.9497
119
ASME PTC 10-1997
TABLE C.4.1
Point Data 1st Units Test Data
N
Wi
Data Point
12690.Irpml 3.0799 [lbm/sec] 520.
P i
Ti
RH
Pd Td
Om
Ipsial
PR1
[%I
20. 330.39
[psial
IORI
lhpl
p s h
QI
Ihpl
5495. [Btuhrl [fi-lbf/lbmoR] 1.396
12690. 2.9595 1 4 . 7 520. 5 0 . 50.4 832. 20. 339. 5574.5 53.53 1.396
14.7 50. 49.4

828.
53.53
Calculation Summary: 1st Data Point Test conditions Conditions

2nd Data Point
o p e n t i l l #
Test Specified Opentill# Operating Operating Conditions Conditions
specified
0.035
0.034 4 0.843 Ph 0.748 'IP 0.849 nhb 0.84900 0.5320 Mm

PP
0.838 0.794
a h
Rem q&d
0.034 0.843 0.627 0.61 0.739 0.744 0.849 0.84900 0.5674 0.5675 1.583 x I d 2.1429
0.035 0.832 0.634 0.752 0.832 5 0.623
0.5320 3.411 X 1 0 5 2.1351 2 . 1668
1 .S83 x 1Os 2.1105
3 . 4 1 1 x 1Os
where
tsp
(E)
k
= 0.750
( z = )
1.28 3.4304
n = 1.41145
and,
Pd
= (pd/pi) pi =
(2.9497)30
88.49 lbf/in2
120
S T D * A S M E P T C L O - E N G L L977 M 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 Ob05545 7 T T M
FIG. C.4.1
Power requirement:
Heat balance method:
= + "- wi n h b
PShhb
xu2
Qml
33000
33000 g ,
x 1 Os) - (236.08)0.848(1.11006 + 35.7 hp = 705.79 hp

33000
where
= pi q. , = H3011 44(3000)1/[(96.31)(570)1 = 236.08 Ibm/min
121
ASME 10-1997 COMPRESSORS AND EXHAUSTERS
Shaft power method:
- (236.08)0.823(1.11006
33000
x 1Os)
t 35.7 hp
= 689.43 hp
Notice thatthe shaft power andheatbalancemethods yield two different results in contrast to Sample Calculation C.3. This is due to the contradictory measurementsfor the seconddata point, reflected in the two different values for total work input coefficient. One of the values is clearly in error, indicating an error in measurement. With mutualagreement by parties to the test, the optionsmayinclude: (a) retest, eliminating the error; (b) neglecting the error should the difference in results be deemed negligible; (c) assuming one or the other measurement correct and ignoring the other; (d) comparison with other data points if available. In this case the error would appear quite large.Since only two data points are available it might well beprudent to retestfor verification. As the methodsagreeforthefirstpoint, the seconddata point is questionable. Further,since the testshaft power is smaller for the second data point despite a largermass flow rate, the shaft power measurement is especially suspect. Assume that further investigation leads to disqualification of the shaft power measurement for the second data point. The final results from the bracketing data points may be summarized as
Design 16000 Methane
570.
Calculated 16000 Methane

570.
30. 3000. 90. 0.76 690.

2.1 9
30.
3000. 88.49 0.750
705.79
2.1 52
Comparison of the design and actual results indicates that the compressor falls short of meeting i t s designpressuregoal at design flow. The implication of this fact to the parties involved are beyond the scope of this Code, as they would be also had the compressor exceeded its design goals.However, typical industrial reaction in lieuof mutualacceptance as tested is hardware modification or specified condition speed adjustment, In the event of hardware modification the testmust be repeated.Forsmallspeedadjustmentsthetestresultsmayremainvalid.This is determined by conversion of the testresults to the new specified condition speedand verifying that the limits in departurebetweentestandspecified conditions are not exceeded.
122
STDmASME P T C 1 0 - E N G L
1 9 9 7 D 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 06055i7 5 7 2 D
SAMPLE CALCULATION C.5 SELECTION OF A TEST GAS FOR A TYPE 2 TEST USING IDEALAND REAL GAS EQUATIONS
This sample calculation is intended to demonstrate how to select a test gas and determine the testspeed. A compressor designed for use on a hydrocarbon mixture is to be tested in the shop with aclosed loop for an ASME test.TableC.5.1gives thespecifiedoperatingconditionsand predicted performance for the point to be tested. Additionally, it gives mechanical design requirements of the equipment such as the maximum temperature, pressure, rotating speed requirements, the impellerdesign data neededfortheevaluationoftestequivalency,andthe critical speeds of thecompressorrotorsystem. Theselectionofthetest gas andcomputation of therequired compressorspeed is a multistep process. Table C.5.2 outlinesthebasic steps involved in flow chartform.Thefirst step involves computation of the specified conditions; Reynolds number,Mach number, pressure ratios, volume ratios, etc. This data is contained in TableC.5.4.The next step is to select the possible testgases. In this problemnitrogen,carbondioxide,refrigerant134a(R134a)andrefrigerant 22 (R22)havebeenselected as possibletestgases. Knowing a closed loop is to be used, 20 psia and 100F were used for afirstestimateof inlet conditions.Theselectionofthe 20 psiawas to allow a loop with a positive pressure and therefore, no inward leakage of air as a contaminant would occur. Table C.5.3 lists the test gas inlet conditions for each of the gasses.The next step is thedeterminationwhether ideal gas orreal gas calculationmethodsshould be used. The X factor and Y factor of Schultz were computed for the specified gas as well as for each of the test gases. It was found that the specified gas required real gas calculations, nitrogen could be assumed to beideal,and CO2,R134a,R22 requiredreal gas calculations.Fromthe X and Y factors,anestimateofthe cp andthecompressibility Z, thetestpolytropicexponent was computed. Since the specific volume ratio at test should equal the specific volume ratio at specified operating conditions, the test pressure ratio was computed along with the test discharge pressure and temperature;see Table C.5.4. At this point, a check with mechanical design conditions found that nitrogenand COZtestdischargetemperatureswere in excess of maximum allowed by themechanicaldesignand a furthercomparisonof speeds also indicatedextremelyhigh rotational testspeeds in excess ofmechanical design.Further computation was not needed for nitrogen and COZ, as thesegaseswere eliminated.Firstestimates of temperature and speed for refrigerant 134a and refrigerant 22 (See Table C.5.4) indicated possible testgasessince they did not exceed mechanical limitations. However, the rotative speed for the preliminary R22 selection was only 3 percent below the first critical speed and the rotative speed for the R134a selection was approximately 14 percentbelowthefirst critical speed. For the first pass, there was no Reynoldsnumberscorrection, verification ofspecificvolume ratio, efficiency,or anestimate of real gas correction factors. The final testspeed should be checked so that it is not too close to a critical speed. Thenext step is thecomputationofthe test head, dischargeenthalpy,isentropicdischarge condition, and the real gas correction polytropic work factor. Table C.5.5 has the computed data
l It is recognized that there is apotentialenvironmentalproblem demonstrate the calculation method.
of using refrigerant
22. The use here
is only to
123
TABLE C.5.1
SPECIFIEDOPERATINGCONDITIONSANDPREDICTEDCONDITIONS
Inlet 704.8 Pressure,psia Temperature, O R 0.2602 Specific volume ft3/lbm 0.7981 Z 373 0.01 Viscosity centipoise 0.6266 heat Btu/lbm-"R Specific Specific heat ratio 820. Sonic velocity hhec 209.8 Enthalpy Btu/lbm Entropy Btu/lbm-"R 200 575 0.7578 0.8768 0.01 0.4894 1.1 28 830. 164.9 1
Discharge
650
021
1 .O98
.S77
1 .S92
Cas properties: Hydrocarbon mixture Critical pressure: 646.4 psia Critical temperature: 577.2 'R Critical specific volume: 0.7943 ft3/lbm Mol weight: 35.67 Volume flow rate: 22734 d m Mass flow rate: 30000 Ibm/min Polytropic efficiency: 0.781 Polytropic head: 27310 h-lbf/lbm Speed:Gas 3600rpm Mechanical 1 0 0 hp Mechanical design: Max. temp 350 O F Max. pressure 900 psia Max. speed 3775 rpm 1st critical speed: 2600 rpm 2nd critical speed: 4700 rpm 1 2.5 in. Impeller 2nd Diam., in. 36 Width, Tip f, in. st 36 36 36 3rd 5th 36 1.25
4th 1 .5
0.000125
for R134a.Thetestspecific volume ratio comparedtospecified indicated that the R134a gas conditions are very close (within the accuracy of estimated gas properties) to that of the specified. Furthercheck on the assumed efficiency also indicated it was within 4 percent of specified. The polytropic headwas computed along with Reynoldsnumber correction factorand a new speed was also computed. Further check of this speed against the critical s p e e d of the unit indicated a margin of 8.6 percent, which should be within a reasonable range for unit operation; therefore,R134a could be used. Table C . 5 . 6 has the basic R22 checkdata.Thetestspecificvolume ratio is considerably off from that specified.Thetest speed is 2556 rpm which is too close to the first critcal speed. This problem demonstrated the extent of calculation necessary to come up with the test speed for a given unit. The final test power may be increased by changing the inlet pressure and then re-computing all the values.Effectivelythetemperature ratio shouldremainconstantand test speedmay vary slightly with increase of inlet pressure. Thetestspeed computed is only an estimate. Once the unit is on test, the 9/N should be set and the specific volume ratio, r", checked from test data. If the volume ratio is not correct, the testspeed should be adjusted and the q/N reset.
124
~~
S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL L997 m 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 Ob05547 345 m
TABLE C.5.2
GENERALFLOWCHART
FOR TESTGASSELECTION
Y
Rem, Mach No., qIN, Wp, tlp. rp. ' y Compute Test Speed
O N Assume InletTest Conditions
Verify Mechanical Design for Critical Speed, Max Speed, etc.
P. f
Compute X and Y for Real Gas Requirements (Table 3.3) Estimate New Discharge Pressure
Verify Volume Ratio
+ +
Compute Test Polytropic Exponent
Compute Corrected Test Speed Temperature andPressure
1
Verify Test Temperature Pressure Lower Than Max. Design
No
No
Compute Mach No., Verify Test Volume Ratio
Compute Q and Test W
1.
Compute Test Head Discharge Enthalpy and Isentropic Discharge and Real Gas Correction
Compute Test Power
125
TABLEC.5.3 TEST GASINLET CONDITIONS

