INTRODUCTION TO OPTIONS, OPTIONS GREEKS AND OPTIONS STARTEGIES

What are Derivatives

Derivatives

Options

Forwards

Futures

Swaps

Call

Put

Interest rate

Currency

Derivatives can be defines as a security whose price is dependent upon or derived from one or more underlying assets. The derivative itself is merely a contract between two or more parties. Its value is determined by fluctuations in the underlying asset. The most common underlying assets include stocks, bonds, commodities, currencies, interest rates and market indexes. Most derivatives are characterized by high leverage. Forward Contract In finance, a forward contract or simply a forward is a non-standardized contract between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a specified future time at a price agreed today. This is in contrast to a spot contract, which is

an agreement to buy or sell an asset today. It costs nothing to enter a forward contract. The party agreeing to buy the underlying asset in the future assumes a long position, and the party agreeing to sell the asset in the future assumes a short position. The price agreed upon is called the delivery price, which is equal to the forward price at the time the contract is entered into. Features of Forward contracts are: Custom tailored Traded over the counter Counterparty Risk Futures Contracts A contractual agreement, generally made on the trading floor of a futures exchange, to buy or sell a particular commodity or financial instrument at a pre-determined price in the future. Futures contracts detail the quality and quantity of the underlying asset; they are standardized to facilitate trading on a futures exchange. Some futures contracts may call for physical delivery of the asset, while others are settled in cash. OPTIONS What is an Option contract? An Equity Option is a security contract which conveys to its owner the rights, but not the obligation, to buy or sell a particular stock at a specified

price on or before the given date. The right is granted by the seller of the option. In the simplest of words, An Option contract is a contract that gives the buyer of an option the right but not the obligation to buy or sell an option at a particular price and on or before the specified date. Important terms used in Options

1)

Arbitrage - A trading technique that involves the simultaneous purchase and sale of identical assets or of equivalent assets in two different markets with the intent of profiting by the price discrepancy.

2)

Ask / Ask price - The price at which a seller is offering to sell an option or a stock.

3)

Bearish - An adjective describing the opinion that a stock, or a market in general, will decline in price -- a negative or pessimistic outlook.

4)

Bear (or bearish) spread - One of a variety of strategies involving two or more options (or options combined with a position in the underlying stock) that will profit from a fall in the price of the underlying stock.

5)

Bid / bid price - The price at which a buyer is willing to buy an option or a stock.

6)

Black-Scholes formula - The first widely-used model for option pricing. This formula can be used to calculate a theoretical value for an option using current stock prices, expected dividends, the option's strike price, expected interest rates, time to expiration and expected stock volatility. While the Black-Scholes model does not perfectly describe real-world options markets, it is still often used in the valuation and trading of options.

7)

Broker - A person acting as an agent for making securities transactions. An "Account Executive" or a "broker" at a brokerage firm deals directly with customers. A "Floor Broker" on the trading floor of an exchange actually executes someone else's trading orders.

8)

Bullish - An adjective describing the opinion that a stock, or the market in general, will rise in price. It is a positive or optimistic outlook.

9)

Bull (or bullish) spread - One of a variety of strategies involving two or more options (or options combined with an underlying stock position) that will profit from a rise in the price of the underlying stock.

10) Class of options - A term referring to all options of the same type either Calls or Puts covering the same underlying stock.

11) Contract size - The amount of the underlying asset covered by the option contract. This is 100 shares for one equity option unless adjusted for a special event, such as a stock split or a stock dividend.

12) Equity option - An option on shares of an individual common stock.

13) Exercise - To invoke the rights granted to the owner of an option contract. In the case of a Call, the option owner buys the underlying stock. In the case of a Put, the option owner sells the underlying stock.

14) Expiration cycle - The expiration dates applicable to the different series of options. Traditionally, there were three cycles:

cycle January February March

available expiration months January / April / July / October February / May / August / November March / June / September / December

15) Expiration date - The date on which an option and the right to exercise it cease to exist.

16) Expiration month - The month during which the expiration date occurs.

17) Index - A compilation of several stock prices into a single number. Example: the S&P 100 Index.

18) Index option - An option whose underlying entity is an index. Generally, index options are cash-settled.

19) Margin / margin requirement - The minimum equity required to support an investment position. To buy on margin refers to borrowing part of the purchase price of a security from a brokerage firm.

20) Mark-to-market - An accounting process by which the price of securities held in an account are valued each day to reflect the closing price, or market quote if the last sale is outside of the market quote. The result of this process is that the equity in an account is updated daily to properly reflect current security prices.

21) Option writer - The seller of an option contract who is obligated to meet the terms of delivery if the option owner exercises his or her right. This seller has made an opening sale transaction, and has not yet closed that position.

22) Volatility - A measure of stock price fluctuation. Mathematically, volatility is the annualized standard deviation of a stock's daily price changes.

