Models for prediction of temperature difference and ventilation effectiveness with displacement ventilation

ABSTRACT:
Presents models to predict the air temperature difference and the ventilation effectiveness, based on a database of 56 cases with displacement ventilation. The database was generated by using a validated CFD program and covers four different types of ! buildings" small offices, large offices with partitions, classrooms, and industrial wor#shops under different thermal and flow boundary conditions. $oth the ma%imum cooling load that can be removed by displacement ventilation and the ventilation effectiveness are shown to depend on the heat source type and ventilation rate in a room. AUTHOR: &uan '., Chen (., )lic#sman * +. CITATION: ,!-+,. Trans., /000, 1ol./25, Part /, Paper number 3466 5+P60307, 8586869, /4 figs., tabs., refs K !"OR#$: year /000, Calculating, temperature difference, performance, displacement ventilation, databases, air temperature, temperature difference, offices, rooms, cooling load, air change rate, temperature distribution, comparing, measuring, !,, ! AR: /000

Comparison of dilution and displacement ventilation for thermal and contaminant control in a simulated office environment

ABSTRACT:
The performance of a full6scale, well6designed, displacement ventilation system versus a typical dilution system was simulated for a typical Canadian office environment. The operating parameters that optimise the efficiency of the displacement ventilation system were also investigated. .leven e%perimental runs were conducted in a /4.3 m8 acrylic chamber, measuring the vertical temperature profile across the chamber. Carbon dio%ide was continuously in:ected into the chamber to monitor the performance of the ventilation for air ;uality in the breathing <one. The dilution and displacement e%perimental runs were sub:ected to low and high heat loads of 83 and 69 =>m4 respectively, and to varying supply airflow rates of 84 to 86 *>s. The results indicate that displacement ventilation has a well6defined temperature gradient across the vertical height of the chamber, and maintains an overall lower temperature in the occupied <one than does dilution ventilation. This suggests an energy savings for the operation of a displacement system in cooling applications. The displacement system also maintains 88? less carbon dio%ide at the breathing <one than the dilution ventilation system. AUTHOR: )oodfellow - D, )rebenc @ CITATION: Anternational !ymposium. +oom air convection and ventilation effectiveness To#yo, @apan, 44643 @uly /004, ,!-+,., /008, 588 6 589, 5 figs, refs, A!$B /6CC83/862662 K !"OR#$: year /008, displacement ventilation, diluting, comparing, thermal comfort, contaminants, offices, tracers, carbon dio%ide ! AR: /008

A critical review of displacement ventilation

ABSTRACT:
+eviews aspects of the performance of displacement ventilation" temperature distribution, flow distribution, contaminant distribution, comfort, energy and cost analysis and design guidelines. Botes that ventilation rate, cooling load, heat source, wall characteristics, space height and diffuser type have ma:or impacts on the performance of displacement ventilation. !ome of the impacts can be estimated by simple e;uations, but many are still un#nown. !tates that displacement ventilation systems without cooled ceiling panels can be used for space with a cooling load up to /8 $tu>5h.ft47532 =>m47. .nergy consumed by -1,C systems depends on control strategies. The first costs of the displacement ventilation system are similar to those of a mi%ing ventilation system. The displacement system with cooled ceiling panels can remove a higher cooling load, but first costs are higher as well. Dutlines research needed to develop design guidelines for .!. buildings. AUTHOR: &uan ', Chen (, )lic#sman * + CITATION: ,!-+,. Trans., /00C, 1ol./23, Part /,, paper number 3/2/ 5+P60307, 9C602, // figs, / tab, refs

K !"OR#$: year /00C, Displacement ventilation, performance, designing, ! AR: /00C

!,, buildings, ceiling cooling,

Comparison of ener%& consumption 'etween displacement and mi(in% ventilation s&stems for different U$ 'uildin%s and climates

