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Introduction
Welcome to PADI Open Water Diver class. In this course you will learn basic principles and applications to safely enter the undersea world. This is a life-support activity.

Certification is to agency requirements over four dives at the best location seasonally.

Paperwork Required
Safe Practices (10060) Liability Release (10072) International Liability (10334) Medical Statement (10063) Youth Diving (as required) 5 Knowledge Reviews 4 Quizzes and a Final written Exam

By the Numbers
Q: Whats involved in learning to scuba dive? A: Learning to scuba dive is an incredible adventure! With PADI as your training organization, your path to breathing underwater is accomplished in three exciting phases:

Chapter 1
This chapter introduces 3 core ideas: Pressure-Volume-Density relationships are the physics of diving (simplified). Buoyancy any object immersed in water is lifted by the weight of water it displaced. Scuba equipment ID and use.

Pressure
Air has weight. That weight is pressure. The higher you fly, the lower the pressure. At sea level, barometric pressure is 14.7 pounds per square inch (psi) or 1 atmosphere absolute (ATA).

Diving at altitudes above 1000 needs special tables or adjustments to avoid problems

Pressure
Pressure increases 1 ATA for every 33 deeper into the sea or 34 in fresh water. The deeper you dive, greater the pressure on air spaces like ears Equalize early and often before pain by whatever works best for you: Pinch and yawn, tilt, swallow . Failure to equalize pressures is a squeeze. DN Reverse squeeze is a blockage, ascending. UP

Pressure
Water has weight, too, The deeper you dive the greater the weight of water (hydrostatic pressure). Fresh water weighs 62.4 pounds/cu.ft. Salt water has more solids at 64#/cu.ft. So, pressure changes faster ocean diving.

Volume
Volume is how much a thing can hold. Volume is affected by temperature and pressure. Rule 1 is Never Hold Your Breath. If you take a capped empty Coke bottle underwater, it appears crushed at depth, but re-inflates as it rises. Volume decreases as pressures increase. DN Volume increases as pressures decrease. UP

Density
Density is how closely packed the molecules of anything are. Wetsuits compress and insulate less at depth. Density increases as pressure increases. DN Density decreases as pressure decreases. UP

P-V-D Relationships
Depth 0 FSW Pressure 1 ATA Volume 1 Density 1

33
66 99

2 ATA
3 ATA 4 ATA

1/2
1/3 1/4

X2
X3 X4

Buoyancy
If it floats in water, we say its buoyant. If it neither floats nor sinks, its neutral. If it sinks, it shows negative buoyancy + = -

If you throw wood into water, it floats. A cannon ball sinks. That same iron hammered into a bowl floats because the water weight displaced is greater than the irons weight.

Buoyancy
Buoyancy underwater is controlled by lead & set BC volume and variable breathing volumes. Its important to keep from hurting the reef or damaging your alternate regulator underwater and to rest at the surface without swimming or sculling.

Equipment
Snorkeling uses personal gear of mask (or goggles), snorkel, and full foot fins. Diving uses mask (only), snorkel, boots, open heel fins plus a buoyancy compensator (BC), a first stage regulator (J or K yoke clamps onto tank valve), 2 second stage regs. (your primary and an octopus), a submersible pressure (SPG) gauge, depth gauge, and compass. DIN regulators screw in to tank valve.

Equipment
In the US, compressed air cylinders must be pressure tested within 5 years, and visually inspected annually. Working pressure stamped in the tank shoulder shows maximum fill and more. All scuba needs inspection service annually. Store tanks standing upright under 500 psi. Empty tanks let water condense / corrode.

Equipment
To set up scuba gear for pool sessions: 1. 2. 3. 4. Bring your own personal gear or rentals. Stand up cylinder near pool with valve right. Wet tank bands, tighten using locator strap. Clamp yoke of first stage to valve, routing regulators over right shoulder. 5. Attach and secure all hoses and clips.

Accessories
Weight belt or System Alternate Air BC LP inflator Dive knife Gear bag WP Watch Console Computer Depth gauge Pressure gauge Writing slate Buddy line Surface marker UHF radio Signal whistle

Summary 1
Whether an object sinks, floats, or does neither depends on its weight and displacement. Youll use lead weight and a BCD, as well as lung volume, to control your buoyancy. The body is made up of mostly incompressible liquid, so you only feel pressure in the air spaces like ears, sinuses, and gut. Theres a proportional relationship between pressure, air volume, and density. You exhale into your mask through your nose to prevent a squeeze. Never continue down if you cant equalize. The most important rule in scuba diving is Never hold your breath. Dont dive with a cold or allergy congestion, even with medication. The deeper you go, the faster you use your air supply. When scuba diving, breathe slowly and deeply and avoid getting out of breath.