Types of Options There are two types of Options: 1) CALL Option and 2) PUT Option Call Option Call Option is an option contract that gives the owner the right to buy the underlying stock at a specified price (its strike price) for a certain, fixed period of time (until its expiration). For the writer of a Call option, the contract represents an obligation to sell the underlying stock if the option is assigned. Buyer of the Call option expects the price to go up. Call option buyer is getting the right to purchase from call option seller and pays the premium to call option seller. The Maximum loss to the buyer of the Option is limited up to premium paid. If price rises than Call buyer earns unlimited profit. The maximum profit to the call seller is up to premium received when market falls and he may make unlimited loss if market rises. A trader that has bought a Call option is in a long position of that call option and a trader that has sold a call option is in a short position of that call option.

The Pay-off for buying a call

From the above diagram, we can see that by buying a call option, its buyer makes a loss only up to the premium and the profit that he arrives at is unlimited. The Pay-off for selling or writing a call

From the above diagram, we can see that by selling a call option, its buyer cooks profit only up to the premium and the loss he incurs is unlimited.

Example: Mr. X has purchased the Nifty 24 June 2010, 5000 Call option at Rs. 200. Here, Nifty The Underlying Strike Price 5000 Option type CALL (right to purchase) Maturity/Expiry date 24 June 2010 Premium Rs. 200 So when spot price goes up above 5000, Mr. X will exercise his right to purchase Nifty at 5000. So he will get benefit when market rises above 5000. So if Market goes up to 5100 he will get Rs.100 back but as he has paid Rs.200 as premium so his net loss would be Rs.100.

Now, when the market moves, the payoff of the buyer is as follows:

Payoff for Call Buyer

Spot Price Payoff

4600 4700 4800 4900 5000 5100 5200 5300 5400 5500

-200 -200 -200 -200 -200 -100 0 100 200 300

Pay off for Call seller Now suppose Mr. X has sold the above option. Now his maximum profit is upto the premium he relieved and his loss is unlimited.

Now when the market moves, the payoff of the seller is as follows: Spot Price Payoff

4600 4700 4800 4900 5000 5100 5200 5300 5400 5500

200 200 200 200 200 100 0 -100 -200 -300

What is Break-even? The Break-even point is the stock price(s) at which an option strategy results in neither a profit nor a loss. While a strategy's break-even point(s) are normally stated as of the option's expiration date, a theoretical option pricing model can be used to determine the strategy's break-even point(s) for other dates as well. Therefore, BEP is a point when Options seller and buyer arrive at no profit and no loss situation. It is the price where trader is neither earning nor losing any money. Here, both buyer and seller remain at cost to cost.

For a Call Option,

BEP = Strike Price + Premium.

In the examples demonstrated above,

The Strike price = 5000 and The Premium is = Rs. 200 Therefore,

The Break-even point is 5000 + 200 = 5200.

It means that when the Spot reaches 5200, Mr. X reaches the Break-even point i.e. he neither makes profit nor suffers any loss. PUT Options

Put Options is an option contract giving the owner the right, but not the obligation, to sell a specified amount of an underlying security at a specified price within a specified time. This is the opposite of a Put option, which gives the holder the right to buy shares.

Buyer of the Put option expects the price to go down. The Maximum loss to the buyer of the Option is limited up to premium paid. If prices falls than Put buyer earns unlimited profit.

A trader that has bought a Put option is in a long position of that Put option and a trader that has sold a Put option is in a short position of that Put option. The Pay-off for buying a Put

From the above diagram, we can see that by buying a Put option, its buyer makes a loss only up to the premium and the profit that he arrives at is unlimited. The Pay-off for selling or writing a Put

From the above diagram, we can see that by selling a Put option, its buyer cooks profit only up to the premium and the loss he incurs is unlimited. Example: For Put buyer: Mr. Y has purchased the Nifty 24 June 2010, 5100 Put option at Rs. 100. Here, Nifty The Underlying Strike Price 5100 Option type PUT (right to sell) Maturity/Expiry date 24 June 2010 Premium Rs. 100 So when spot price falls below 5100, Mr. Y will exercise his right to sell Nifty at 5100. So he will get benefit when market falls below 5100. So if Market falls to 4900 he will get Rs.200 back but as he has paid Rs. 100 as premium so his net profit would be Rs.100.

Now, when the market moves, the payoff of the buyer is as follows:

Payoff for Put Buyer

Spot Price Payoff

4600 4700 4800 4900 5000 5100 5200 5300 5400 5500

400 300 200 100 0 -100 -100 -100 -100 -100

For Put seller: Now suppose Mr. Y has sold the above option. Now his maximum profit is up to premium he received and his loss is unlimited.

Now when market moves the payoff of seller is as follows:

Payoff for Put Buyer

Spot Price Payoff

4600 4700 4800 4900 5000 5100 5200 5300 5400 5500

-400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 100 100 100 100

Break-even Point for the Put option BEP is a point when Options seller and buyer arrive at no profit and no loss situation. It is the price where traderis neither earning nor losing any money. Here, both buyer and seller remain at cost to cost.

For a Put Option,

BEP = Strike Price - Premium.

In the examples demonstrated above,

The Strike price = 5100 and The Premium is = Rs. 100 Therefore,

The Break-even point is 5100 - 100 = 5000.

It means that when the Spot reaches 5000, Mr. X reaches the Break-even point i.e. he neither makes profit nor suffers any loss.