N2
c02
R134a
R22
560
560
pi, psia Ti, 'R 560

vi, ft3/lbm
4
k
ai, ft/sec
0.982
p, centipoise
c, Btu/lbm-'R
204.8 721.9 102.
673.8 TO 'R 547.7 590.3 po psia 1069.9 MW 44.01 h&Btu/lbm

si Xi Yi
20 560 10.73 1 .o0 0.975 0.017 0.2499 1.396 1 178. 227.4 493. 28.01 0.02 -
20 6.778 0.993 0 . 0 15 0.21 03 1.273 894.
20 2 . 8 7 16 0.01 o9 0.2098 1 .O98 538.8
20 3.41 0 . 0 11 0.161 1.166 598.5 22
121.2
122.3 0.07 1 .O27
1 .O3
GENERAL NOTE It is recognized that there is a potential environmental problem of using refrigerant22. The use here is only to demonstrate the calculation method.
TABLE C.5.4 FIRST PASS FORGASSELECTION

specified
Ca
3.25 2 . 9 12 1.226 1 .O273 0 . 7 8 1 0.509/1 .O56 1.1 50b.287
Real
N 2
CO2
R134a
R22
5.358 2 . 9 12 1.840
4.309 2 . 9 12 1.495 0.781 0 . 0 1 1. o 1

Real
3.296 2 . 9 12 1.157 0.781 0.08 1 .O3

Real
3.551
2 . 9 12 1 . 2 6 1 0.781 0.02 1 .O3
Real
0.781
Ideal
1.1 027
2731 0 . 0 2.266 x lo7 0.681 565.5
1 S74 7 1 422
1.366 34860
107.2 1030. [Note ( 111 3600 5822

[Note ( 111
86.2 836.6
[Note (1 11
1.116 1 o499 3.473 x 106 0.65 350 65.9 648 0.983 2232
1.185 13750
70.0 706
4067
[Note ( 111
2554
[Note (311
NOTES (1 1 Test values exceed the mechanical designlimit for the tested unit. (2)No Reynolds number correction or verification of volume ratio, efficiency, or real gas correction, (3)Test speed too close to rotor critical speed.
126
0759b70 O b 0 5 5 5 1 T T 3
TABLE C.5.5
Specified CaS Polytropic work factor f RemdRem,
Allowable range (minimum) r, check qp check W, ft Ibf/lbm
R134a
1.004 2.912 0.781 2731O
Remcon N, rpm
Mm
9
hP
3600 0.681 22734 31790
1 .o1 0.1 53 0.1 2.92 0.779 10605 1.O03 2247 0.655 14190 2039
Supplement C.5.A
PredictedConditionsSpecifiedGas PressureRatio rp = pd/pi = 650/200 = 3.25 Volume Ratio r, = Vi/Vd = 0.7578/0.2602 = 2.912 kmaxkmin = 1.1283 /1 .O975 = 1 .O28 S/N = 2273413600 = 6.315 CheckSpecifiedGasforTypeofCalculation
From Schultz Charts
Xmi"
Xmax
= 0.509 Ymin = 1 .I50 = 0.056 Ymax = 1.287
Based on Table 3.3
UseRealGas
CalculationMethod forSpecified
Gas
1.128 (200) (0.7578) (32.2) 144 1.15
= 830.2 ftfsec.
127
Tip Speed
MachineMach Number
(36) (3600) fi = 565.5 sec 720
Mm =
U/&
= 565.5f830.2= 0.681
Machine Reynolds Number
Rem = Ulbl/pv
, U
= 0.01021 centipoise = 0.01 = 6.86 x lov6Ibm/ft-sec
021
/(1488.2)
2.5 (565.5)(E)
Rem =
6.86 x
(0.7678)
= 2.266 X
lo7
Test Gas Nitrogen (N21

Initial Estimate: Assume Ideal Gas
Y = 1.0
= 0.0
f = 1 . 0
Remco,, = 1 .O
ComputePolytropicExponent
npt = nPsp= 0.781
=-
(1.396
- 1)
1.396 0.781
= 0.3632
nt = 1.574
Compute Test Gas Pressure Ratio
rvt = r,
SP
1.574
= 3.25
1.1027
= 5.358
rt, = ( r p ) T 5.358.3632= 1.840
n-1
129
Test Polytropic Head
W, =
=pi
vi
(rp
n-1 n - 1) 144
W, =
1 .S704
1.5704
- 1) 144 - 1 (20) 10.725 (5.358*3632
= 71422 ft-lbf/lbm
TestSpeed
Nt = 3600
= 5822 rpm
NOTE Testtemperatureexceedsmechanicaldesignlimit.
Test speed exceedsmechanicaldesignlimit.
Test Gas
Co;!
Initial Estimate:
Assume NonidealGas Useinletconditionsfor initial calculations. Reduced Temperature = R, = T i /Tc,it = 560/547.7 = 1.022 Reduced Pressure = Rp = pi = 20/1069.9 = 0 . 0 187 x =0 . 0 1 Y = 1 . 0 1 Z = 0.993 cp = 0.2103
130
S T D - A S M E P T C 111-ENGL 1917 W 0757b70 Ob05555
h119
n=
1 Y - m (1
+ X)
1 ( 778.1 7 (0.21 03) (44.01 0.781

0.993 (1 545)
+ 0.01)
= 0.2749
n=
1.01
- 0.2755 (1 + 0.01) = 1 .3655
Compute TestPressureRatio
Pdr
= rppi, = 4.304 x 20 = 86.1 psia
Compute Test TemperatureRatio
Td, = r( T; = 1494 (560 "R) = 836.6 "R
"'t
z T ~ , 0.993 ( -)44.01 = -1545

P i(
131
(560)
144 (20)
= 6.778
Wp,
=pi .(rp
n-1
n1
" - 1) 144
Wpt=
(1.3655 1*3655 ) 20 (6.778)(4.304.2677- 1 ) 144 -1
= 34860 ft-IbWlbm
Test Speed
= 3600
-- 4067
rpm
NOTE:Testtemperature
is marginal.Test s p e e d exceedsmechanicaldesign.
Test Gas R734a

Initial Estimate
Assume NonidealGas
UseInletConditions
for Initial Assumptions
ReducedTemperature =
RI
= Tiflcrit
= 5601673.8 = 0.8311
ReducedPressure = Rp =
pdpcrit
= 201590.3 = 0.0339
X = 0.07
132
Y = 1.027
1 ( + 0.07) 778.1 7 (0.2098) (1 02) 0.781

0.975 (1 545)
= 0.1 221 5
n =
1 Y - m (1
+X)
+ 0.07)
1 1 .O27 - 0.1 221 5 (1
= 1.1157
Compute Test Gas PressureRatio
fp,
1.1157 -
3.25'.'02' = 3.2955
Pd
fp
pi
= 3.2955 x 2 0 = 65.91 psia
Compute Test Gas TemperatureRatio
r( =
r6
= (3.2955)0.'22'5= 1.1568
Compute Test Head

1545 (K)
vit
= -P i,
0.9753
(560)
144 (20)
= 2.8716
W, =
pi vi (rp n-1
n- 1 .. .
- 1) 144
) 20 (2.871 6) 3.29!jS(*) (1.1157 - 1

57
- 1) 144
= 10499 -
fi-l bf Ibrn
Compute TestSpeed
Nt = 3600
J"=
= 2232 rprn
Check Volume Ratio
Vd
647.8 - 0.951 (1 545) 144 p M W - 144 (65.911 102 ZRT
= 0.9832
lb
ft3
r, = 2.871610.9832 = 2.921
ComputePolytropic Work (RealGas)Factor Isentropic P= 65.91 psia T'= 168.7 "F (628.7 OR) V = 0.9205 ft3/lbm h'= 135.46 Btu/lbm n,= Inrplln r,' r:= VdvJ = 2.8716 /0.9205 = 3.1 196 n,= In 3.2955/1n3.1 196 = 1 .O482
134
S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL 2777 m 0757b70 O b 0 5 5 5 7 29q m
Ws=
I (h2 - hi) = (135.46 - 122.3)778.17 = 10241 fi-lbf/lbm
ns
ns- 1
(Pd
Vd
- pi
Vi)
144
f=
10241
1.O482
= 1.01
1.O482 - 1
[65.91 (0.9205) - 20 (2.871 6)] 144
ComputeReynoldsNumberandReynoldsNumberCorrection Use Preliminary TestSpeed Rem = Ubfp v U= rDN/720 = IT 36 (2232)/720 = 350.6 ft/sec. 350.6 ~) 2( .5 Remt= 7.324 x 1O-6 (2.871 6)
= 3.473 x 106
ReynoldsNumberRatio
Remt
"
- 3.473 x lo6 = 0.153

2.266 x l o 7
Rem,
Allowable Ratio
Remt/Remsp 2 0.1
Therefore,theReynoldsnumber ratio of 0.153meets ComputeReynoldsnumberconditions.
conditions.
RA = 0.66
lo6 bIRC + 0.934 (4.8 xRem
RB= log (0.000125 + 13.67/Rem)/log (e + 13.67/Rem) RC = 0.988/(Rem)0.243 R C = , 0.01 61 2

135
RA,=
0.66 + 0.934
R B , =
RC,=
1 .O
0.988
[3.473 X 1O6lo."3
= 0.02543
R A = I
0.66 t 0.934
RBI= 1 . 0
(1
- S&=
(1
-. 7 8 1 ) ,
1 565 1 O (-)1.548 (-) 1 . 0
= 0.224
qPr= 0.7786
Remco,,= 0.781/0.7786 = 1 .O03
"P=
( z p () r p 7n f
n-1
1) 144
1.1157
. O 1 1
( 2 0 ) 6) ( 2 [3.2955'."57 . 8 7 1
0.1 157
- 1] (144)
= 10605 ft-lbf/lb
Correct Preliminary Test Speed
NI
= 3600
136
= 2247 rpm
NOTE Test s p e e d within 8-1/2 percent of 1st rotor CriticalSpeed
Calculate Mach Number Mm= U/ai U= ~ D N / 7 2 0 = [~36(2247)1/720 = 353 fVsec. Mm= 3531539 = 0.655 Mach NumberRatioDifference
Mmt
- Mmsp= 0.655 - 0.681
= -0.026
Test Gas R22 (Chlorodifluoromethane)

Initial estimate
TP,=
?Psp
Remco,,= 1.O f= 1.0 Usereal gas calculation Useinletconditionsfor initial estimate ComputePolytropicExponent
m=
0.982 (1 545) 2 + 0.02) = 0.1821 778.17 (0.161) 86.48 0.781
(-
n = 1/[Y - m (1 + XII t~= 1/[1.03 - 0.1821(1 n= 1.1 845

Compute TestPressureRatio
+ 0.0211
'P(
1.1 845 3.251.1027
= 3.546
pd = rptpi = 3.546 (20)= 70.9 psia
137
Compute TestTemperatureRatio
rtt
= rpT = 3.546L0~'82'' = 1.259
Compute Test
Head
1545 0.982 86.48 (560)
Z Ti,
=P it -
(-)
144 (20)
= 3.4113
n- 1
1.1845
-1
= 13750 ft-lbf/lbm
Compute TestSpeed
= 3600
= 2554 rpm
Testspeed
is tooclosetothefirst
critical of 2600 rpm.
138
0 7 5 9 b 7 0 Ob85563 715

