Experiment 1: CALIBRATION OF WIND TUNNEL TE-54 Aim: Calibration of wind tunnel TE-54 Goal: To establish a relationship between dynamic

pressure (observed) and velocity. Instruments: Pitot-static tube, TE-54 small wind tunnel, U tube manometer, thermometer, pressure gauge. Theoretical background: Bernoullis equation for incompressible flows.

Explore and find out: Incompressible flow, Bernoullis equation, static pressure, dynamic pressure, total pressure Pitot-static tube, hydraulic diameter, Reynolds number You will need to record: Local air temperature, atmospheric pressure, static pressure, dynamic pressure. You will require: Air density, air viscosity. Report: All measurements, plot of velocity (y-axis) vs. p (in mm of water), discussion.

EXP. 2: UNIFORMITY OF VELOCITY AND BL THICKNESS IN SMALL WIND TUNNEL (TE-54) Aims: 1. To establish the uniformity of velocity in the test section along the vertical direction at two locations in the longitudinal direction. 2. Estimate the thickness of the boundary layer on the bottom and top walls of the test section at the two locations. 3. Items 1 and 2 to be repeated at two different Reynolds numbers.

To do:

Plan an experiment to achieve the aims. Compare with theory. Report your data and results.

Theoretical background: Explore and find out:

Bernoullis equation for incompressible flows.

1. Definition of uniformity of velocity. Expression in mathematical terms? 2. How to measure velocity using Pitot-static tube? Instruments required? 3. Boundary layer on a flat plate, BL thickness, Reynolds number for test section. 4. Typical theoretical profile for BL on a flat plate with and without pressure gradient. 5. Pressure gradient along a surface and its measurement? 6. Laminar and turbulent boundary layers. Classification of BL in this test section, is it laminar or turbulent? Give reasons for your answer. 7. Pressure gradient along the test section. 8. Ideal pressure gradient in a good wind tunnel test section. 9. Other flow qualities of a good wind tunnel test section. Report: Report should contain: Measured data, plots of velocity profiles at each individual section, plots of boundary layer profiles at the two sections, answers to questions and issues raised in explore and find out. Comparison with theory. Discussion on results obtained.

EXP. 3: FLOW PAST A CYLINDER- SURFACE PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION Aims: Measure the pressure distribution on surface of a cylinder. Use data to compute drag and lift. Compare with available experimental, theoretical and CFD data. To do: Plan an experiment to achieve the aims. Compare with theory. Report your data and results with comparisons and discussion. Theoretical background: Explore and find out: 1. Definition of static, total, dynamic pressure and pressure coefficient. Techniques to measure them. 2. Precautions when measuring pressure. 3. CFD solution of flow past cylinder using STAR CCM or FLUENT and determination of surface pressure distribution. [Bonus] 4. Results from inviscid theory, numerical integration, trapezoidal rule, Reynolds number. 5. Published experimental data for subcritical and supercritical flow past a cylinder. 6. Report:Your report should contain graphs of measured pressure coefficient vs. angle, comparison with published experimental and theoretical data, Reynolds number, lift and drag coefficients, comparison with theory, previous experimental, and CFD data. Your critical comments. See text book on Aerodynamics for experimental and theoretical data for flow past a cylinder. Bernoullis equation for incompressible flows.

EXP. 4: FLOW PAST A CYLINDER- ESTIMATION OF DRAG FROM WAKE VELOCITY PROFILE Aims: Estimation of drag and drag coefficient of a cylinder from wake velocity profiles at several Reynolds numbers. To do: Plan an experiment to achieve the aims. Compare with theory. Report your data and results with comparisons and discussion. Theoretical background: Explore and find out: 1. Measurement of velocity at a point, wake of a cylinder, relationship between wake velocity profile of object and drag, drag coefficient, dependence of drag coefficient on Reynolds number, published data on variation of Cd of a cylinder with Reynolds number, numerical integration, Trapezoidal rule, Pitot-static tube, application of trapezoidal rule using MS-EXCEL and MATLAB or equivalents. Report: Measured velocity profiles, drag, drag coefficient, Reynolds numbers, comparison with published data, critical comments. Bernoullis equation for incompressible flows.

EXP. 5: COMPRESSIBLE FLOW IN NOZZLES Aims: To observe the behaviour of converging and converging-diverging nozzles at various back pressure to stagnation pressure ratios. To do: Plan experiments to observe the phenomenon of choking, variation of pressure along the length of the nozzles, existence of shocks. Explore and find out: Theoretical behaviour of converging and converging-diverging nozzles in 1D inviscid compressible flow, stagnation pressure, back pressure, critical pressure, choking, shocks in nozzles, critical pressure ratio, behaviour of nozzles with varying back ressure ratios. Report: Measured data, Comparison of experimental and theoretical behaviour of converging and converging-diverging nozzles, use graphical representation, compute important numbers for comparison. Predict pressure in the nozzle using 1D inviscid theory and compare with experimental results. Your critical comments and discussion. Theory : Study Chapter 8 of Compressible Fluid Flow text book by Oosthuizen and Carscallen. McGraw-Hill.