Summary 1
Comfort and fit are the two most important criteria in purchasing dive gear. You cant use goggles for scuba diving because they dont enclose your nose. You need to rinse your equipment in fresh water after each use. The jacket BCD is by far the most common BCD used by recreational divers. Your scuba cylinder needs an annual visual inspection and periodic pressure testing.

You never leave scuba cylinders standing unattended. You block/secure them when transporting, so they cant fall or roll. Regulators reduce cylinder pressure to breathing pressure in two stages. A regulators most important feature is ease of breathing You need to have your regulator serviced annually.

Summary 1
Have the dust cap on place and dont push the purge button when you rinse your regulator. You need a SPG (submersible pressure gauge) so you can tell how much air you have (left) at anytime during the dive. You always dive with a buddy for safety, practically, and fun. You can make all your dive gear match and look good without sacrificing comfort, fit, or important features. You can use one of three techniques to equalize your ears to prevent a squeeze descending

and Read
Answer your blank chapter 1 review, in your own words. When finished to your understanding, continue to the Knowledge Review answers below and add to your previous answers. Minimum input is answers from this presentation, but do not remove your first considerations. Make notes of any confusions encountered and well talk about those in class.

Knowledge Review 1
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. False To rest without effort To avoid damage to life saltwater, freshwater True 2, x2, 4ATA, x4, 1/5 B A, b, c
9. 10. 11. 12. False Never hold your breath. A Stop and descend a bit to equalize. 13. To exhale into it to equalize 14. Keep some air pressure in it. 15. C

8. Every few feet, before discomfort is felt

Chapter 2
This chapter considers: Senses underwater Streamlining Breathing efficiency Exposure protection Accessory equipment Hand signals Buddy Check

Vision
Vision is affected by refraction. Underwater, things appear 1/3 bigger and closer than actual. Absorption of light waves by water shifts the color spectrum underwater. Eyes cant focus underwater without a mask to form an airspace. Maximum visibility distance horizontally in seawater is under 150 feet.

Brick or Bullet
In a head high attitude, over weighted divers push a wall of water (like a brick), like walking into a blowing storm. Useless arm motions only waste energy push-pull jerking. Bicycling, knee pumping, shuffling fins do not propel. A properly streamlined diver swims horizontally with arms swept back in low profile, kicking straight legs slowly and smoothly but powerfully from the hip.

Respiration
After youve had snorkel or reg out of your mouth, breathe in slowly and cautiously. Breathing past small quantities of water in a snorkel or regulator is airway control. Slow, deep breathing brings in proportionally more oxygen than shallow panting past dead air spaces of snorkel or reg. If choking or coughing. hold reg in place until fit has expelled waste.

Exposure protection
Wetsuits insulate by thickness trapping a layer of water against the skin by neck, wrist, and ankle seals.. Warning: too tight neck seal can kill. Carotid Sinus Reflex leads to blackout and drowning. Drysuits are warmer and more flexible, trapping an airspace for insulation. Cold? Get out; get dry; get warm; better insul.

Hand Signals

Weight Check
With only snorkel gear, hang vertically in water breathing (face down). Exhale to sink. Youre correctly weighted when you can: Breathe through snorkel mid-mask deep AND Sink continuously when exhaling. Swim up.

Thats your snorkeling weight. Add 5 pounds for scuba diving. Tank will float under 1000psi

Safety Check
In sequence B-W-R-A-F like Begin With Review And Friend, verifies each item in list: B- Begin- for BC, on, adjusted, functional? W- with- Weights- enough or too much? R- review- Right hand weight belt Releases? A- and- Air on, taste, sufficient for plan? F- friend- Final ok. Have everything? Plan?

Summary 2
For maximum efficiency, breathe slowly and deeply. Overexertion symptoms include fatigue, labored breathing, a feeling of suffocation, weakness, anxiety, headache, muscle cramping, and a tendency to panic. You prevent overexertion by staying relaxed and knowing your limits If you become overexerted, stop all activity and rest. Airway control lets you breathe past small amounts of water. STOP

Answer

Knowledge Review 2
now.

Knowledge Review 2
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. B. larger, closer B. sound Faster Get out of the water; get dry; get warm; get better insulated A, b, c, d B A, c Stop activity, breathe, rest (holding on as necessary). A, b, d 10. A hood thats too tight can . cause changes in heart rate, blackout, and drowning. 11. C 12. B 13. In the triangle between mouth and ribcage corners. 14. True 15. B 16. You should float at eye level with an empty BC 17. BWRAF BC, weights, right releases, air, final OK pre-dive

Chapter 3
Module 3 discusses: Dive environments Dive planning Boat diving Problem management Emergency procedures 5 point descent / ascents

Environmentals
Dive site conditions depend on water Temperature. colder is clearer and deeper Visibility. affected by suspended particles Movement. by wind, waves, current Bottom composition. smaller colloids more Life. plankton clouds reduce visibility Sunlight. noon sun penetrates deeper

Definitions
Thermocline is an abrupt temperature layer. Halocline is fresh / saltwater layering. Visibility is how far you can see horizontally.