Styles of Options

I. As per the right to exercise:

1) American style Options and

2) European style Options

American style Option

American options are options that can be exercised at any time up to expiration date. In NSE all stock options are American type options.

European style Option

European options are options that can be exercised at the time of maturity only. In NSE all indices options are European type options.

The difference between these two styles of options is small but important enough to make a difference on an investors timing abilities.

These two styles of options are the most widely used options in the world. There are other styles of options which are not so popular as well. To name a few, there are

1) Bermudan Option

2) Canary Option

3) Compound Option and

4) Shout Option

II. As per the Intrinsic value:

1) In The Money Options

2) At The Money Options and

3) Out of The Money Options

In The Money Options

In The Money Options is the acronym to its short form ITM. A call option is said to be In the Money Option when spot price is higher than strike price,

ITM Call = Spot Price > Strike Price While a put option is said to be In the Money Option when Spot price is below the Strike price,

ITM Put = Spot Price < Strike Price.

In the Money options lead to a positive cash flow if it were exercised immediately.

At The Money Options At The Money Options is the acronym to its short form ATM. An option is said to be At the Money Option when spot price and strike price are equal.

ATM Option = Spot Price = Strike Price

At the Money options lead to a zero cash flow if it were exercised immediately.

Out of The Money Options Out The Money Options is the acronym to its short form OTM. A call options is said to be Out of the Money Option when spot price is below than strike price,

OTM Call = Spot Price < Strike Price. While a put option is said to be Out of the Money Option when Spot price is higher Strike price,

ITM Put = Spot Price > Strike Price

In the Money options lead to a negative cash flow if it were exercised immediately.

ITM vs. OTM Choosing which specific option to buy can often be a complicated process, and there are literally hundreds of optionable companies to choose from. The interesting thing about options is that the various strike prices of each series accommodate all types of traders and strategies.

When it comes to buying options that are in the money or out of the money, the choice depends on your outlook for the underlying security and your risk tolerance level. Out-of-the-money options are less expensive than in-the-money options, which in turn makes them more desirable to investors with little capital. However, out-of-the-money options are also regarded as bearing higher risk because there is a greater probability

that they will end up being worthless upon expiration. Generally speaking, traders who use out-of-the-money options have a higher expectation of a larger move in the price of the underlying than traders who use in-themoney options.

When it comes to returns, the out-of-the-money options often experience larger percent gains/losses than the in-the-money options, which again is due to the higher amount of risk. Since out-of-the-money options have a lower price, a small change in their price can translate into very large percent returns. For example, it is not uncommon to see the price of an outof-the-money call option go from $0.10 to $0.15 in one day, which is equivalent to a 50% price increase. These high returns make these options attractive to novice traders, but you should keep in mind that many out-ofthe-money options also fall 50% or more in one day.

The options you choose to trade should be determined by your risk tolerance, investment strategy and overall view on the direction of the underlying asset. Put Call Parity Put-call parity is a financial relationship between the price of a put option and a call option. The put-call parity is a concept related to European call and put options. The put-call parity is an option pricing concept that requires the values of call and put options to be in equilibrium to prevent arbitrage.

Thus the following relationship exists between the values of the various instruments at a general time t, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Where,

C (t) = the value of the call at time t,

P (t) = the value of the Put

S (t) = the value of the share

K = the Strike price

B (t,T) = value of the bond that matures at time T. if a stock pays dividends, they should be included in B (t,T) because options prices are typically not adjusted for ordinary dividends.

Put Call Parity and American Options For American options, where you have the right to exercise before expiration, this affects the B(t, T) term in the above equation. Put-call parity only holds for European options or American options if they are not exercised early.

There are two types of Triangles:

1) Buy call + Sell put + Sell future and

2) Sell call + Buy Put + Buy Future.

Options Pricing

There are mainly 5 factors, which affects the pricing of an Option.

1) Spot price

2) Strike price

3) Volatility

4) Time to Maturity

5) Rate of Interest

Spot Price Spot price is the price of the Underlying. For example, the Nifty Value is the spot price to work in Options in India. These price changes have opposite effects on calls and puts. For instance, as the value of the underlying security rises, a call will generally increase and the value of a put will generally decrease in price. A decrease in the underlying security's value will generally have the opposite effect.

Strike Price The price at which the owner of an option can purchase (Call) or sell (Put) the underlying stock. Used interchangeably with striking price, strike, or exercise price. An option's premium (intrinsic value plus time value) generally increases as the option becomes further in the money, and decreases as the option becomes more deeply out of the money.

Volatility A measure of stock price fluctuation. Mathematically, volatility is the annualized standard deviation of a stock's daily price changes. Volatility is simply a measure of risk (uncertainty), or variability of price of an option's underlying security. Higher volatility estimates reflect greater expected fluctuations (in either direction) in underlying price levels. This expectation generally results in higher option premiums for puts and calls alike, and is most noticeable with at-the-money options.

Time to Maturity The date on which an option and the right to exercise it cease to exist. Generally, as expiration approaches, the levels of an option's time value, for both puts and calls, decreases or "erodes." This effect is most noticeable with at-the-money options.