EXP. 6: MEASUREMENT OF LIFT, DRAG AND PITCHING MOMENT Aim: Use a 3-component balance to measure forces and moments. Goal: Measure lift, drag, and pitching moment at various angles of attack, determine aerodynamic coefficients. To do: Plan an experiment to use the 3-component balance and determine aerodynamic coefficients, and their variation with angle of attack. Explore and find out: Thin airfoil theory, theoretical aerodynamic coefficients, comparison of theory with past experiments, limits of theory, stall, airfoil, finite wing, relationship between aerodynamic coefficients of airfoil and finite wing. Report: Measured data, variation of lift, drag and moment coefficients with angle of attack, comparison with thin airfoil theory, critical comments, discussion. See: Text book in Aerodynamics or Principles of Flight.

EXP. 7: CALIBRATION OF CTA AND MEASUREMENT OF TURBULENCE INTENSITY

Aim: Calibrate the Hot-wire anemometer (CTA) and use it to determine the turbulence intensity in a one-dimensional flow field, (round jet). Goal: Perform calibration of the CTA using the 1-D probe in the selected velocity range, Use the calibration curve to determine mean and rms values of the velocity and the turbulence intensity. To do: Read the CTA manual on calibration and determination of TI. Explore and find out: Turbulence, mean, fluctuating, and rms velocities, turbulence intensity, CTA probes and their uses. Report: Calibration curve, mean velocity, rms velocity, turbulence intensity.

EXPERIMENT 8: ESTIMATION OF AERODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS OF NACA 4412 USING IIUM LSWT DATA Aim: Compute lift, drag, and pitching moment coefficients from the data provided. Compare with available experimental data. Also use the wake velocity profile data to estimate drag coefficient. Description: Check the data sheet on airfoil pressure tapping coordinates. Bothe the upper and lower surface coordinates are given. These are to be used in the expressions for the aerodynamic coefficients. Assume small angle of attack so that the equations simplify. Check second data sheet on location of wake velocity measurement points. Data in EXCEL file (Case A): These are pressures measured at the tapping points in the IIUM LSWT. Each column represents a different angle of attack. The pressures at the tapping points are measured using electronic gauges, hence they are gauge pressures. The tunnel and atmospheric pressure data are absolute pressures. All pressures are in Pascals (N/m2). P for the airfoil is the pressure inside the tunnel. The electronic gauges are located outside the tunnel. Hence the absolute pressure at any tapping point on the airfoil surface is the gauge pressure at that point + atmospheric pressure. (Case B) NACA 4412 pressure data at various angles of attack (different than those in the EXCEL data sheet) are given. These are from previous experiments and available in the book Aerodynamics for Engineers by Bertin and Smith. Once the pressures have been computed at all points, compute Cp at each point. Use simplified equations(assuming small angle) to compute all aerodynamic properties at various angles of attack. Repeat computations for the data from the textbook. Estimate all aerodynamic coefficients at various angles of attack. Plot the results separately for both case A and Case B. Compare and discuss the results. Report: EXCEL file showing all computations and graphs. Draw curves using suitable scale. The data points must be shown. Draw smooth curves. Discuss your results in the same file.

EXP. 9: MEASUREMENT OF BOUNDARY LAYER ON A FLAT PLATE. Aim: Measure boundary layer profiles at three locations on a flat plate at zero angle of attack. (Zero pressure gradient) at several Reynolds numbers. Description: Flat plate with several BL mice is installed in the wind tunnel TE-54. Check the connections and their sequence. Draw a diagram and show location of BL with distance from the leading edge. Number the locations. To do: Plan an experiment to achieve the aims. Compare with theory. Report your data and results with comparisons and discussion. Theoretical background: layer theory. Explore and find out: 1. Boundary layer on a flat plate, laminar and turbulent BL profiles on a flat plate, BL thickness and its variation along the length for laminar and turbulent flows. Description of Re on a flat plate. 2. See books on fluid mechanics and aerodynamics. Bernoullis equation for incompressible flows. Boundary

Report: Measured BL profiles, estimation of BL thickness, Reynolds number, comparions with theoretical results, critical comments. Use EXCEL or equivalent. All results and discussion may be made on EXCEL or equivalent file.