Are you actively looking to answer your Knowedge Reviews as we view Open Water Diver?

Currents
Begin dives into the flow; drift back. If you miss trail line, swim back under waves. If you cant, signal Help, establish positive buoyancy, and wait for the boat. A Longshore current runs along shore line RIP (like Rest in Peace) tide pulls out to sea. Swim at right angles to escape rip currents.

Aquatic Life
Most fish are curious. They want know what this noisy intruder is doing but are wary. Potentially dangerous ones should be watched. If they arent passing through, leave along the bottom. Dont advance on one. They will defend against your aggressions. Barracuda eat silversides. No shiny jewelry!

Problem Management
Priorities in low or out of air situations are: 1. Normal ascent with buddy. 2. Share air. Signal and procure alternate air. 3. C-ESA Controlled Emergency Swimming Ascent. Pretend OOA swimming up A-aah! 4. Buddy Breathing No longer practiced. 5. B-ESA, Buoyant Emergency Swimming Ascent

5 Point
Professional Association of Diving Instructors Ascents SORTED. Signal down, Orient to Return, Time started, Elevate hose, Descend. Descents STELAR. Signal up, Time dive ends, Elevate hose, Look at it, and Rotate as you swim up.

Descents / Ascents
1. Signal to go DOWN. 2. 2-handed Exchange snorkel for regulator. 3. Orient to direction W. 4. 4-letters T-I-M-E to begin dive time. 5. Roman letter five (V). VENT air to descend. 1. Gesture UP commands end this dive. 2. Note TIME dive ended. 3. Has 3 parts: Look UP, Reach UP, Swim UP. 4. Rotate swimming up. 5. Inflate BC at surface for buoyancy support.

Summary 3
Temperature, visibility, water movement, bottom composition, aquatic life, and sunlight affect dive conditions. A thermocline is an abrupt transition to colder waters. Plan your dive accounting for the water temperature at your planned depth. When possible, use a visual reference for descending and ascending, When diving with a current present, begin by heading into the current during the dive. If caught in a current, dont fight it. Swim across the current or establish buoyancy and signal for assistance. Avoid bottom contact by neutral buoyancy. Most aquatic life injuries result from carelessness. Watch where you put your hands, feet, and knees. Sunburn is entirely preventable, If you get caught in a rip current, swim parallel to shore to escape. Surf diving requires special training and techniques.

Summary 3
Planning your dive plans your fun. A dive plan doesnt have to be complex, not take a lot of time, not be inflexible, but you do need to follow it. Boat diving has many benefits that make it popular. You want to inspect and pack your gear appropriately before a boat dive. Different parts and areas on a boat have nautical terms you should know. Be careful when moving around on a rolling boat with your gear on. Listen to crew briefings about procedures, where to enter/exit the water, other techniques, and emergency considerations. Dont go under another diver whos climbing the boat ladder. You may choose to avoid seasickness by taking motion sickness medication.

Summary 3
Most diving problems occur at the surface. You prevent most problems by staying relaxed and diving within your limits. If you have a problem at the surface, establish positive buoyancy and call for help, if you need it. A diver with a problem who is in control tends to respond to instructions and be buoyant. A panicked diver tends to spit out regulator, push off mask, and not inflate BC or drop weights. Ask for help when you need it. When assisting another diver, establish buoyancy, calm the diver, help diver slow breathing, and, if necessary, tow him back. If you watch your SPG, its unlikely youll run out of air. Using an alternate air source is your best all-around option when youre out-of-air. Bring a non-responsive diver immediately to the surface. Check for breathing and pulse. Begin rescue breathing in-water and CPR, as necessary

Knowledge Review 3
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. A, b, d True Swim perpendicular to the current or signal help, wait True C C Remain calm on the bottom and watch. Slowly swim out of the area along the bottom to exit. True B 10. 1. Dive within my limits 2. Relax while I dive 3. Maintain positive buoyancy at . the surface 11. False 12. 5. Buoyant Emergency .. Swimming Ascent, 3. Controlled Emergency . . .. Swimming Ascent 1. Normal Ascent 4. Buddy Breathing 2. Alternate Air Source ascent 13. B 14. False 15. True

Chapter 4

Dive Planner
PADIs RDP has 3 dive tables on 1 plastic card. Table 1 on the front top left gives you a letter for a completed dives depth and time. Table 2 on the front bottom right gives you Surface Interval credit for residual nitrogen. Table 3 on the back is for Dive Planning.