Rate of Interest The effect of an underlying security's dividends and the current risk-free interest rate have a small but measurable effect on option premiums. This effect reflects the "cost of carry" of shares in an underlying security.

A simple hierarchy showing the branching of the Options Pricing.

Options Pricing Intrinsic value Spot price Strike price Time to Maturity Time Value Rate of Interest

Volatility

Interrelationship between Options price and its variables:

Particulars Spot Strike Time Volatility Rate of Interest

Call Option Positive Negative Negative Positive Positive

Put Option Negative Positive Negative Positive Negative

Understanding Intrinsic Value and Time Value Intrinsic Value An option is said to have intrinsic value if the option is in-the-money (ITM). Intrinsic value reflects the amount, if any, by which an option is In-themoney (ITM). In fact, an option may not have any intrinsic value at all. By definition, at-the-money (ATM) and out-of-the-money (OTM) options do not have intrinsic value.

For example: Call's intrinsic value = ABC's stock price - Call's strike price If a call option has a strike price of $25, and the stock price is $24, then the price of the option has no intrinsic value; its only value is time value. If, having bought the option, the stock price goes up to $26, you now have $1 worth of intrinsic value. The remainder of the option price is time value.

Put's intrinsic value = Put's strike price - ABC's stock price If a put option has a strike price of $25, and the stock price is $26, then the price of the option has no intrinsic value. It gains intrinsic value when the stock price falls to below $25. So, if the stock falls to $24, then the option has $1 worth of intrinsic value. The remainder is time value.

Time Value Time Value is the amount of money you pay for the length of time until the option expires. If you buy an OTM option (Call or Put), you pay only for the time value. If you buy an ITM option, you pay for the time value PLUS the intrinsic value. The further away from the strike date that you buy or sell the option, the more you pay for that option.

As you get closer to expiration, the value of the option decreases more and more rapidly, until it is at zero on the strike date.

Time value increases as volatility increases, because if the stock is more volatile, it has a greater chance of moving into desired prices during the time period; it is therefore more valuable; it is also more risky. When you BUY option calls and puts, Time Value is your ENEMY!! This is why Swing Trading is so important. Because you are planning to hold the option (either a call or a put) for two to 10 days, you can minimize the effect of time value.

When you SELL calls, puts and spreads, Time Value is ON YOUR SIDE, and is some other guy's enemy (the guy that bought your option).

The bottom Line A stock investor who is interested in using options to capture a potential move in a stock must understand how options are priced. Besides the underlying price of the stock, the key determinates of the price of an option are its intrinsic value - the amount by which the strike price of an option is in-the-money - and its time value.

Time value is related to how much time an option has until it expires and the option's volatility. Volatility is of particular interest to a stock trader wishing to use options to gain an added advantage. Historical volatility provides the investor a relative perspective of how volatility impacts options prices, while current option pricing provides the implied volatility that the market currently expects in the future.

Knowing the current and expected volatility that is in the price of an option is essential for any investor that wants to take advantage of the movement of a stock's price.

Option GREEKS

The mathematical characteristics of the Black-Scholes model are named after the greek letters used to represent them in equations. These are known as the Option Greeks. The 5 Option Greeks measure the sensitivity of the price of stock options in relation to 4 different factors; Changes in the underlying stock price, interest rate, volatility, time decay.

Option Greeks allow option traders to objectively calculate changes in the value of the option contracts in their portfolio with changes in the factors that affects the value of stock options. The ability to mathematically calculate these changes gives option traders the ability to hedge their portfolio or to construct positions with specific risk/reward profiles.

Spot Delta Strike Gamma Option Greeks Vega Theta Rho Volatility Time to maturity Rate of Interest

DELTA

Delta value is the most well known and the most important of the option greeks. It is the degree to which an option price will move given a change in the underlying stock price, all else being equal. Delta calculates the change in the price of an Option due to One Rupee change in Price of an Underlying.

Knowing the delta value of your options is important for option traders who do not hold stock options until expiration. In fact, few options traders hold speculative positions to expiration in options trading.

Option delta is also important for option traders who uses complex position trading option strategies. If an option trader is planning to profit from the time decay of his short term stock options, then that option trader needs to make sure that the overall delta value of his position is near to zero so that changes in the underlying stock price do not affect the overall value of his position. This is known as Delta Neutral in options trading.

Example,

With respect to Call Option, Delta of 0.60 means for every change of Rs.1 in underlying Stock will change the price of Call Option by 0.60.

Explanation of Delta Delta of Call Option always comes in Positive figure while Delta of Put comes in Negative So when you buy Call Option, Positive Delta multiplies by Positive Quantity, Hence gives Positive Portfolio Delta which signifies that buying Call Option means Bullish Position When you Sell Call Option, Positive Delta multiplies by Negative Quantity, Hence gives Negative Portfolio Delta which signifies that Selling Call Option means Bearish Position When you buy Put Option, Negative Delta multiplies by Positive Quantity, Hence gives Negative Portfolio Delta which signifies that buying Put Option means Bearish Position When you sell Put Option, Negative Delta multiplies by Negative Quantity, Hence gives Positive Portfolio Delta which signifies that Selling Put Option means Bullish Position Value of Delta increases as the Option moves from Out of the money to At the money and from At the money to In the money Option Call Delta ranges from 0 to 1 and Put Delta ranges from 0 to -1