ABSTRACT:
+eports the use of a detailed computer simulation method to compare the energy consumption of a displacement ventilation system with that of a mi%ing ventilation system for three types of ! buildings" a small office, a classroom and an industrial wor#shop. .%amines five typical climatic regions as well as different building <ones. Finds that a displacement ventilation system may use more fan energy and less chiller and boiler energy than a mi%ing ventilation system. The total energy consumption is slightly less using a displacement ventilation system. !tates both systems can use a similarly si<ed boiler. -owever a displacement ventilation system re;uires larger air handling unit and a smaller chiller than the mi%ing ventilation system. The overall first costs are lower for the displacement ventilation if the system is applied for the core region of a building. AUTHOR: -u !, Chen (, )lic#sman * + CITATION: ,!-+,. Trans., /000, vol./25, part 4, paper number 38/5 5+P60307, 3586363, 9 figs, 8 tabs, refs K !"OR#$: year /000, .nergy consumption, calculating, comparing, displacement ventilation, mi%ing, computer programs, climate, !,, buildings, offices, schools, wor#shops, capital cost, variable volume air conditioning, ! AR: /000

Measurements and computations of room airflow with displacement ventilation

ABSTRACT:
Presents a set of detailed data of room air flow with displacement ventilation. These data were obtained from a new environment test facility. The measurements were conducted for three typical room configurations" a small office, a large office with partitions, and a classroom. The distributions of air velocity, air velocity fluctuation, and air temperature were measured by omnidirectional hot6sphere anemometers, and contaminant concentrations were measured by tracer gas at 53 points in the rooms. !mo#e was used to observe air flow. The data also include the wall surface temperature distribution, air supply parameters, and the age of air at several locations in the rooms. , computational fluid dynamics 5CFD7 program with the +e6Bormalisation )roup 5+B)7 #6epsilon model was also used to predict the indoor air flow. The agreement between the computed results and measured data of air temperature and velocity is good. -owever, some discrepancies e%ist in the computed and measured concentrations and velocity fluctuation. AUTHOR: &uan '., Chen (., )lic#sman * +., -u &., &ang '. CITATION: ,!-+,. Trans., /000, 1ol./25, Part /, Paper number 3465 5+P60307, 8326854, /2 figs., 3 tabs., C refs K !"OR#$: year /000, Eeasuring, calculating, rooms, air flow, displacement ventilation, air speed, air temperature, anemometers, content, air pollution, indoor, smo#e, air flow visualisation, walls, temperature distribution, climate chambers, e%periment, validating, accuracy, comparing, tracers, gas, ! AR: /000

Calculation method for airflow rate in displacement ventilation s&stems

ABSTRACT:
Presents a design method for displacement ventilation based on calculation of the total convective flow generated by the heat sources. Different #inds of heat loads cause different amounts of convection. !tates that this problem has been ta#en into account by selecting the most important heat6source parameters affecting the convective flow. These parameters were found in /32 tests conducted under both laboratory and field conditions. Correlations for the air flow rate calculations for displacement systems were developed by using these measurement results. AUTHOR: *auri#ainen @. CITATION: A,( 0/ 6 -ealthy buildings, ,!-+,. =ashington DC, !eptember 36C, /00/, ///6//5, 5 figs, 4 tabs, refs. A!$B 260/2//26C864 K !"OR#$: year /00/, Designing, calculating, ventilation, displacement ventilation, air flow, convection, heat load, laboratory testing, site testing, air flow rate, measuring, selecting

! AR: /00/

Comparison of conventional mi(in% and displacement air conditionin% and ventilation s&stems in U)$) commercial 'uildin%s

ABSTRACT:
.valuates displacement air distribution systems and compares their performance with the performance of traditional variable and constant air flow systems in .!. office buildings. The loads of a typical large .!. office building were calculated for four representative .!. climates with the DD.64./C building simulation program. !tates the results indicate that displacement systems generally yield superior air ;uality and thermal comfort compared to conventional systems with air recirculation. Treats energy consumptions and costs. AUTHOR: !eppanen D ,., Fis# = @., .to @., )rimsrud D T. CITATION: ,!-+,. Trans. /0C0, vol.05, Part 4, /24C6/232, // figs, 9 tabs, refs. K !"OR#$: year /0C0, 1entilation, displacement ventilation, comparing, programs, costs, energy consumption, air ;uality, ! AR: /0C0 !,, offices, performance, computer