Table 1
1. Whats the ending pressure group (EPG) LETTER for a dive to 40 feet for 40 minutes? Start in the top left corner at START. Go right across to the DEPTH of 40. Follow down to dive TIME of 40 minutes. Trace left or right to letter (I). I is the EPG.

Table 2
2. Before dive 2, wait a half-hour to off gas some of the excess nitrogen from dive 1. What will be your Beginning Pressure Group (BPG) then? Follow the I row across onto table 2 where the :30 SI is the 27-34 minute box. Follow that column down to the new BPG of E

Table 3
3. Plan the next dive to 40 for :40 again. Whats the EPG? An E diver has residual nitrogen to account for. Find it on table 3.

Summary 4
A surface support flies your dive flag, holds accessories and offers floatation rest. Use appropriately sized dive flag for local laws. Dont attach a filled catch bag to any diver. Underwater flashlights have both day and night uses. Spare parts kit can save-a-dive. Communicate via slate. Maintain logbook records. Dont drink alcohol or use any drug (even OTC) when diving. Dont dive dehydrated or sick. Be physically fit and healthy. Review your scuba knowledge and skills after inactivity. Keep travel vaccines current Pregnant women should not dive. Air is 21% O2 and 78% N2 Contaminated air symptoms include headache, nausea, dizziness, unconsciousness, and cherry-red lips and nail beds.

Summary 4
Dont have your cylinders filled with oxygen, and dont use enriched air until trained in it. To avoid nitrogen narcosis, dont dive deep. Decompression sickness is caused by excess nitrogen forming bubbles in the body. Stay well within RDP tables limits especially if predisposing factors apply. A diver with DCS should receive emergency oxygen, Enriched Air, basic life support, and recompression therapy.
Symptoms of DCS include limb and joint pain tingling, numbness, paralysis, shock, weakness, dizziness, difficulty breathing, unconsciousness, and death. Decompression Illnesses include both DCS and lung overexpansion injuries like air embolism. Emboli onset within hour of surfacing and present signs and symptoms like heart attack or stroke. DCS symptoms intensify over 2-12 hours of dive.

Knowledge Review 4
1. 2. 3. A, c Have tanks filled only with pure, dry, filtered compressed air at a reputable air station. A. Never fill a tank with pure oxygen. Explosive, poison. B. Do not use enriched air or any tank marked for enriched air use unless youre properly trained. A, b C B, d Get the person into medical care. Prevent / treat for shock, administer oxygen, CPR, if necessary 8. 9. 10. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. True A, b, c :55 minutes Pressure group F Pressure group F :34 max. ABT Pressure group M Pressure group K

4. 5. 6. 7.

Knowledge Review 5
1. Any dive 100 or more, Any dive to RDP limits, or three stops above a NDL 2. A. :08, 6:00 3. 1,000 4. True 5. Plan the dive as if it were 10 deeper 6. 1:12 7. 0:04 8. B.
9. 1. Meet new people, 2. Go to new places, and 3. Do different kinds of diving. 10.. To provide a single supervised open water experience to a new diving area. 11. If I go several months without diving. 12. Adventure Dives can be credited to both the Advanced Open Water course and its corresponding Specialty. 13. CEQs verify all training elements met, and recognize outstanding instructors

Final Exam
50 questions take about an hour. Passing is 70%. Test is Not timed.

Read each question and all possible answers completely. Then, eliminate unrelated choices. Recognize differences between similar sounding phrases. Look for trick questions. Relax and begin.

Confined Water skills training

Youll set up scuba equipment repeatedly. Aid your buddy to don gear and safety check. Blow bubbles when regulator is removed, replaced, and cleared underwater. Rule 1. Practice mask clearing progressions. Buoyancy by fin pivots and hovering. Simulate recoveries to anything that can go wrong. Practice until its easy. Have Fun!

Certification
Dive # 1 2 Control Descent Hold line Touch line Maintain Buoyancy Proper weighting LP Fin Pivot Oral Fin Pivot Clear Mask Equalize Recover Regulator S.A.F.E. Ascents Remove & Normal ascent Replace AltAirSource donor/recip Fixed and AAS (octo) Swimming

Partial 1 Sweep Flood/Clear Recovery Full flood/Clear 2 Reach Recovery

Face line

Free descent Hover 0:01

Remove & replace

PSI aware

Controlled Emerg.Swimmi ng Ascent