 Total of absolute value of Call Delta and Put Delta always comes to 1 Delta of Future is 1

Relationship of Delta with Option Variables:

VARIABLES SPOT STRIKE VOLATILY TIME

CHANGE Increases Increases Increases Increases

CALL DELTA Increases Decreases Increases OTM moves towards 0 ATM moves towards 0.5 ITM moves towards 1

PUT DELTA Decreases Increases Decreases OTM moves towards 0 ATM moves towards -0.5 ITM moves towards -1 Decreases

RATE OF INTEREST

Increases

Increases

GAMMA

Gamma calculates the change in the Delta of an Option due to One Rupee change in Price of an Underlying. In other words, the Gamma shows the option delta's sensitivity to market price changes.

Gamma is important because it shows us how fast our position delta changes in relation to the market price of the underlying asset, however, it is not normally needed for calculation for most option trading strategies. Gamma is particularly important for delta neutral traders who wants to predict how to reset their delta neutral positions as the price of the underlying stock changes.

Example:

With respect to Call Option, Gamma of 0.02 means for every change of Rs.1 in underlying Stock will change the delta of Call Option by 0.02.

Explanation of Gamma Gamma of Call Option and Put Option always comes in Positive figure So when you buy Call Option, Positive Gamma multiplies by Positive Quantity, Hence gives Positive Portfolio Gamma which signifies that buying Call Option means Long Gamma Position

 When you Sell Call Option, Positive Gamma multiplies by Negative Quantity, Hence gives Negative Portfolio Gamma which signifies that Selling Call Option means Short Gamma Position When you buy Put Option, Positive Gamma multiplies by Positive Quantity, Hence gives Positive Portfolio Gamma which signifies that buying Put Option means Long Gamma Position When you sell Put Option, Positive Gamma multiplies by Negative Quantity, Hence gives Negative Portfolio Gamma which signifies that Selling Put Option means Short Gamma Position Value of Gamma increases as the Option moves from Out of the money to At the money and decreases as the Option moves from At the money to In the money Option Gamma of Call Option and Put Option will always be same Gamma of Future is 0

Relationship of Gamma with Option Variables

VARIABLES SPOT CHANGE Increases CALL GAMMA Gamma Increases as option moves from OTM to ATM Gamma will be Highest when Option is ATM Gamma Decreases as option moves from ATM to ITM STRIKE Increases Gamma Increases as option moves from ITM to ATM Gamma will be Highest when Option is ATM Gamma Decreases as option moves from ATM to OTM VOLATILITY TIME RATE OF INTEREST Increases Increases Increases Decreases Increases Decreases PUT GAMMA Gamma Increases as option moves from ITM to ATM Gamma will be Highest when Option is ATM Gamma Decreases as option moves from ATM to OTM Gamma Increases as option moves from OTM to ATM Gamma will be Highest when Option is ATM Gamma Decreases as option moves from ATM to ITM Decreases Increases Decreases

VEGA

Vega calculates the change in the Premium of an Option due to One Percent change in Volatility of an Underlying. Vega is quoted to show the theoretical price change for every 1 percentage point change in implied volatility.

Vega is most sensitive when the option is at-the-money and tapers off either side as the market trades above/below the strike. Some option trading strategies that are particularly vega sensitive are Long Straddle (where a profit can be made when volatility increases without a move in the underlying asset) and a Short Straddle (where a profit can be made when volatility decreases without a move in the underlying asset).

Example: With respect to Call Option, Vega of 6 means for every change of 1% Volatility in underlying Stock will change the Premium of Call Option by Rs.6.

Explanation of VEGA Vega of Call Option and Put Option always come in Positive figure So when you buy Call Option, Positive Vega multiplies by Positive Quantity, Hence gives Positive Portfolio Vega which signifies that buying Call Option means Long Vega Position When you Sell Call Option, Positive Vega multiplies by Negative Quantity, Hence gives Negative Portfolio Vega which signifies that Selling Call Option means Short Vega Position When you buy Put Option, Positive Vega multiplies by Positive Quantity, Hence gives Positive Portfolio Vega which signifies that buying Put Option means Long Vega Position When you sell Put Option, Positive Vega multiplies by Negative Quantity, Hence gives Negative Portfolio Vega which signifies that Selling Put Option means Short Vega Position Value of Vega increases as the Option moves from Out of the money to At the money and decreases as the Option moves from At the money to In the money Option Vega of Call Option and Put Option will always be same

Relationship of Vega with Option variables

VARIABLES SPOT CHANGE Increases CALL VEGA Vega Increases as option moves from OTM to ATM PUT VEGA Vega Increases as option moves from ITM to ATM

Vega will be Highest Vega will be Highest when Option is ATM when Option is ATM

Vega Decreases as option moves from ATM to ITM

Vega Decreases as option moves from ATM to OTM

STRIKE

Increases

Vega Increases as option moves from ITM to ATM

Vega Increases as option moves from OTM to ATM

Vega will be Highest Vega will be Highest when Option is ATM when Option is ATM

Vega Decreases as option moves from ATM to OTM

Vega Decreases as option moves from ATM to ITM

VOLATILITY TIME RATE OF INTEREST

Increases Increases Increases

Decreases Decreases Decreases

Decreases Decreases Decreases

THETA

Theta calculates the change in the Premium of an Option due to One day change in Time to Maturity. By Time Decay, it means the depreciation of the premium value of a stock option contract.