TYPE 2 TEST USING REAL GAS EQUATIONS FOR DATA
REDUCTION
A mixed hydrocarbon compressor which wasset up in the Sample Calculation C.5 was tested
on refrigerant134ausingaType2test. Table C.6.1 outlinestheconditions for which this compressorwasdesigned. It tabulatesthe inlet anddischargeconditions, as well as theisentropicdischargeconditions. Table C.6.2 showsthe gas compositionand critical properties for this hydrocarbonmixture. The molecular weight and the calculated gas constantareshown in this table. Table C.6.3 shows thederiveddesignfunctions, specifically pressureratio,temperatureratio, volumeratio, as well as polytropicexponent,volumeflow, head, efficiency, andpower.The test is supposed to verify these values. The calculationof these values is shown in Sample Calculation CS. The unit was tested on refrigerant 134a.' The test data are shown in Table C.6.4. It wasat a test speed of 2245 rpm. The inlet pressure was held at 20 psia at an inlet temperature of 100OF. Dischargeconditionsachievedwere 67.5psiaand187.4"F.Thedatashown is the average of the actual test data readings. It is assumed that all scatter was within the allowable test requirements for thesedata point positions. The derived test functions, pressure ratio, temperature ratio, volume flow ratio, etc., are shown in Table C.6.5.This is the reduced data from the test point of Table C.6.4.The calculations are shown in Supplement C.6.A for obtainingeach of the individual items.
TABLE C.6.1 SPECIFIC DESIGNCONDITIONS

Mass Flow 30,000 Ibm/min Speed 3,600 - rpm Inlet Discharge
~~
Isentropic
650 Pressure,psia 227.7 Temperature
650 244.8 0.2465 Specific volume, ft3/lbm 0.7749 Compressibility factor
P
T
V 0.2602 0.7981 Z
Viscosity, centipoise P 0.6266 Specific heat, Btu/lbm-OR CP Specific heat ratio k a Sonic velocity, ft/sec 820 199.05 209.84h Enthalpy, Btu/lbm 1.577 1.592S Entropy,Btu/lbm-"R
200. 115 0.7578 0.8768 373 0.01 021 0.01 0.4894 2 8 3 1 . 1 830 164.9 1.577
1 .O975
It is recognized that there is a potential environmental problem of using refrigerants. The use here is only to demonstrate the calculation method.
139
TABLE C.6.2
GAS COMPOSITION A N D PROPERTIES
Composition: Methane Ethane Propane N-Butane Critical properties:
PC
TC
20% 25% 50% 5%
v, Molecular weight Gas constant R
646.4 psia 577.2 "R 0.7943 fi3/lbm 35.67 43.31 ft-lbf/lbm O R
= =
TABLE C.6.3
DERIVED DESIGN FUNCTIONS
~~~ ~~~
Pressure ratio Temperature ratio Volume ratio

hax/kmin
9,ICFM S/N,ICFM/rpm
Reduced temp min/max Reduced pressure min/max Schultz factors
XmdXmax
YmdYnux
3.25 1.226 2.91 2 1.O281 22734 6.31 5 0.996/1.221 0.30911 .O06 0.509/1 .O56 1.1 50/1.287 565.5 0.681 2.266 x 10' 1.1027 1 .o495 1 .o04 26570 2731O 0.781
31 790
1st stage tip speed, Wsec Machine Mach no. Machine Reynolds no. Polytropic exponent n Isentropic exponent n, Polytropic work factor f Isentropic head, ft-lbf/lbm Polytropic head, ft-lbf/lbm Polytropic efficiency Unit gas power, hp
Table C.6.6 compares the test data and the test data converted to specified operating conditions with the predicted performance at the specified operating conditions. Supplement C.6.B demonThe calculation of discharge conditions, pressure, strates the calculationsfortheconversion. temperature, and volume is shown in Supplement C.6.C, which alsoillustrates the use of an iterative procedure. As canbe seen the inlet capacityfortheconverted test conditions was within 1 percent of the original specifieddesign point andthehead was within 2 percent.Theconvertedspecific volume ratio was within the specified 4 percent allowed.
Supplement C.6.A
Calculations: Derived Test Functions

140
0757b713 Ob055b5 5 7 8
TABLE C.6.4 TEST DATA

Mass flow SPd 4,923 - Ibm/min 2,245 - rprn Inlet Isentropic Discharge 67.5 187.4
P Pressure, psia T Temperature Specific volume, ft3/lbm 0.9234 0.9639 V 6 Compressibility factor 0.944 0.955 Z Viscosity, centipoise CL Specific heat, Btu/lbm-OR =P Specific heat ratio k Sonic velocity, ft/sec a Enthalpy, Btu/lbrn 140.04 h Entropy,Btu/lbrn-OR 0.2639 0.2731 S
Gas - Refrigerant 134a Mole weight 102
PC
67.520 1O 0 167.49 2.871 0.975 0.01 o9 0.2098 1.O98 538.8 122.3 0.2639
135.80
590.3 psia
213.8
OF
TC
TABLE C.6.5 DERIVED TEST FUNCTIONS

Pressure ratio Temperature ratio ratio Volume q ICFM qhV ICFWrpm 1st stage tip speed (ft/sec) Machine Mach no. Machine 3.49 Reynolds Rem no. exponent Isentropic factor Polytropic work exponent Polytropic Polytropic head (ft-lbf/lbm) efficiency Polytropic Unit gas (hp) power
'P
'1
'V
3.375 1.1 56 2.980 6.3 352.6 0.654 x 106 1.O718 7 1.o01 1.1139 10735.2 0.778 2059
14143
U
Mm
ns
f
n
W P VP
p.
Pressure Ratio
rp = p&i
67.5 20
= 3.375
Temperature Ratio
rt = T&;
(460 + 187.4) (460 + 100) 647.4
=-
560
= 1.156
141
0759b70 O b O 5 5 b b 42q D
TABLE C.6.6
DATA SUMMARY
Test Data Converted To Specified Test Data operating Conditions Predicted Performance At Specified Operating Conditions 3600 22734 6.31 5 2731O 0.781 31790 200 650
N
9 9m W P
7lP
rPm ICFM ft-lbf/lbm hP psia

psia
OF
PS
Pi 660.8 Pd
ti
4.8 0.7578
246.7 b 0.7578 V i
Vd
Vr
OF
ftVbm 6 V/lbm 164.9 Btu/lbrn Btu/lbrn
164.9
hi
hd
2245 141 37 6.297 10736 0.778 2059 20 67.5 115 1O0 187.4 2.871 0.9635 2.98 122.3 140.04
3600 22670 6.297 27690 0.780 32180 200 115 0.2562 2.958 210 . 5
0.2602 2.91 2 209.84
Inlet Specific
Volume
vi
(20) 144pi 144
-=
ZiR T i
0.975
1545 ( x (560) )
= 2.8716
Specified Volume Ratio
r, =
V&
2.8716 0.96347
= 2.9805
Inlet Capacity
9 = mvi = 4923 x 2.8716 = 141 37 ICFM
Capacity/Speed Ratio
q/N =
141 37 2245
= 6.297
142
S T D - A S M E P T C 10-ENGL 1997 I I 0759b70 Ub055b7 3bI1
1st Stage Tip Speed

720
U=
TD N =
720
a 3 6 . 0 x 2245
= 352.6 ft/sec
Machine Mach number
Mm = U/a =
352.6 538.8
= 0.654
Machine Reynolds number Rem
= Ub/pv
-
352.6 (2.5/12)(1488.2) 0.01 O9 (2.871 6)
3.493 x 106
Isentropic Exponent
n,
= In (pdpi)/ln
=
(vM)
In (67.5/20)
In (2.871 6/0.9234)
1.07212
f=
(1 38.50
- 122.3) 778.1 7
1 .O7212
0.072 1 2
(67.5 (0.9234)
- 20 (2.871 6)]144
= 1.002
Polytropic Exponent
= In (rp)/ln(rv)= =
1.1138
In (3.3750)
In (2.9805)
143
STD-ASME PT 1C 0-ENGL
1997
0 7 5 9 b 7 0 Ob055bB 2 T 7 9
Polytropic Head
n w p = (7) (PdVd - pivil
[67.5 (m)
1.1138
(0.96347) - 20
(2.871
611
144
= 10736 ft-lbf/lbm
= 0.7777
Gas Power
pg=
Wpw - 10737 (4923)

TIP
0.778 (33000)
= 2059 hp
Supplement C.6.B
Calculation:Conversion From TesttoSpecifiedPerformance Inlet Capacity
= 1 4 1 35
3600 (-) 2245
= 22670 ICFM
Reynolds Number Correction forEfficiency
RC, =
0.988
Remp243
0.988
(3.49 x 106~243
= 0.0254
144
~~~~ ~~
0 7 5 7 b 7 0 Ob055b9 L33 D
RBf =
Remf = 1.0 13.67
RAI = 0.66 + 0.934
[4.8X lo6 X b] Remf
RCt
= 0.66 + 0.934
4.8 X
lo6 X -
2 . 5
0.0254
12] 3.493 x 106
= 1.565
R C , =
0.988 0.988 = 0.01 61 2 (Rem,p)0.243 (2.266 x 1 07)0.245
RA, = 0.66 + 0.934
(4.8 X lo6 X Remsp
b ) " s p
= 0.66 + 0.934
4.8 x 1 0 6 x 2.266 x lo7
("'1
o.o1612
= 1.548
RB,
= 1.0
- qp,
1 .S48 1 .O =( 1 - 0.7777) -
1.565
1.0
- VPsp = 0.2199
145
S T D - A S M E PTC LO-ENGL 1997 D 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 Ob05570 755
VPSP
= 0.780
Remcorr= 1.O03
Polytropic Head
Wpsp = Wpt
(2)
2
Remcorr
= 110736
3600 (-)2245
1.O03 = 27690
ft-lbf Ibm
Power
= 14137 2245
(-)
3600
(-)0.7578
= 29915
Pg =
w~sp
SP
(2991 - 27690 0.780 (33000)
5) = 32, 8o hp
Supplement C.6.C
The conversion from test conditions to computed specified conditions involves an iteration to obtain the discharge pressure from theknown head and discharge enthalpy. Theiteration procedure and calculation involves assuming a dischargepressureat the known dischargeenthalpyand finding the corresponding temperature and specific volume. The polytropic exponent and polytropic head is then calculated for the assumed discharge pressure. This polytropic head is then compared to the actual and, if not the same, then a new discharge pressure is assumed.The new assumed pressure is evaluationforproperties at the known discharge enthalpy, and a new discharge volume is evaluated and polytropic exponent are computed. This iteration procedure is continued until the conditions matchtherequired head.
146
FIG. C.6.1 POLYTROPIC HEAD vs. P R E S S U R E , CONSTANT ENTHALPY
Figures C.6 .1 and C.6.2 are a plot of discharge conditions at a constantenthalpy of 210.5 Btu/lbm. The finalpoint at 27,605 ft-lb/lbm is 659 psia, 246.5"F. This methodcaneither be computerized or done graphically as shown in thisexample. Calculation Procedure: Known Wp= 27,690 ft-lbf/lbm
pi= 200 psia hi= 164.9 Btu/lbm

vi= 0.7578 ft3/lbm
147
~~
S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL 1997 D 0759b70 Ob05572 728 D
630
650
660
Pressure, psia
670
680
690
FIG. C.6.2 TEMPERATURE/SPECIFIC VOLUME vs. PRESSURE, CONSTANT ENTHALPY
148
qp= 0.780
f= 1 .O04
Step 7 - Calculatedischargeenthalpy.
= 165.9 +
Btu 27690 = 210.5 0.78 (778.1 7) Ibm
Step 2
- Assume
a discharge pressure.
Pout = 660.8 psia
Step 3 - For pd and hd, obtain the discharge volume