*entilation efficienc& + A %uide to efficient ventilation

ABSTRACT:
, two <one mi%ing model is used to describe the concept of, and to define the efficiency of ventilation. Eulti6room aspects and procedures for measuring ventilation efficiency are dealt with. The simple two <one model, e%perimentally verified by laboratory tests, predicts generally high ventilation efficiency for ventilation systems using the displacement principle, ta#ing advantage of stratification. +eviews tests in an office room for /68 persons 54C m4, 4.Cm ceiling height7, using the principle. !tratification was secured by supplying the ventilation air with a temperature always lower than the air temperature in the <one of occupation. Becessary heating of the room was provided by using panel heaters under the windows. The air supply was located at the opposite wall. For winter conditions the stratification was wea# and also more or less impaired by the convective air circulation created by the panel heaters. -owever the system behaved as a displacement flow type system. For summer conditions efficiency was usually higher than for winter conditions but was dependent on how the surplus heat entered the room. The lowest efficiencies occurred when the only heat sources were persons and solar heated floors. AUTHOR: !#aret .., Eathisen - E. CITATION: ,!-+,. Trans. /0C8, vol.C0, part 4$, 3C26305, 0 figs, / tab, 0 refs. K !"OR#$: year /0C8, 1entilation, efficiency, measuring, testing, offices air temperature ! AR: /0C8

,erformance evaluation and desi%n %uidelines for displacement ventilation

ABSTRACT:
.valuates the performance of traditional displacement ventilation systems for small offices, large offices with partitions, classrooms and industrial wor#shops under ! thermal and flow boundary conditions, such as a high cooling load. Concludes that compared with traditional mi%ing ventilation, displacement ventilation may provide better indoor air ;uality in the occupied <one when the contaminant sources are associated with heat sources. The mean age of air is younger and the ventilation effectiveness is higher. $ased on results from !candinavian countries and investigations of ! buildings, presents guidelines for designing displacement ventilation in the !,. AUTHOR: &uan ', Chen (, )lic#sman * + CITATION: ,!-+,. Trans., /000, vol./25, part /, paper number 3450 5+P60307, 40C6820, C figs, refs K !"OR#$: year /000, Displacement ventilation, !,, offices, designing, ! AR: /000

*entilation efficienc& + anal&tical methods- scalin% theor&- and e(perimental techni.ues

ABSTRACT:
1entilation systems have traditionally been designed to provide odour control and thermal comfort under the assumption that the air in a building is perfectly mi%ed. Ancreased concern over the health impacts of indoor air pollutants has led to the need for more accurate methods of determining indoor pollutant transport and e%posure. An addition, the advent of new building technologies such as efficient air6to6air heat e%changers, displacement ventilation systems, variable6volume ventilation systems, and ice storage systems has brought the usefulness of the perfect mi%ing assumption under ;uestion. , number of concepts of ventilation efficiency have been developed to describe the transport properties of ventilation systems that do not produce perfect mi%ing. , review of the ventilation efficiency literature is presented with specific emphasis on the use of ventilation efficiency concepts as atmospheric tools to evaluate ventilation systems performance. ,n ongoing research effort utilising optical techni;ues to measure concentration distribution in full6scale and small6scale e%periments is described. AUTHOR: ,nderson +. CITATION: $uilding systems 6 room air and air contaminant distribution 56C December /0CC, ,!-+,. /0C0, .d Christianson * *., /056/00, 9 figs., refs. A!$B 2 0/2//2 63 6 niversity of Allinois.

K !"OR#$: year /0C0, ventilation, performance, air, mi%ing, e%periment, odour, controls, thermal comfort, buildings, health, air pollution, indoor, air ;uality, calculating, measuring, concentration, variable volume air conditioning, air air heat e%changers, displacement ventilation, ice, energy storage, cold sources, air conditioning ! AR: /0C0