The theta value indicates how much value a stock option's price will diminish per day with all other factors being constant. The nearer the expiration date, the higher the theta and the farther away the expiration date, the lower the theta.

Example: With respect to Call Option, Theta of -6 means Premium of Call Option will reduce by Rs.6 if one day passes.

Explanation of Theta Theta of Call Option and Put Option always comes in Negative figure So when you buy Call Option, Negative Theta multiplies by Positive Quantity, Hence gives Negative Portfolio Theta which signifies that buying Call Option means Short Theta Position When you Sell Call Option, Negative Theta multiplies by Negative Quantity, Hence gives Positive Portfolio Theta which signifies that Selling Call Option means Long Theta Position

 When you buy Put Option, Negative Theta multiplies by Positive Quantity, Hence gives Negative Portfolio Theta which signifies that buying Put Option means Short Theta Position When you sell Put Option, Negative Theta multiplies by Negative Quantity, Hence gives Positive Portfolio Theta which signifies that Selling Put Option means Long Theta Position Value of Theta increases as the Option moves from Out of the money to At the money and decreases as the Option moves from At the money to In the money Option Theta of Call Option and Put Option will always be same Theta of Future is 0

Relationship of Theta with Option variables

VARIABLES SPOT CHANGE Increases CALL THETA Theta Increases as option moves from OTM to ATM PUT THETA Theta Increases as option moves from ITM to ATM

Theta will be Highest when Option is ATM

Theta will be Highest when Option is ATM

Theta Decreases as option moves from ATM to ITM

Theta Decreases as option moves from ATM to OTM

STRIKE

Increases

Theta Increases as option moves from ITM to ATM

Theta Increases as option moves from OTM to ATM

Theta will be Highest when Option is ATM

Theta will be Highest when Option is ATM

Theta Decreases as option moves from ATM to OTM

Theta Decreases as option moves from ATM to ITM

VOLATILITY TIME RATE OF INTEREST

Increases Increases Increases

Increases Increases Increases

Increases Increases Decreases

RHO

Rho calculates the change in the Premium of an Option due to One Percent change in Rate of Interest.

Example: With respect to Call Option, Rho of 6 means Premium of Call Option will increase by Rs.6 if rate of Interest increases by one Percent.

Explanation of Rho Rho of Call Option comes in Positive and Put Option comes in Negative figure So when you buy Call Option, Positive Rho multiplies by Positive Quantity, Hence gives Positive Portfolio Rho which signifies that buying Call Option means Long Rho Position When you Sell Call Option, Positive Rho multiplies by Negative Quantity, Hence gives Negative Portfolio Rho which signifies that Selling Call Option means Short Rho Position When you buy Put Option, Negative Rho multiplies by Positive Quantity, Hence gives Negative Portfolio Rho which signifies that buying Put Option means Short Rho Position

 When you sell Put Option, Negative Rho multiplies by Negative Quantity, Hence gives Positive Portfolio Rho which signifies that Selling Put Option means Long Rho Position Value of Rho increases as the Option moves from Out of the money to At the money and decreases as the Option moves from At the money to In the money Option Rho of Call Option and Put Option will always be same Rho of Future is 0

Relationship of Rho with other Option Variables

VARIABLES SPOT STRIKE VOLATILITY TIME RATE OF INTEREST

CHANGE Increases Increases Increases Increases

CALL RHO Increases Decreases Decreases Decreases

PUT RHO Decreases Increases Increases Decreases

Increases

Increases

Decreases

OPTION STRATEGIES

Nowadays, many investors' portfolios include investments such as mutual funds, stocks and bonds. But the variety of securities you have at your disposal does not end there. Another type of security, called an option, presents a world of opportunity to sophisticated investors.

The power of options lies in their versatility. They enable you to adapt or adjust your position according to any situation that arises. Options can be as speculative or as conservative as you want. This means you can do everything from protecting a position from a decline to outright betting on the movement of a market or index.

There are two main reasons why an investor would want to work with options.

1) Speculation and

2) Hedging

Speculation You can think of speculation as betting on the movement of a security. The advantage of options is that you aren't limited to making a profit only when the market goes up. Because of the versatility of options, you can also make money when the market goes down or even sideways.

Speculation is the territory in which the big money is made - and lost. The use of options in this manner is the reason options have the reputation of being risky. This is because when you buy an option, you have to be correct in determining not only the direction of the stock's movement, but also the magnitude and the timing of this movement. To succeed, you must correctly predict whether a stock will go up or down, and you have to be right about how much the price will change as well as the time frame it will take for all this to happen. . So why do people speculate with options if the odds are so skewed? Aside from versatility, it's all about using leverage. When you are controlling 100 shares with one contract, it doesn't take much of a price movement to generate substantial profits.