Vd =
for the properties.
0.2562 ft3/lbm
Step 4 - Compute the polytropic exponent. n= In rp/ln r, T,= 660.8/200 = 3.304 r,= 0.757810.2562 = 2.958 n= In 3.25/1n 2.905= 1 .lo2 Step 5
- Compute the polytropic
head.
1 .O04
[660.8 (0.2562) - 200 (0.7578)]
144
fi-l bf = 27705 Ibm
Step 6 - Compare the computed W, to the actual. If they are within acceptabletolerance,thenthedischargeconditionsareestablished. If they donot match,then a newdischargepressuremustbeassumedand theprocedure repeatedfrom step 2 thru 6 .
149
S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL L997 m 075'7b70 Ob05579 S T O
SAMPLE CALCULATION C.7 TREATMENT O F A TWO SECTION COMPRESSOR WITH EXTERNALLY PIPED INTERCOOLERS, CONDENSATE REMOVAL
This sample calculation illustrates the computational procedure, at specified operating conditions, for a multisection compressor havingexternally piped intercoolers. Consider a two stageaircompressor equipped with oneintercoolerand an aftercooler.
Section 1
U = 1200 D = 13.751
N = 20,000
Section 2 U 1065 D = 12.204 N = 20,000

After After Cooler Final discharge discharge Final conditions
-:
I I
" "
Leakage
Condensate
Leakage
Condensate
Power requirements
* Measurement stations
It is desired to calculatethe compressor performance at thespecifiedoperating conditions shown. The compressor has been tested and the test data reduced to the following dimensionless form. Thedatawas collected with pressureandtemperaturebeingmeasured at the inlet and outlet of eachsection.The flow coefficientswerecalculated based upon test rotor flow rates. The selectionof testmethodandthemeansofestablishingleakageandcondensate flow rates were subject to prior agreementby parties to the test. The first step in calculating thespecifiedoperating condition point of interest is to establish the first section performance, starting with the flow coefficient. Taking the saturation pressure of water vapor at 560"R to be approximately 0.949 Ibf/in2, with the remaining specified operating conditions at the inlet, we obtain
pw = RHpsv= 0.60 (0.949) = 0.569 Ibf/in2 pa = 14.7
- 0.560 = 14.1 31 Ibf/in2
and
STDOASME PTC LO-ENGL
L997
0 7 5 9 b 7 0 Ob05575 437 D
Thegas constant for the mixture is
= 0.0250 Ibrn
w/lbm
da
The rotor flow rate is the same as the inlet mass flow rate.The flow coefficient is then
Q=
Wrotor
w~RT~
6.5 (60) 54.13 (560)

144 (14.17) 27r (20000)
( F )
= 0.0295
3
13.751
With the flow coefficient established the corresponding polytropic efficiency, polytropicwork 1 dimensionlesscurves coefficient,and total workinput coefficient are read fromthesection (see Fig. C.7.1). That is = 0.83, ,up = 0.599, and = 0.722 at C $ = 0.0295. To continue the calculationstheproperties of air at thespecifiedoperatingconditionsmust be known. For the purpose of this example we assume that the air-water vapor mixture maybetreated as an
r),
Section 1
Section 2
0.50
E
I
U ,
I
0.035 0.030 0.025 0.020
Q
0,040
The Mm, Rem, k, and v;/vdfor the data are assumed to match the specified operating conditions within Table 3 . 2 Limits. The Rem match is assumed sufficiently close so as to render the Reynolds
number correction negligible.
FIG. C.7.1
152
S T D - A S M E P T C 10-ENGL L777 M 0759b70 O b 0 5 5 7 b 373 D
ideal gas with constant specific heat. k = 1.395 is used as being representative of the end result which might be obtained by considering the properties of the constituent gases over the compression range. This value will be used for both sections for this example. The average constant pressure specificheat is Btu 0.2457 Ibm "R
Usingthe polytropic efficiency of
vP
T
= 0.83 gives
k
p K
"
n-1
= 0.83
1.395 = 2.931 0.395
or,
n =
1.5178.
,up
Using the polytropic work coefficient of
= 0.599 gives
= [l
0.599 (1 20012 (2.931) 54.13 (560) 32.174
2.931
= 2.166
Thedischargepressure
is
The temperature ratio and discharge temperature
are
and
The power absorbed in the compressor section is obtained using the total work input coefficient
S1 = 0.722.
s o the mass flow rate at the intercooler entry
The shaft seal which is located downstream of the rotor leaks 0.03 Ibm/sec for these conditions, is w/cooler entry = wrotor Weak
= 6.50
- 0.03
= 6.47 Ibm/sec
The intercooler is known to cool the flow to 560"R atthemass flow rate, gas entry state, and specifiedoperating condition coolanttemperatureand flow rate.Theairstreamexperiences a total pressure loss of 0.8 psi across the intercooler. It must now be determined if and how much
153
condensation occurs in the cooler. Since the cooler exit velocity is assumed, very low stagnation valuesareused in the analysis. Thesaturationpressure of the vapor at 560"R is approximately 0.949 psia. If the exit air is at 100 percent relative humidity, the humidity ratio is
HRd =
Ibrn water --) = 0.0196 Ibrn da p (31 .O4 - 0.949
2 zsv i::;:
where p = 31.84 0.8 = 31.04 psia Sincethesaturated humidity ratio is less thanthecoolerentry humidity ratio,condensation must occur. The difference between the two is the ratio of condensate to dry air COndenSate/Wda = HRi
- HRd = 0.0250 - 0.0196 = 0.0054 Ibm
w/lbrn da
Themass flow rate of dry air is given by
so, the condensate is

Condensate = (condensate/wd,) The exit mass flow rate for the air
Wex
Wda
= 0.0054 (6.312) = Ibm/sec
- water vapor mixture
is
W/
- condensate
= 6.47 - 0.0341 = 6.436 Ibrn/sec
The intercooler exit conditions are the second section inlet conditions. The previous calculation sequence is repeated for the second section, starting with calculation of the flow coefficient. Thegas constant changes slightly due to the water vapor removal.
= 53.96 ft-lbf/lbrn "R
And the flow coefficient is
6.436
(53.96)
(560)
144 (31.04)
(3
ni
= 0.0197
3
2000 (
Reading q p = 0.81, p P = 0.560, and = 0.691 from the section 2 dimensionless performance curves(seeFig. C.7.1) for q5 = 0.01 97, andusing
154
S T D * A S M E P T C LO-ENGL 1 7 7 7
0757b70 Ob05578 L 4 b
53.96 1.395
0.2449
Btu Ibm
O R
yields
q pk E = n
= 0.81 1.395
0.395
yielding
n
"
n- 1
- 2.861, and n
= 1.537
rp=
[
r
1+
fip
gc
(L) RTi
n- 1
0.56
1 0652 gc
n n-1
12.861
=L1+
(2.861) 53.96 (560)
= 1.801
Wrotor
-60
gc
ZU2
Gas Power =
3300 6.436 (0.691 1 10652) 60 32.1 74 = 285.1 hp 3 O00 3

so the mass
Theshaftsealdownstream ofthe rotor leaks 0.06 Ibm/sec for theseconditions, flow rateattheaftercoolerentry is
Wcooler entry
= 6.436 - 0.06 = 6.376 Ibm/sec
Theaftercooler is known to cool the flowto 580"R at this mass flow rate, gas state, and specifiedoperating condition coolanttemperatureand flow rate.Theaftercoolerpressure drop is 1 psi. Assuming a saturation pressure of 1.692 psia and following the intercooler condensation analysisscheme, 155
HR=
-( R,
Rda
psv
1.692 ) =A( 53 34 85.76 54.91 - 1.692
= 0.0198
Ibm W
Ibm da
where p = 55.91 - 1 = 54.91 psia. Sincethesaturatedhumidityratio is greaterthantheentry humidityratio, no condensation occurs in theaftercooler. In summary, the final discharge pressure at the aftercooler exit is 54.91 psia, the final discharge temperatureattheaftercoolerexit is 580R, andthetotal gas powerrequirement of the two sections is 667 hp.
156
STD. ASME P T C 10-ENGL L777 m 0759b70 Ob05580 8 T 4
TABLE C.7.1
SUMMARY OF RESULTS
Conditions: Specified Inlet mass flow rate total Inlet pressure total Inlet relative Inlet humidity constant, air Gas dry water constant, Gas 1 st Section: Rotational speed Tip diameter 2nd Rotational speed Tip diameter
6.500 14.7 560. 60. 53.34 85.76 20000 13.751 20000 12.204
lbmhec
psia "R % ft-lbf/lbm-"R ft-lbf/lbm-OR rPm
in.
re
Section:
rPm in.
Intermediate CalculationResults:
Cas constant for mixture Specific heat for mixture Flow coefficient Polytropic efficiency Polytropic work coefficient Work input coefficient Total work input coefficient Polytropic exponent Tip speed Inlet pressure Pressure ratio Discharge pressure Inlet temperature Discharge temperature C a s power Inlet mass flow rate Leakage flow rate Discharge flow rate Cooler condensate flow Cooler pressure drop
1st Section 5 4 . 13 0.2457 0.0295 0.83 0.599 0.722 0.722
2nd Section
53.96 0.2449 0 . 0 1 97 0 . 8 1 0.56 0.691 0.691 1.537 1065 3 1 .O4 l. 801 55.91 560. 687.9 2 8 5 . 1 6.436 0.06 6.376 O. 1 .o
ft-lbf/lbm-"R Btu/lbm-"R
1.51 78 1200 14.7 2 . 1 66 31.84 560. 729. 381.9 6 . 5 0.03 6.47 0.0341 0.8
ft/SeC
psia psia "R
"R
horsepower Ibm/sec lbmkec lbm/sec lbmkec psia
Overall results: Final discharge pressure Final discharge temperature Total gas power Delivered mass flow rate
54.9 580. 667 6.38
psia
OR
horsepower Ibm/sec
157
APPLICATION OF UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS

