MASTER EN SISTEMAS AUTOMATICOS Y ELECTRNICA INDUSTRIAL INTEGRATION OF ENERGY SOURCES: CHAP 1.

- INTRODUCTION
3h

Outline

Introduction:Sources to produceelectricity Energysourcesintegration:SmartyGrids Energy sources and conversion Review of energy units Conventional and renewable sources to produceelectricity Importantparametersinenergyharvesting Specific energy ofdifferent fuels Energy generation and consumption inEU27 Economic evaluation ofgeneration costs Environmental costs Whatdoesitmeanandwhatimpliesthesourcesintegration SOURCES:
[1] JosepBalcells,Apunts delAssignatura [2] Felix AFarret,Integration of Alternative Sources of Energy,JohnWilley &Sons 2006,IEEE Press ,ISBN13:9780471712329 [3] Remus Teodorescu,MarcoLiserre,PedroRodriguez,Grid Converters for Photovoltaic and Wind Power Systems,JohnWilley &Sons 2011,IEEEPress ,ISBN9780470057513
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Introduction: Sources to produce Electricity

Energy sources integration: Smart grids

SmartGridsandSourcesIntegration

Centralizedgenerationvs.distributedgeneration
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The vision of future Power Systems

Example of Domestic Integration

Why a Smart Grid?

Accommodatesawidevarietyofgenerationoptions centralanddistributed, intermittentanddispatchable. Empowerstheconsumer interconnectswithenergymanagementsystemsin smartbuildingstoenablecustomerstomanagetheirenergyuseandreduce theirenergycosts. Selfhealing anticipatesandinstantlyrespondstosystemproblemsinorder toavoidormitigatepoweroutagesandpowerqualityproblems. Toleranttoattack mitigatesandstandsresilienttophysicalandcyber attacks Providespowerquality neededby21stcenturyusers Fullyenablescompetitiveenergymarkets realtimeinformation,lower transactioncosts,availabletoeveryone Optimizesassets usesITandmonitoringtocontinuallyoptimizeitscapital assetswhileminimizingoperationsandmaintenancecosts morethroughput per$invested.
Source: Modern Grid Initiative, National Energy Technology Laboratory, USA

Energy Sources and Conversion Processes

Review of Energy Units

Energy = Work = Force x distance x cos MKS Unit: Joule, 1Joule= 1Newton x 1m = 1W x 1s Power= Work / time MKS Unit: Watt , 1Watt = 1Joule / 1s Equivalences: 1kWh = 3,6*106 J 3,6MJ 1kWh = 1kWh 1Cal = 4,18 J 1kWh = 860,42 kCal 1CV h = 2647,8 kJ 1kWh = 1,36 CVh 1TOE = 48,86 GJ = 0,0135 GWh 7,33 Barriles de petroleo
TOE= Ton Oil Equivalent , en espaol TEP (Tonelada Equivalente de Petroleo)

More equivalences see:

http://www.unitconversion.org/unit_converter/energy.html
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Conventional and Renewable Sources

Fossil fuels Coal (Pollution) Gas Oil Combined cycle Nuclear Renewables Wind Solar photovoltaic Solar thermal Hydroelectric Biomass Tidal energy Geothermal

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Important Parameters for Energy Harvesting

Parameters for Energy Sources Specific Energy (MJ/kg) Energy density (MJ/dm3) Phase (Solid, liquid, gaz) Residues when used Regeneration capability (time) Availability Cost

Conversion Method Conversion efficiency Form of energy product CO2 generation Other residues generation Water usage Land usage Cost

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Important Parameters for Energy Harvesting

Indicators of Renewable Energy Technologies Technology Biogas Biomass Geothermal electricity Hydro Hydro Hydro Landfill gas Sewage gas Photovoltaics Solar Thermal electricity Tidal Wave Wind Onshore Wind Offshore Sewage water Run of river Reservoir Small power Comment Slurry (Purins) Volability (Time of variation) Year Year Year Month Month Month Year Year Day/hours Day/hours 12h Day/hours Hours Hours Resource Availability High High Low, site specific Low Low High Low Medium High Low, site specific High High High Low, site specific Genertotion Cost /kWh 5 to 30 2,5 to 10 3,3 to 6,5 2,5 to 17 2,5 to 17 2,5 to 25 2,5 to 4 2,5 to 6,5 47 to 150 12 to 67 Non considered 9 to 45 4,5 to 10 6 to 12