Hedging The other function of options is hedging. Think of this as an insurance policy. Just as you insure your house or car, options can be used to insure your investments against a downturn. Critics of options say that if you are so unsure of your stock pick that you need a hedge, you shouldn't make the investment. On the other hand, there is no doubt that hedging strategies can be useful, especially for large institutions. Even the individual investor can benefit. Imagine that you wanted to take advantage of technology stocks and their upside, but say you also wanted to limit any losses. By using options, you would be able to restrict your downside while enjoying the full upside in a cost-effective way.

In general, an Option Strategy calls for a simultaneous purchase and/or sale of different option contracts, also known as an Option Combination.

The main reason for doing this is very simple. The investor never knows the direction in which the market might head. Thus, he buys a call and a put. By doing this, technically, when the market goes up, he makes a profit from the call he has purchased but makes a loss with the put. And when the market scoots in the downward direction, he makes a profit with the put he has purchased but makes a loss with the purchased call. To understand it even better, lets consider this simple example. Suppose you have bought (long) 1 Rs. 60 March call option and also bought 1 Rs. 60 March put option. Nifty, the underlying is trading at Rs. 60, the call costs you Rs. 2.00 and the put also costs Rs. 2.00. Now, when you're the option buyer or going long, you can't lose more than your initial investment which is the premium that you have paid to buy the particular option. So, you've outlaid a total of Rs. 4.00, which is you're maximum loss if all else goes wrong. But what happens if the market rallies? The put option becomes less valuable as the market trades higher because you bought an option that gives you the right to sell the asset - meaning for a long put you want the market to go down. However, the call option becomes infinitely valuable as the market trades higher. So, after you break away from your breakeven point your position has unlimited profit potential. Below is a detailed explanation of some of the most widely used Options Strategies. These strategies help the investors earn a lot of money provided that they are applied in the right situations.

1) Straddle

The long straddle, also known as buy straddle or simply "straddle", is a neutral strategy in options trading that involve the simultaneously buying of a put and a call of the same underlying stock, striking price and expiration date. Long Straddle Construction Buy 1 ATM Call Buy 1 ATM Put

Long straddle options are unlimited profit, limited risk options trading strategies that are used when the options trader thinks that the underlying securities will experience significant volatility in the near term.

Unlimited Profit Potential. By having long positions in both call and put options, straddles can achieve large profits no matter which way the underlying stock price heads, provided the move is strong enough. Limited Risk Maximum loss for long straddles occurs when the underlying stock price on expiration date is trading at the strike price of the options bought. At this price, both options expire worthless and the options trader loses the entire initial debit taken to enter the trade.

The formula for calculating maximum loss is given below:

Max Loss Occurs When Price of Underlying = Strike Price of Long Call/Put

From the above diagram, we can see that in whichsoever direction the market heads, the investor arrives at a profit. Thus, by using this strategy, the investor expects a huge movement either way.

Underlying Price 5200 5300 5400 5500 5600 5700 5800 5900 6000

End Date 09/12/2010 09/12/2010 09/12/2010 09/12/2010 09/12/2010 09/12/2010 09/12/2010 09/12/2010 09/12/2010

Profit 25599.6285 15984.8358 7302.3633 1033.7019 -803.2280 2528.0574 9631.6287 18589.5094 28255.7497

Profit % 194.08% 121.19% 55.36% 7.84% -6.09% 19.17% 73.02% 140.94% 214.22%

The above table demonstrates to us the profit and loss account of the strategy. At 5600, where the market is range bound, the investor draws the maximum loss. As the market impresses upwards, the profits keep on increasing substantially. Same is the case when the market heads in the downward direction where also the profits considerably increase.

2) Strangle

The short strangle, also known as sell strangle, is a neutral strategy in options trading that involve the simultaneous selling of a slightly out-ofthe-money put and a slightly out-of-the-money call of the same underlying stock and expiration date.

Short Strangle Construction Sell 1 OTM Call Sell 1 OTM Put

The short strangle option strategy is a limited profit, unlimited risk options trading strategy that is taken when the options trader thinks that the underlying stock will experience little volatility in the near term. Short strangles are credit spreads as a net credit is taken to enter the trade. Limited Profit Maximum profit for the short strangle occurs when the underlying stock price on expiration date is trading between the strike prices of the options sold. At this price, both options expire worthless and the options trader gets to keep the entire initial credit taken as profit.

The formula for calculating maximum profit is given below:

Max Profit is achieved when the price of the Underlying is in between the Strike Price of the Short Call and the Strike Price of the Short Put

Unlimited Risk Large losses for the short strangle can be experienced when the underlying stock price makes a strong move either upwards or downwards at expiration.

The formula for calculating loss is given below:

OR

Breakeven Point(s) There are 2 break-even points for the short strangle position. The breakeven points can be calculated using the following formulae.

The Strangle graph

The only difference between straddle and strangle is that there are two strike prices used in strangle, each separate for call and put. While in straddle, there is just one strike price for both, call and put. This can be clearly seen in the diagram above. The small horizontal line on the top of the graph indicates two separate strike prices. We can see that in which ever direction the market moves the investor lands on a profit. Thus, by using this strategy, the investor anticipates a substantial movement either way.