This sample problem highlights some of thefeatures of uncertainty analysis as they apply to a PTC 10 test.The propagation of measurementerror to final results is emphasized. This particular case has been selected because of the relative simplicity of the equations involved. There is nointention toimply that it covers all uncertainties of interest. Nor is it intended to imply achievable or expected accuracy in general. It simply demonstrates the method. Suppose that test results which meet Code requirements are available. It is desired to determine flow rate.Assume that the uncertainty in shaft power for agivenspecifiedoperatingcondition the shaft power measurement method wasused during the test. Uncertainty analysis is done following PTC 19.1, using the step-by-step calculation procedure given i n that document. The steps, excluding final report,are: ( I ) Define the measurement process. ( 2 ) List the elemental error sources. (3) Estimate elemental errors. (4) Calculate the bias and precision errors for each parameter. (5) Propagate the bias and precision errors. (6) Calculate uncertainty. Step I - Definition of the measurement process requires expression of the functional relationship involved.FromTable 5.4 weobtain
Assumingasinglesectionand
no leakageorsidestreams
and,
Sincetheshaftpower
is being evaluated for a given flow and speed,

EU2 (F)
SP
wspand
are treated as knowns having no error.
159
Theterms
RshS and Pparasiticsp arerelated to test conditions,fromTable P
5.3, as
ashsp =a s h ,=
(/%h
- Ppararitic)
33000
Assuming that Qm is the only parasitic loss,
and
where
In general the procedure would now be to break down the individual variables in this equation if the shaft powerweredetermined from a torque meter, that power would be expressed as the product of measured torque and measured speed. Similarly,therotor mass rate offlowmight beexpressed in terms of nozzle pressure drop,pressure,temperature,and gas composition. For brevity, in this example Pdt, Q m l r Ut, and wf are treated as individually measuredelementalquantities. Steps 2 rhru 4 - Assume thattheelementalerrorsourceshavebeenlisted,theelemental errorsestimated, and the corresponding bias and precision errors calculated. Many examples of this procedure may be found in PTC 19.1. Thisprocessdepends upon theactualinstrumentation systemand data collection techniques used.Theresultsmay be expressed as follows. The bias limits and precision indicesrepresent the combined effects of the independentmeasurementsforeachparameter.
in terms ofindependentmeasurements.Forexample,
Parameter Absolute Bias
wt Bwr = 0.01
Bpfif
limit
W,
Absolute Precision Index
MeanNQ of the
sw,= 0.01 W,
SPhr= 0.01 Phf
Som, = 0 . 0 1 Om,
S+
Qm,
= o.o1 Phr
= 0.01
Om,
W m ,
'
B, = 0 . 2 S, only in this section, is the Absolute Precision Index
u t
BU, = 0.01 Ur
SU,= 0 . 0 1 Ut
of the mean = S / a .
In everycase a onepercentvalue hasbeenassigned to each bias limit and precisionindex for themeasuredquantities.This of coursedoes not reflect what might be expected in reality. Thesevalueshavebeenchosen to demonstrate the effect of unit variations. Step 5 - The individual errorsarepropagated into theresultaccording to a Taylorseries expansion. To do so it is necessary to determinesensitivitycoefficients,the precision indexof the result,andbias limit of the result.
160
Thesensitivity coefficients #i are determined if r = API, P2, P,,
by
partial differentiation, .e.,
Pi), then +Pi =
#Om, = a
a g ,
[-$($)
=
u 2
+(%)']J
33000
PshsP
A bias error is assumed in the mechanical loss conversion equation dueto an assumed unknown error in the exponent . It is estimated for this example as 0.2. The precision index for the result is the square root of the sum of the squares of the product of sensitivity coefficients and averageindependentparameterprecisionindices.Thus
The bias limit for the result is the square root of the sum of the squares of the product of the sensitivity coefficients and average independentparameterbias limits. Thus
Step 6 - Calculate uncertainty

161
Uncertainty may be calculated according, by choice, to two models. The models combine the precision index and bias limits of theresult differently.
UA00 psh
=
SP
BpShsp + t9sSpSh
SP
Q
The value r is called the Students r. It is assigned depending upon the degrees of freedom of the sample, which is usuallyone less thanthenumber of points averaged. See PTC 19.1 for furtherexplanation.Assuming a large sample, r = 2 maybe used. Results In order to allow expression of the results of this example numerically, assume
The sensitivity factorsare
dpsh,
= 1.20 (1 .OS) = 1.323
4QM1 -
33000
-0.00456
= -1.20 (1 .0512(1
- 0.1) (%) = -1.1907 w t
dur = -2 (1.20) (1.05)* (1
- 0.1)
(3) r
2 . 5 (0.1) (1.05)2.5
(2)
t
= -2.6638
(2)
I
0757b70 Ob05585 3 8 b M
The precision index
of the result is
= 41.418 X
Theuncertaintiesare
+ 1.75 X
+ 3.74 X
+ 7.10 X
+ 1.20 X
10" = 0.0325
Psh,
... (b)
Discussion The UADD and URSS uncertaintiesmaybeinterpreted as follows. For UADD= 0.097 P+ the measurement Pshr f 0.097 PSht will be expected to contain the true value 99 percent of the time.
Similarly, for URSS = 0.072 PS+ the measured PShr? 0.072 Psht will be expected to contain the true value within 99 percent of the time. It is reasonable to assume that theuncertainty for this example is so large as to mask the objective of the test (recall that the numerical values for the independent measurement bias limits andprecisionindiceswereselected at 1 percentsimply to demonstrate unit variations). It is a very simple matter to review the calculations to expose the major uncertainty source. Inspection of equations (a) and (b) for the largest terms immediately indicates the speed measurement. Thus, for example, if the bias limit and precision error for speedmeasurement could be reduced to
BU, = 0.001 Ut, and SU, = 0.001 U ,
the uncertaintiesbecome
It is clear that such analysis is of great value in both planning a test and evaluating test results.
163
APPENDIX D REFERENCES
(ThisAppendixisnot
a part o f ASME PTC 10-1997.)
Maretti, A., M. Giovannini, and P. Nava. Shop Full Load Testing of Centrifugal Comof the pressors. December 1982 proceedings 1l t h Turbomachinery Symposium, Texas A&
(D.8)Samurin, N. A., and M. A.Strite.Equivalent PerformanceTestingofMulti-SectionCompressors. ASME 81-GT-150, March 9, 1981. (D.9)Daugherty, R. L., and J. B. Franzini. Fluids Mechanics with Engineering Application. McGraw Hill Book Co.; 1977.
M.
F. J. Wiesner. A New Appraisal of Reynolds Number Effects on Centrifugal Compressor (D.10)Lee, J. F., and F. W. Sears. ThermodynamPerformance. Transactions o f the ASME, pp. ics. Addison Wesley Publication Co.; 2nd 384-395~Vo~.10l,July1979,~ourna/ofngiedition, 1963. neering for Power.
Huber, M. L., and M. O. McLinden. Thermodynamic Properties of R134a (1,1,1r2-Tetrafluoroethane). July 14-1 7,1992 proceedings, International Refrigeration Conference, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN. Simon, H., and A. Bulskamper. On the Evaluation of Reynolds Number and Related Surface Roughness Effects on Centrifugal Compressor Performance Basedon Systematic Experimental Investigations. ASME paper no. 83 GT-118: Transactions of the journal of Engineering for Power, presented March 27, 1983. Nathoo, N. S., and W. G. Gottenberg. Measuring the Thermal Dynamic Performance of Multi-Stage Compressors Operating onMixed Hydrocarbon Gases. December 1981 proceedings of the 10th Turbomachinery Symposium, Texas A and M. Herd, T. C., and E. J.Hipp. Accuracy Expectations for Gas Turbine and Centrifugal Compressor Performance Testing. Paper ASME 83GT-128. Carter, A. D. S., C. E. Moss, G. R. Green, and G. G. Annear. The Effects on Reynolds Number on the Petformance of a Single Stage Compressor. Aeronautical Research Council Reports and Memorandum, 1960; memorandum 31 84, May 1957, U.K. 165 (D.ll) A. H. Shapiro. Compressible Fluid Flow. The Weld Press Co., 1953.
(D.12) J.E. Lay. Thermodynamics. Charles E. Merrill Books, Inc., 2nd printing, 1964. (D.13) J. M. Schultz. The Polytropic Analysis of Centrifugal Compressors. Transactions of the ASME, Series A. Vol. 84, lournal of Engineering for Power. January 1962, p. 69-82 and April 1962, p. 22. (0.14)
M. V. Casey. The Effects of Reynolds Number on the Efficiency of Centrifugal CompressorStages. Transaction of the ASME, April 1985, Vol. 107, p. 541 -548. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbine and Power.
(D.15) A. Schaffler. Experimental and Analytical lnvestigation of the Effects of Reynolds Number and Blade Surface Roughness on Multistage Axial Flow Compressors. Transactions of the ASME, January 1980, Vol. 102, p. 5-1 3,journa/ of Engineering for Power. (D.16)
R. A. Strub. Influence of the Reynolds Number on the Performance of Centrifugal Compressors. Final Report of theWorking Group of the Process Compressor Subcommittee of the International Compressed Air and Allied Machinery Committee (ICAAMC) Zurich, October 1982.
(D.17)Nathoo, W. S., andW. G. Gottenberg."A New Look at Performance Analysis of Centrifugal Compressors Operating with Mixed Hydrocarbon Gases.', Transactions of the ASME, October 1983, Vol. 105,p. 920-926,lournal of Engineering for Power. (D.18) Skoch, Gary J., and Royce D.Moore. NASA Technical Memorandum 7007/5 AJAA-877745. AVSCOM Technical Report 87-C-21 "Performanceof two 10 Ib/sec centrifugal compressors with different blade and shroud thickness operating over a range of Reynolds Numbers." 23rdJointPropulsion Conference cosponsored by the AIAA, SA, ASME and ASEE, San Diego, CA, June 29-July 2, 1987. (D.19) Moore, M. J.,and H. S. Shapiro. Fundamentals ofEngineeringThermodynamics. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1988. (D.20)
F. Kreith. Principles ofHeat Transfer. lntext Educational Publishers, 3rd edition, 1973.
166
APPENDIX E RATIONALE FOR CALCULATION METHODS