Air distri'ution s&stems + room air movement and ventilation effectiveness

ABSTRACT:
!hows that there are gradients in contaminant distribution in the room in the case of mi%ing ventilation, and this will give rise to effectiveness different from /.2. At is also shown that the location of the return openings may be very important compared with the small influence this location has on the velocity distribution in the room. ,irflow rate is often at a level where there is a low turbulence effect, and the ventilation effectiveness and the velocity distribution are strongly influenced by this effect. At is shown how the temperature gradient and temperature effectiveness are dependent on the location and type of heat sources in displacement ventilation.re studied in a room with both stationary and movable sources. Describes the flow from a low6level diffusor, which is suitable for a design procedure in displacement ventilation. AUTHOR: Bielsen P 1 CITATION: Anternational !ymposium. +oom air convection and ventilation effectiveness To#yo, @apan, 44643 @uly /004, ,!-+,., /008, 38 6 54 , /5 figs, refs, A!$B /6CC83/862662 K !"OR#$: year /008, ventilation, performance, air distribution, air movement, air flow, contaminants, velocity distribution, turbulent flow, displacement ventilation, mi%ing. ! AR: /008

Contaminant and heat removal effectiveness and air+to+air heat/ener%& recover& for a contaminated air space

ABSTRACT:
Eeasured contaminant and heat removal effectiveness data are presented and compared for a 8"/ scale model room which represents a smo#ing room, lounge, or bar with a two6dimensional air flow pattern. An the e%periments, heat and tracer gases were introduced simultaneously from a source to simulate a prototype smo#ing room. -igh6 side wall and displacement ventilation schemes were investigated, and the latter employed two different types of ceiling diffuser low6velocity slot and low6velocity grille. +esults show that thermal energy removal effectiveness closely follows contaminant removal effectiveness for each of the ventilation schemes throughout a wide range of operating conditions. The average mean thermal and contaminant removal effectiveness agreed within F>6 42?. *ocal contaminant removal effectiveness ranged from a low of C2? for a high6wall slot diffuser to more than 422? for a low6velocity ceiling diffuser with displacement ventilation. Temperature differences between the supply and the indoor air were between 2.4degC 52.86degF7 and 3/.2degC 598.CdegF7 and ventilation air flow rates ranged from 0.4 to 86.C air changes per hour at inlet conditions. For small temperature differences between supply and e%haust air, all three ventilation schemes showed increased contaminant removal effectiveness near the supply diffuser inlet with decreasing values toward the e%haust outlet. For the high6side6wall slot diffuser, effectiveness was up to /32?

near the inlet and /22? near the e%haust, but for the second displacement scheme 5low6velocity grille7 the effectiveness was more than 422? neat the inlet and //2? near the e%haust. ,lso shows a potential significant reduction in cooling load for a 52 person smo#ing lounge that utilises an air6to6air heat>energy e%changer to recover heat>energy from the e%haust air. AUTHOR: Arwin D +., !imonson C @., !aw G &., $esant + =. CITATION: ,!-+,. Trans., /00C, 1ol./23, Part 4, Paper number TD60C6/6/, 3886339, /4 figs., refs K !"OR#$: year /00C, Contaminants, smo#ers, air pollution, air ;uality, indoor, performance, research, measuring, calculating, ventilation, cooling load, room temperature, air air heat e%changers, heat recovery, air pollution limitation, rooms, ! AR: /00C

ner%& anal&sis of 'uildin%s with different air suppl& and e(haust s&stems

ABSTRACT:
+eports on research to study the effect on energy consumption of different #inds of air supply and e%haust systems in a room. $ased on the air temperature distribution of the room with a displacement ventilation system and well6 mi%ed system, which were calculated by an airflow program, the cooling load program ,CC +,C& and the energy analysis program .B.+G were used for the calculation of the space load and the annual energy consumption of the room. Presents the results. !tates they show that the air temperature distributions in a room are very important in the prediction of room energy consumption. For a variable air volume system the energy re;uired by the chiller and the fan with the displacement ventilation system is 46? less than is re;uired for the well6 mi%ed system. +ecommends the air displacement system for practical applications for saving energy and obtaining better indoor air ;uality. AUTHOR: Chen (. -oornstra T )., van der Gooi @., CITATION: ,!-+,. Trans. /002, vol.06, part /, 8336856, // figs, // tabs, refs. K !"OR#$: year /002, +esearch, energy consumption, ventilation, displacement ventilation, comparing, computer programs, ! AR: /002