Underlying Price 5200.0000 5300.0000 5400.0000 5500.0000 5600.0000 5700.0000 5800.0000 5900.0000 6000.0000

End Date 09/29/2010 09/29/2010 09/29/2010 09/29/2010 09/29/2010 09/29/2010 09/29/2010 09/29/2010 09/29/2010

Profit -26335.3146 -16335.3146 -6335.3146 3089.5341 3660.0000 3660.0000 3053.4769 -6344.9409 -16344.9409

Profit % -26.66% -16.53% -6.41% 3.13% 3.70% 3.70% 3.09% -6.42% -16.54%

As it can be seen in the table above, as the market moves in either direction with substantial amounts, the investor makes a loss. A rangebound market would do it for the investor.

3) Butterfly

Butterfly is one of the most widely used strategies in the world of Options. Long butterfly Butterfly Spread Construction Buy 1 ITM Call Sell 2 ATM Calls Buy 1 OTM Call The butterfly spread is a neutral strategy that is a combination of a bull spread and a bear spread. It is a limited profit, limited risk options strategy. There are 3 striking prices involved in a butterfly spread and it can be constructed using calls or puts.

Long Call Butterfly Long butterfly spreads are entered when the investor thinks that the underlying stock will not rise or fall much by expiration. Using calls, the long butterfly can be constructed by buying one lower striking in-themoney call, writing two at-the-money calls and buying another higher striking out-of-the-money call. A resulting net debit is taken to enter the trade.

Example Suppose XYZ stock is trading at $40 in June. An options trader executes a long call butterfly by purchasing a JUL 30 call for $1100, writing two JUL 40 calls for $400 each and purchasing another JUL 50 call for $100. The net debit taken to enter the position is $400, which is also his maximum possible loss.

On expiration in July, XYZ stock is still trading at $40. The JUL 40 calls and the JUL 50 call expire worthless while the JUL 30 call still has an intrinsic value of $1000. Subtracting the initial debit of $400, the resulting profit is $600, which is also the maximum profit attainable.

Maximum loss results when the stock is trading below $30 or above $50. At $30, all the options expires worthless. Above $50, any "profit" from the two long calls will be neutralised by the "loss" from the two short calls. In both situations, the butterfly trader suffers maximum loss which is the initial debit taken to enter the trade.

As the butterfly strategy is a limited loss limited profit strategy (seen in the graph), the profits in this strategy is very less. This strategy is employed by investors when they sense that the market is going to remain range bound. Thus, more the movement in the market, more is the loss suffered. Underlying Price 5200.0000 5300.0000 5400.0000 5500.0000 5600.0000 5700.0000 5800.0000 5900.0000 6000.0000 End Date 09/17/2010 09/17/2010 09/17/2010 09/17/2010 09/17/2010 09/17/2010 09/17/2010 09/17/2010 09/17/2010 Profit -9063.86 -7929.9668 -4822.7031 -645.0955 1201.5082 -934.1875 -4790.8509 -7623.5722 -8861.9252 Profit % -30.95% -27.07% -16.47% -2.20% 4.10% -3.19% -16.36% -26.03% -30.26%

It can also be seen from the table that as the markets keeps on moving in either direction, the investor keeps on making losses. Thus it is very important for the investor to sufficiently view the market conditions and then engage into this strategy.

Short butterfly Short Butterfly Construction Sell 1 ITM Call Buy 2 ATM Calls and Sell 1 OTM Call

The short butterfly is a neutral strategy like the long butterfly but bullish on volatility. It is a limited profit, limited risk options trading strategy. There are 3 striking prices involved in a short butterfly spread and it can be constructed using calls or puts. Short Call Butterfly

Using calls, the short butterfly can be constructed by writing one lower striking in-the-money call, buying two at-the-money calls and writing another higher striking out-of-the-money call, giving the trader a net credit to enter the position.

Limited Profit Maximum profit for the short butterfly is obtained when the underlying stock price rally pass the higher strike price or drops below the lower strike price at expiration.

If the stock ends up at the lower striking price, all the options expire worthless and the short butterfly trader keeps the initial credit taken when entering the position.

However, if the stock price at expiry is equal to the higher strike price, the higher striking call expires worthless while the "profits" of the two long calls owned is canceled out by the "loss" incurred from shorting the lower striking call. Hence, the maximum profit is still only the initial credit taken.

This too is a limited profit, limited loss strategy. The only difference between long butterfly and short butterfly is that the investor is waiting

for the market volatility to rise in the short butterfly. That is, the investor wants the market to move substantially in either direction. Underlying Price 5200.0000 5300.0000 5400.0000 5500.0000 5600.0000 5700.0000 5800.0000 5900.0000 6000.0000 End Date 09/17/2010 09/17/2010 09/17/2010 09/17/2010 09/17/2010 09/17/2010 09/17/2010 09/17/2010 09/17/2010 Profit 9064.1065 7927.5215 4803.0299 589.3277 1280.8636 867.7732 4751.7490 7604.8354 8854.7899 Profit % 84.63% 74.02% 44.85% 5.50% -11.96% 8.10% 44.37% 71.01% 82.68%