(This Appendixisnot a part of ASME PTC 10-1997.)
E.l
PURPOSE
The purpose of this Appendix is to describe the Code problem model, background theory, simplifying assumptions.
and
E.2
PROBLEM MODEL
The ultimate aim of a Codetest is to determinecompressorperformancefor conditions. That is, to determine relationships of the form
a given set of
Dependentparameter
= F (many independentparameters)
Examples of dependentparametersaredischargepressure, head, efficiency,etc.Amongthe independentparameters aregeometry,speed, flow rate, inlet gas state, gas properties,etc.The functional relationship f i s unknown. It is to be determined by the test. Themanyindependentparametersrepresentthespecifiedoperatingconditions.Practicaltest situations are often suchthatoneormoreoftheseparameters is precluded from taking on the desired specified operating condition value. Means must then be sought to determine the effects of thedepartures. One method is to employ dimensional analysis. E.2.1 Dimensional Analysis. The theory of dimensionalanalysisand similarity arediscussed in PTC 19.23, Guidance Manual for Model Testing,andmany fluid dynamics textbooks. In essence it provides a means to reduce the numberofparameters in a problemwhich is expressed in dimensional terms. This is done by appropriate grouping of dimensional terms in dimensionless groups.
E . 2 . 2 Basic Model. Considerationof a simplemathematicalmodel of compressor performance illustrates the general features of dimensional analysis as they are applied in this Code. A simple conventional set of dimensionlessparametersoften applied is given by vp= F1 (4, Mm, Rem, gas properties expressed in dimensionlessterms) F,,= F2 (#J, Mm, Rem, gas properties expressed in dimensionlessterms)
p i n = F2f FI
The dimensionless parameters are defined in terms of dimensional variables,
n -f144piVj(F)
t7p
.. . n-
n-1
" -1
hd
- hi
167
with,
In
Vi Vd
dJ=
Rem= ULIv
Mm= U/a
gas properties
. . . according to
gastypes
k= C &
Z= pv/RT
It is presumed in performing a dimensional analysis that all of the variables affecting the thermodynamicand fluid dynamicperformanceofthecompressorhavebeen included. If so, different sets of dimensional variables which combine to form identical sets of independent dimensionless groups (4, Mm, Rem, gas properties) will have associated with them identical valuesfor r], , u , and p i . This basic model is generally accepted to adequately describe the main features of compressor performance. It has the immediate advantage of reducing the number of parameters which must beconsidered in developing a test. But of at leastequalimportance it provides a means of accounting for unavoidable departures from desired specified operating conditions. For example, it may be used to establish an appropriate test speed to compensate for the effect of a test inlet temperature which differs from the specified operating condition temperature.
E.2.3 Allowable Departures. It oftenremains impractical to satisfy all theindependent dimensionless parameter requirements. This situation may be addressed by allowing controlled departures in certain independent dimensionless groups. The assumption is that the limits placed upon these departures render the effects upon the dependent parameters either negligible or predictable. The following approach is taken in this Code. E.2.3.1 Mach Number. Mach number departures are assumed to be of increasing relative importance as the Machine Mach number increases, This is reflected in the allowable departures shown in Table 3.2 or Figs. 3.2 and 3.3. It i s assumed that negligible effect is associated with departure within these limits. E.2.3.2 Cas Properties. Allowable departuresfromtheideal gas lawsfor both the test and the specified gases are given in Table 3.3. When these limits areexceeded the gas must be treated as real. E.2.3.3Reynolds Number. The allowable departures in Machine Reynoldsnumberare given
in Table 3.2 and Fig. 3.4.

E.2.3.4 Specific Volume Ratio. The preceding allowable independent dimensionless group departuresmay combine to alterthespecificvolume ratio between the compressor inlet and discharge. As a result an additional restriction i s placed upon the volume ratio, r,, as shown in Table 3.2. Theeffectsdue to volume ratio departure areassumed to be negligible when these limits are observed.
168
STD-ASME P T C 1 0 - E N G L
L997
0'759b70 0b0559Cl 743
E.2.4 Secondary Flow Streams. Thebasiccompressorperformancemodelassumessingle entry and exit flow streams. In actual practice secondary flow streams may enter or leave a compressor section.Examplesaresidestreams and leakages,Thesesecondarystreams give rise to a number of additionaldimensionlessgroups. Each additionalentry flow streamhasassociated with it a flow rateand gasstate, orthreeadditionalindependentvariables. If we use volume flow rate, enthalpy, and density to define thestreams we may form three additional independent dimensionless groups by referencingmainstream values,
771 = (q/qx)m
Tz=
(hh,)rn
773 = (p/px)rn
where x denotesthesidestreamvalue,and m denotesthereferencemainstreamvalue. Theapproachtaken in this Code is to require that the ratio of sidestream to reference flow rates remain within the limits of Table 3.5 or leakagesperpara. 3.3.6. When these limits are observed it i s assumed that the effects upon the dependent dimensionless groups are negligible. No specific restriction is placed upon the density or enthalpy ratios. It is assumed that departures in theseratios will produce negligible effects upon the dependent dimensionless groups. Where thorough mixing of inlet streams beforethecompression is doubtful, this assumptionmay not be valid. In suchcases the parties to the testmay elect by mutual agreement to further restrict theseratios as well. Departures in these secondary dimensionless groups do affect results in the dimensional sense. This is accounted for in the calculation procedure.
E.2.5
Code Model Summary. TheCodeperformancemodelmaybesummarized
as follows:
qpsp = q p ,Remcorr=
F1
( 4 , -, 4 x M,,,,
qm
r,, dimensionles gas properties), Remcorr
ppSp = pptRemcorr =
F2
( 4 ,-, 4 x M,,,/
4m
r,, dimensionles gas properties)( Remcorr
For agiven flow coefficient 9, certain departures are allowed in theremainingindependent dimensionlessgroups.Thevolume ratio restriction serves to limit theeffectsofthecombined departures in the otherdimensionlessgroups.Thefirstthreedependentgroupshavethesame form as those in preceding issues of this Code. The fourth, is new to this issue as an explicit parameter. It i s a power coefficient which takes on different forms for energy balance and shaft power methods. It is related to the other dependent parameters, but is useful explicitly in a bookkeeping sense for complicated arrangements.
a s , , ,
169
E.3
CODE DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETERS

are requiredfor the system of unitselectedfor
Appropriateunitsanddimensionalconstants computations.
E.3.1 Inlet and Exit Conditions. Thestructureofthe problem model is such that it is necessary to carefully define the inlet and exit conditions which are used in calculating the dimensionless groups.The exit conditions are thestagnation condition at thedischargemeasurementstation. The inlet condition is the stagnation state assigned to the flow stream entering the impeller, and is denoted by the subscript i on thermodynamic properties. For a simple single inlet flow stream this is the stagnation state at the inlet flange. For multiple inlet streams it is the stagnationstate computed from the mixing of the individually determined streams. A standard calculation scheme is given in subpara. E.5.
E.3.2
Flow Coefficient. The flow coefficient is defined as

wrotor
3
Pi 2
N(;)
where wrotor= mass flow rate entering rotor (mass flow ratecompressed) pi= inlet total density N= rotor rotational speed Dis the blade tip diameter of the 1st impeller for centrifugal compressors Dis the diameter at the leading edge of the 1ststage rotor blade for axial compressors. The mass flow rateenteringthe rotor i s determined giving dueconsideration to all section inlet and outlet flow streams and leakages.
E . 3 . 3 Gas Properties. The physical properties of the gasareexpressed in dimensionless form as theisentropicexponents,compressibilityfactors,andcompressibilityfunctions.
E.3.4 Specific Volume Ratio. The specific volume ratio is the ratio of inlet to exit total specific volumes. The inlet specific volume is that assigned to the flow entering the rotor. The exit specific volume is that computed for exit total conditions
where
E.3.5 Ratio of Flow Rates. The ratio of flow rates is the ratio of flow ratesat two points in the flow. It i s given by
170
where
W=
local mass flow rate
P= local total density
and x and y denote different points in the section. The flow rates so definedhavethe units ofvolume flow rate, but donot representactual volume rates of flow since they are defined in terms of total densities. It is assumed that there is aconstantrelationshipbetween these flow rates and actualvolume flow rates between test and specified operating conditions. This is true when the test and specified operating condition local Fluid Mach numbers are equal, and the deviations are assumed negligible when the Code Machine Mach numberdeparture limits areobserved.
E.3.6
MachineMach Number. TheMachine Mach number is givenby

Mm = U/a
where
U = first stage impeller blade or rotor blade tip velocity

a= acoustic velocity at the For ideal gases
inlet total conditions
For real gases
The Machine Mach number so defined i s not an actual Fluid Mach number. It is nearly directly proportional to actualFluid Mach numberswhentheCodedeparture limits areobserved.The Codedeparture limits shown in Figs. 3.2 and 3.3 for centrifugal and axial compressorsarealso given in equationform in Table E.l.
E.3.7
Machine Reynolds Number. The MachineReynoldsnumber
i s given by
Rem = Ub/v
For centrifugal compressors, 6 is the exit width ofthefirst stage impeller in thesectionof interest.For axial compressors, b is the chord length at the tip of thefirst stage rotor blade in the section of interest. The viscosity u is taken for inlet (stagnation) conditions. The Code departure limits shown in Fig. 3.4 for centrifugal compressorsaregiven in equationform in Table E.2.
E.3.8
Isentropic Work Coefficient, Theisentropic work coefficient is givenby
171
0759b70 Ob05593 4 5 2
TABLE E . l MACHINE MACH NO. LIMITS

CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS Specified Mach No. Upper Range Limit 0-0.214 0.215-0.86 0.86 5 Mm, Lower
-Mmsp (0.266 MITI,,- 0.271) -0.042
Limit
- Mm4 c (-0.25 Mm,, + 0.286) <(Mm,- Mms&c (-0.25 Mm,, + 0.286) <(Mm, - Mms& c 0.07
<(Mm,
AXIAL COMPRESSORS Specified Mach No. Limit 5 Upper Range Limit

M m ,
Lower
0-0.1 (0.266Mmq 6-0.6 0.1 0.6 5 Mmq
- 0.1 9)
-0.03
<(Mm, M m 4 c (-0.25 Mm, <(Mmt - M m 4 c (-0.25 Mm,, <(Mmt M m d c 0.05
+ 0.20)
+ 0.20)
TABLE E.2 REYNOLDS NUMBER APPLICATION LIMITS FOR CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS'

UPPER LIMIT Remt/Rem, 5 1.O x = (Rem,,/107)o.3 Application Range
9x 1x
Equation RemJRem,, = RemJRemp = 100
lo4c Rem,< lo7c Rem,
1 x lo7
LOWER LIMIT Remt/Remv c 1.O, x = (Rem,,/107)n.3 Application Range 9x104cRem,,cl x106 e m , 1 x l o 6c R Equation RemJRem,, Remt/Rem,
= (0.olP
= 0.1
NOTE:
(1) See Fig. 3.3.
172
where W= isentropic work per unit mass Z U 2 = sum of rotor tip speeds The isentropic work forthepurposesof this Code is the work done in an isentropicprocess between the inlet stagnationstateandthedischargestagnationstate.Theisentropic work per pound mass foranideal gas is given by
Forany gas the isentropic work may be calculated from
The isentropic work for a real gas mayalso be calculated from the following:
W, =
f 144 pi vi[(:) n,- 1
ns
n,- 1 "' - I ]
Equation (a) differs from equation (b) by substituting n, for k and introducing f. For a real gas the isentropicvolumeexponent is notthe same as k. O n test, n, canbe calculated from
In P d
n, =
Pi In
Vd
Vi
Substitutingthis n, for k in equation (a) would produce a small error unless the isentropic exponent were constant and equal to n, along the compression path. The polytropic work factor f compensates for the difference between nSand the actual isentropic exponent.It is computed from
E . 3 . 9
Polytropic Work Coefficient. The polytropic work coefficient i s given by
where
W,= polytropic work per pound mass ZU2/gc= sum of rotor tip speedssquared The polytropic work for the purposes of this Code is the polytropic work required to compress the gas from the inlet stagnationstate to thedischargestagnation state. Thegas properties are evaluated at the arithmetic meanbetween inlet anddischarge conditions.
173
For ideal gases

n- 1 n W, = -144 pi n-1
V
[(?)T - 11
For real gases

n- 1
W, =
f 144 pi Y [(;)y - 13 n-1
where
or
1 Y-m(1 + X )
n =
and
It is assumed here that a variation in n affects W, just as thevarying n, affects W,. The polytropic work factor f i s assumed to have the same value as computed in para. E.3.8.
Efficiencies. Efficiencies are in general defined as the ratio of ideal to actual work required in a given compression process. The standard ideal work chosen for this Code is the work required in a polytropic compressionprocess occurring betweenthe total pressure at the inlet reference stagnation state and the total pressure at the discharge stagnation state. The actual work is taken as thechange in total enthalpybetween thesestates. It represents theactual work in the process only in the absence of heattransferandsecondary flow effects.Thedischarge gas state calculated for specified operating conditions using this efficiency definition therefore assumes the same relative heattransferandsecondary flow effects as those prevailing attest. The polytropic efficiency is then
W P
E.3.10
(hd
- hi)
and the corresponding isentropic efficiency is

W s
v 5
(hd - h ) I
174
E.3.11 Work Input Coefficient. The work input coefficient is defined in terms of thestagnation enthalpy rise. It is a dimensionless representation of the actual gas work not including the effects ofheattransferandsecondary flow. The work input coefficient is given by
The ideal work coefficients are related to theforegoingefficienciesthroughthework coefficient
input
E.3.12 Total Work Input Coefficient. Relative differencesin heat transfer and leakage or sidestream flow rates often will occurbetween test andspecifiedoperatingconditions. It is assumedthat these relative differences are sufficiently small so as to produce negligible changes in the polytropic work coefficient and efficiency. Theleakageandsidestream flow ratedifferences,however,can produce relative differences in actualpowerrequirement.The following model i s presented to establish a method to account for these effects as they relate to power consumption. The method is based on relating the total work input to rotor mass flow rate. The problem modelandnomenclature are shown in Fig. E.l. The dimensionless total work input coefficient is determined as follows. The first law of thermodynamicsfor a control volume surrounding the rotor (in Fig. E.l) is
The first law ofthermodynamicsfor
a control volume surrounding the section
(in Fig. E.l) is
From the conservation of mass
The only work done on the
gas is that done by the rotor,
so
- PgrOtor = [ Wrotor h~~ - wrotor h
I
Qrotorl
33000
175
measurement
P
Figure Nomenclature W ] = mass flow rateat the inlet measurement station. hi= enthalpy per unit mass at the inlet measurement station. Wd= mass flow rate at the discharge measurement station. hd= enthalpy per unit mass at the discharge measurement station. W/,,= leakagemass flow rate for gas escaping before the rotor, .e., upstream of the rotor. hlu= enthalpy per unit mass for escaping gas. When the gas does not escape, but inlet leakage occurs, hlu is the enthalpy of the gas outside the seal. W/d= leakage mass flow rate for gas escaping after the rotor, .e., downstream of the rotor. hid= enthalpyper unit mass of theescaping gas. For inward leakage, it is theenthalpy of the gas outside the seal. W,,,= mass flow rateforsidestream flow enteringafterthemeasurementstation but before the rotor. h,,= corresponding enthalpy per unit mass. Wsd= mass flow rate for sidestream flowexiting after the rotor but before the discharge measurementstation. hd= corresponding enthalpy per unit mass. Qrotw= net mass flow rate through rotor. h ~ 1 =enthalpy per unit mass at rotor inlet. h R Z = enthalpy per unit mass at rotor exit. Qraor= heat loss rate from rotor. Q= heat loss rate from section. P= work input rate excluding mechanical loss.
FIG. E.l
176
Rearrangingandnon-dimensionalizing
with CU2
This equation represents the total work input to the gas in dimensionless form. It is called the total work input coefficient and is giventhesymbol fl, .e.,
a=
33000 PS
wrotor
g c
CU2
This coefficient bears a close relationship to the work input coefficient, pin, but accounts additionally fortheenergylostthrough heat transferandsecondary flow effects. Like the work input coefficient it i s assumed to be invariant between test and specified operating conditions at the same flow coefficient. I t s purpose is to aid in properlyaccountingforheattransferand secondary flow effects in power calculations. Forheatbalance method tests,
Forshaft
power method tests,
where Pparasitic represents all power in the shaft power measurement which does not represent work input to the gas in the compressor section of interest, for example, mechanical losses and power input to othersections.
177
S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL 1777 m 0757b70 Ob05577 970
E.4
SPEED SELECTION
Theprocess of structuring the Code performance model includes adding the volume ratio to the independent parameter list to serve as a limiting parameter for the effects of other dimensionless parameter departures. The volume ratio at test may be controlled at a given flow coefficient and inlet conditions by controlling thecompressorspeedand flow rate.The appropriate speedmaybe determined by combining the specific volume ratio requirement
or
1 1
[ ( y ] ] , = [(3]
SP
with the polytropic work coefficient equality
or
which maybe written as
where
wpt= [(fi)
and
n- 1 .. .
fZi R Ti (;)y - 11
n- 1
These relationshipsmay be used to estimate the appropriate testspeed. It is anestimate in the sense that the appropriate test speed depends upon a prior knowledge of the test efficiency and gas properties. The anticipated test efficiency is estimated from the design value when available. The anticipated polytropic exponent may then be estimated for ideal gases from
178
FIG. E.2
and for real
gases from
E . 5
INLET STATE FOR MIXED STREAMS
For compressor sectionswith multipleinlets it is necessary to establish the mixed inletconditions. Ideally this would be the mixed stagnation state. It is conceivable that this state might be measured by obtaining internal pressureandtemperaturemeasurementswherethecompressorgeometry allows. However, in practice thesearevery difficult measurements to obtain. In somecases an actual full mixed state maynotevenoccur. The following development provides a standard method for calculation of the mixed conditions. A number of simplifying assumptions are made. The computed reference conditions are only an approximation to the stagnation state after mixing. The intent is simply to model the main features of the mixing process. It is presumed that the same model when applied to the test and specified operating conditions will produceconsistentresults.Other mixing modelsmay be appropriate for particular compressor geometries. These may also be used with mutual consent by the parties to the test. E.5.1 Inlet StagnationEnthalpy. The inlet stagnationenthalpy is deducedfromtheaverage total enthalpy of the mixed streams. In the absence of work and heat transfer in the mixing section,
where the subscripts
a and b designate the individual streamvaluesbefore
mixing.
E.5.2 Inlet Stagnation Pressure. The inlet pressure may be calculatedby applying thelinear momentum principle to a simplified mixing section model. The geometry under consideration is given in Fig. E.2. The following simplifying assumptionsaremade. (a) The flow is one dimensional. Conditions atstations a, b, and c are described by constant average values for the cross section. The flows are thus treated as being fully mixed. b) The flow velocity at stations a and c is assumed to be parallel to the x axis. (c) The flow velocity at station b is assumed to enter at an angle with respect to the x axis. (dl The static pressure at station b is assumed equal to the static pressure at station a. (e) The wall shear stress is ignored.
179
Thesubscript S in the following developmentrefers to static conditions. With theseassumptionsthex-componentofthelinearmomentumconservationequationfor the control volumeshown is
Introducing the continuity of mass equation yields the mixed inlet staticpressure
The inlet stagnation pressure is obtained by adding the dynamic head deduced from the average Fluid Mach number at c. The actual form of the equations to be solved depends upon the choice of gas.The following set amenable to iterative solution may be written for ideal gases.
Pa TJT, "
PC
"
Pc/Pa
180
(1
+ ):
A c A, pa
(9'
[1 + (y) M$]
k
[l
(T)
M:]
P C
"
k k-1
A simplerformulation assumingincompressible flowmaybewritten
as
where
A=
144 pa
This formulation will yield similar results to the compressible solution for numbersandnearlyequalmixingstreamdensities. Figure E.3 shows some typical resultsbased upontheprecedingequations.
low Fluid Mach
181
0.97
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
W b h
0.98
20
40
60
80
ab
1.07 1.06
1.05
/I///NI//I////////////N///I/N//
2?zzhzl
B
- 0.2
O
Ab is implied
1.O4
1.O3
1.o1
1.o0
0.99
2
wblwa
FIG. E.3
APPENDIX F REYNOLDS NUMBER CORRECTION

(ThisAppendixisnot
a part of ASME PTC 10-1997.)
TheReynoldsnumbercorrectionfor centrifugal compressorsrecommended in thisCode hasbeen changed significantly from the previous issue of PTC 1 O. The changes resulted from new references not previously available. The old correction for centrifugalcompressorswasadaptedfromworkon axial compressors [Ref. (D.811 since no centrifugal compressor data was available. The correction for axial compressorsremainsunchangedfromtheprevious issue of the Code. The methodof correction, for centrifugal compressors, recommended in this Code is based on the work done by Weisner[Ref. ( D . 2 1 1but has been simplifed for ease of application. The data presented by Weisner suggests that the Machine Reynolds number at which a compressor operates has an effect not only on the efficiency, but onthe flow coefficient and work input coefficient as well. The correctionsare all based on thedeparturefroma nominal Machine Reynolds number which may vary
fromonemanufacturer to another.Thecorrection used in this Code, for centrifugal compressors, is simplified in that the correction is only applied to theefficiencyandpolytropicwork coefficient. No correction is applied to the flow coefficient or the work input coefficient. Additionally, the nominal condition has been standardized to a Machine Reynolds number = 4.8 x lo6 x b and the surface roughness to 0.000125 in. Another correction method has been documented by Simon and Bulskamper [Ref. (D.411. This method is developed by analogy with the turbulent flow in rough pipes. Semi-empirical correlations are derived for efficiency, flow coefficient, head coefficient, and work coefficient. The equations developed include a correction to the head, work, and flow coefficients. Similar correction methods have been proposed by Casey [Ref. (D.1411 and Strub [Ref. (D.1611. Test data supporting Reynolds number corrections has beenpublished by NASA[Ref. (D.l8)].
183
S T D - A S M E P T C 10iNGL 1777 m 0 7 5 7 b 7 0 CIb05bU5 T T 4 H
APPENDIX G REFINEDMETHODS FOR CALCULATING
TOTALCONDITIONS
Guidelines are presentedfor calculating total pressure and total temperature with accuracies that exceedthosedeterminedbythesimplermethodsof paras.5.4.3and5.4.4. The detailsof thermodynamic property evaluations are not a part ofthis Code. The calculations outlined below for both ideal gases and real gasesmust be supplemented by the data andproceduresneeded to provide the required properties. Compressible flow and uniform velocity are assumed for the measurement station in question. Static absolute pressure, pStatic, and measured absolute temperature, Tmeas, are the only local measurements. The mass flow rate, W, and pipe flow area, A, are known and thermodynamic properties are calculable as needed. The remaining key assumption is the recovery factor, rf, which is defined in para. 5.4.4 in terms oftemperature.
k - ratio of specific heats

Step 3
- Compute velocity
V = (w/60)/pA
Step 4
- Compute Mach number

V
M = d z m E
Step 5 - Compute total temperature

= tmeas +
(1
- rd V 2
21gccp
Step 6
- Compute static temperature

tstatic
G.l
IDEAL GASES
1+
(k - 1) M
2
The following iterative procedure is appropriate: Step 1 - Let &tatic = heas bethe initial estimate of static temperature. Step 2 - Calculate needed properties corresponding to (pstatic, tstatic):
Step 7- Comparefrom step 6 with the value used in previous steps. If agreement is unacceptable, use from step 6 and repeat steps 2 through 7 until the change i n i s acceptable (for example, Ahtatic < O. OSOF). Step 8 - Calculate total pressure
= density (from p = 144 p/Rt)
p =
Pstatic
[1 + ( k - 1) I]&
c,,
- specific heat at constant pressure

185
ShouldFluid Mach numbersbeunusually high, greater than 0.3 for example, accuracy could be improved by evaluating cp and k at both t and &tatic
S T D O A S M E PTC LO-ENGL L977
0757b70 ObOSbUb 730 W
and using average values of cp and calculations.
k in the above
Step 3
- Compute velocity - Compute kinetic energy
G.2
REAL GASES Step 4
Theterm"real gas" normally suggests thatthe compressibility factor, Z, is not unity andmust be included in p-v-T calculationsaccording to pv = ZRT. The purpose of an equation of state is to provide a mathematical expression relating pressure, volume, andtemperature which corresponds as closely as possible to known or expected p-v-t behavior. Most equations of state use temperature and specific volume (or density) as independent variables, from which pressuremay be calculated. That is,
p = pkv)
Step 5 - Compute "measured" enthalpy
Step 6
- Compute static enthalpy
Rigorous thermodynamic procedures are available for evaluating all thermodynamic properties needed forcompressorcalculationseventhough only the equation of state and low pressure (ideal gas) specific heat correlations are known. Only the results of these calculations arereferred to below, such as: (a) t (p, h), temperature obtainedfrom pressure and enthalpy (b) p (h,s), pressure obtained from enthalpy and entropy Therecoveryfactor, rf, will be defined in terms of enthalpy rather than temperature, giving
Step 7 - Compute static temperature
Step 8 - Compare Tstatic from step 7 with the value used in previous steps. If agreement is unacceptable, then use from step 7 and repeat change in T ' r i c is steps 2 through 8 until the acceptable (for example, AT&, < 0.05 "R). Step 9 - Compute total enthalpy
Step 10 - Compute static entropy
This definition is the same as that given in para. 5.4.4 when applied to ideal gases. The above definition is considered to be more appropriate for real gas calculations,and r[ = 0.65 remains the best available value for typical applications. The following iterative procedure is appropriate: Step 1 - Let &tatic = b e a s be the initial estimate of static temperature for the calculation of density, Step 2 - Compute static density
Step 7 1
- Compute total pressure
(Recall that static and total entropies are the same.) Step 12 Compute total temperature
t(p, h)
186
S T D - A S M E P T C LU-ENGL L 9 9 7 m 0759b70 ObD5b07 8 7 7 H
APPENDIX H S I UNITS
U.S. Customary
Symbol Description Flow channel cross sectional area Acoustic velocity Tip width Coefficient of discharge Molal specific Specific heat Specific heat at constant pressure Specific heat at constant volume Diameter Diameter of fluid meter Relative error Thermal expansion factor for fluid meter Polytropic work factor Acceleration of gravity
ft2
Units
Conversion X Factor =
S I Units
m2
A
a
0.0929
m/s 0.3048 0.3048 1 1 41 83 41 83 41 0.0254 0.0254 1 1 1 0.3048 0.031 08 2324 1 2324 0.04896
ft/sec
ft
dimensionless Btu/lbmole "F Btu/lbm "F Btu/lbm "F
C
C
CP
m dimensionless N-mkgmole K N-m/kg K
N m/kg K
a
cv D
Btu/lbm "F in. in. dimensionless dimensionless
83
N.m/kg,K m m dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless
d
e
Fa
f g
gc
dimensionless m/s2 ft/sec2 32.1 74
Dimensional constant Molal enthalpy Humidity ratio Enthalpy Coefficient of heat transfer per unit area (for combined convection and radiation) Mechanical equivalent of heat coefficent Flow specific Ratio of
C & "
ft Ibm Ibf + sec2
1 -
m kg
N ' S
H HR
h h,
Btu/l bmole Ibm w/lbm da Btu/lbm Btu/hr ft2 "F

m
N m/kg mole kg w/kg da
N.mkg
N m/s m2 K
J
K
ft * Ibf 778.1 7 Btu

dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless
not used
1
1 1
k
log
heats,
dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless
Common logarithm 1O)
(base
187
S T D - A S M E P T C 10-ENGL 1997
0757b70 ObU5b08 703
Symbol in
Description
U.S. Customary Conversion Units X Factor =
S I Units
dimensionless kg/kgmole dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless
dimensionless Naperian (natural) logarithm Ibm/lbmole Molecular weight MW Machine Mach number dimensionless Mm dimensionless Fluid Mach number M dimensionless Polytropic exponent for a m path on the p - T diagram m Mass (Appendix B only) Ibm N Rotative speed Tm dimensionless Polytropic exponent for a n path on the p - v diagram lbmole Number of moles n (Appendix B only) Isentropic exponent foran dimensioness n, isentropic path on a p - v diagram P Power hP psi Pressure P psi Velocity pressure Pv Total mechanical losses Btu/min Om (equivalent) Casing heat transfer Btu/min Or Btu/min External seal loss Qsl equivalent ft3/m in Capacity 9 ft3/min Volume flow rate 9 ft Ibf/lbm "R R Gas constant RA, RB, RC Machine Reynolds number dimensionless correction constants Re Fluid Reynolds number dimensionless Rem Machine Reynolds number dimensionless RH Relative humidity dimensionless r Pressure ratio across fluid dimensionless meter Recovery factor dimensionless u Pressure ratio dimensionless 'P dimensionless Flow rate ratio rq Temperature ratio dimensionless rt Specific volume ratio dimensionless rv S Btu/lbmole "R Molal entropy Heat transfer area of ft2 SC exposed compressor casing and adjoining
e
1
1
1
1
0.4536 0.01 667
kg
Hz dimensionless
0.4536
kgmole dimensionless
1
0.746 6895 6895 0.01 757
kW N/m2(Pa) N/m2(Pa) kW kW kW m3/s m3/s N.m/kg.K dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless N mkgmole K mz
0.01757 0.01 757

0.000471 9 0.0004719 5.381 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1
41 83 0.09294
Pipe Entropy Temperature Temperature
BTU/lbm "R "R
"F
188
41 83 N.m/kg.K K 0.5556 K 0.5556 ("F + 459.67)
S T D * A S M E P T C LO-ENGL 1 9 9 7
U 7 5 9 b 7 0 Ob05b09 bliT
U.S. Customary
Description Symbol
Conversion X Factor =
SI Units
m/s N m/kg m/s m3/kg N m/kg
U
U
V
V
W
W
X
X
Y Y
a
77
P P in PP PS
Y
$
Y
e
fl
d l
Blade tip speed Internal energy Fluid velocity Specific volume Work Mass flow rate Compressibility function Mole fraction Compressibility function Elevation Compressibility factor as used in ideal gas law, pv = ZRT Diameter ratio of fluid meter Partial derivative Efficiency Absolute viscosity Work input coefficient Polytropic work coefficient Isentropic work coefficient Kinematic viscosity Density Summation Torque Surface roughness Total work input coefficient Flow coefficient
~~
ftlsec Btullbm ftlsec ft3/l bm ftllbf/l bm Ibm/min dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless
ft
dimensionless
0.3048 2324 0.3048 0.06243 2.989 0.00756 1 1 1 0.3048 1
kgls
dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless m dimensionless
dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless Ibmlft sec dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless ft2/sec Ibm/ft3 dimensionless ft Ibf in dimensionless
e
dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless kg/m S dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless m2/s kg/m3 dimensionless N.m m dimensionless dimensionless
1
1
1.488 1 1 1 0.09294 16.02 1.356 0.0254 1

1
dimensionless
189
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ASME-PTC10 ADOPTION NOTICE ASME-PTC10, "Compressors and Exhausters,'' was adopted on (DoD).

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENTA. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers Licensed by Information Handling Services

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers Licensed by Information Handling Services

ASME PTC 10-1997

Performance Test Code on Lompressors and Exhausters

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers Licensed by Information Handling Services

STD.ASME PTC L O - E N G L 1977

0757b70 Oh05923 158

Date of Issuance: September 30, 1998

ASME is the registered trademark of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers Licensed by Information Handling Services

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers Licensed by Information Handling Services

P T C LO-ENGL L997 D 0759b70 Ob05925 T20

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TEST CODECOMMITTEE NO. 10

ON COMPRESSORS AND EXHAUSTERS

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BOARD ON PERFORMANCE TEST CODES

J. W. Milton G. H. Mittendorf, ]r.

S. B. Scharp J. Siegmund J. A. Silvaggio, Jr. R. E. Sommerlad W. G. Steele, Jr. J. C. Westcott J. G. Yost

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Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CommitteeRoster ................................................ BoardRoster ....................................................

Figures 3.1 3.2 3.3

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S T D * A S M E P T C LO-ENGL L997 D D759b70 0b05429

3.2 3.3 3.4 5.1

............................................ .......................... ........................... ........................ .................

.......................................... ...................................... ........

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1777 W 0759b70 O b 0 5 4 3 1 378

- OBJECT AND SCOPE

EQUIPMENT NOT COVERED

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ASME PTC 10-1 997

COMPRESSORS AND EXHAUSTERS

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S T D - A S M E P T C 10-ENGL L777 m 0 7 5 9 6 7 0 Ob05q32 L b 0

BASIC SYMBOLS AND UNITS

ft Ibf/Btu dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless Ibmllbmole dimensionless dimensionless dimensionless

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S T D D A S M E PTC LO-ENGL L997

0759b70 Ob05433 UT7 W

COMPRESSORS AND EXHAUSTERS

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STD-ASME PTC LO-ENGL

L997 D 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 Ob05434 T33

2.2.1 Absolute Pressure. The absolute pressure the pressuremeasuredaboveaperfectvacuum.

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The ratio of specific

OTHER GAS (FLUID) PROPERTIES

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WORK, POWER, AND EFFICIENCY

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ASME PTC 10-1997

COMPRESSORS AND EXHAUSTERS

MISCELLANEOUS 2.8 INTERPRETATION

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STD-ASME PTC LO-ENGL

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S T D * A S M E P T C LO-ENGL L797 W 0757b70 UbO5439 515 H

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S T D D A S M E P T C L O - E N G L L777 m 0757b70 ObOSqqO 237 M