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Important Parameters for Energy Harvesting

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Important Parameters: Specific Energy of Different Fuels

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Important Parameters: Typical Efficiency Figures

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Important Parameters for Thermosolar Sources

Peak normal solar irradiance is about 1kW/m2 (at earth surface, 1.366 kW/m2 at top of atmosphere, known as the solar constant) Solar thermal: The sun heats water, produces steam and steam moves a turbine Peak power is about 150W/m2 Average power is about 50W/m2

P . A.G. .c p .(To Ti ).Q / m

Where: P is the power extracted from the collector panel (W) A is the collector area (m2) ; G is the fluid volume per area unit (m3/m2) is the cooling liquid density (kg/m3) ; water 4190 J / kg.C) ; cp is the specific heat of fluid (in case of Ti-To is the in-out temperature gradient ;

Q is the fluid mass flow rate (kg/s) ; m is the mass of fluid into the collector area and is an efficiency parameter close to 1
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Thermosolar with parabolic through

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Important Parameters for Photovoltaic Solar Sources

Typical values for PV cells Table 6.1 Farret

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Relevant Parameters for Wind Sources Windturnsthewindmillbladesandmovesthegenerator. Thepowergeneratedbyawindmillis:

1 Pm .C p . A.v13 2
Where: Pisthepower(W) istheairdensity(kg/m3)

2 v2 v C p (1 2 ).(1 2 ) v1 v1

Aisthesurfacesweptbytherotor(m2) v1 istheincomingwindspeed(m/s) Cp istherotorcoefficient,dependingontheincomingand outcoming speedsofairintheblades,v1 andv2 resp.

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Relevant Parameters for Wind Sources Exampleofpowerperm2 inawindmill

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Sources: Geothermal

Heatexchanger.Similartothermosolar sources
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Interfacing sources to loads

Connection of energy sources to loads and/or integration into a grid requires power converters Moreover, isolated energy sources must include an accumulation system to guarantee the service The accumulator requires a controller to decide when it must be charged or discharged

Single source PV system + Accumulator

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Integration: Multi source AC supply system

CASE 1: Multi source with alternative use: Requires interfacing converters Requires a controller to manage the switching from one source to the other, depending on availability

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Integration: Multi source AC supply system

CASE 2: Multisource Hybrid system (simultaneous share of load) Multi source sharing the loads supply (Hybrid) requires inteligent managing system to decide how much power must be supplied by each source and how much must be accumulated

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Modular hybrid systems

AC or DC bus With or without accumulation Share and accumulation control required

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Large Scale Energy Storage

In case of a high quantity of renewable , non continuous sources , the integration requires a planification of large scale accumulation systems. Best choices are: Hydraulic reservoirs NaS Batteries Fuel cells Compressed air Finally a safety genset driven with fuel
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Energy consumption in EU-27 divided by sectors (Mtoe, year 2006)

Transport
Internal Navigation
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Domestic and services

Industry

EU27 % Germany Spain France Italy Portugal UK

Notice that transport is about 1/3oftotalconsumption.(40%inCatalonia)

Energy consumption in different sectors: EU-27 Units=(Mtoe)

Notice that transport is about 1/3oftotalconsumption.(40%inCatalonia)

Railway

All the sectors

By plane

Road

Prospective of EU-27 electricity generation mix in 2020

source National Renew. Energy Action Plans (NREPS)

Global Energy Share

Renewable Energy Share

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(**) CSP = Concentration Solatr Power , PV = Photovoltaic http://www.buildup.eu/publications/22839

Prospective of renewables share in different EU countries in 2020

source National Renew. Energy Action Plans (NREPS)

http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Consumption_of_energy
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Prospective of renewables energy production in different EU countries in 2020 , source National Renew. Energy Action Plans (NREPS)

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Prospective of renewables energy production (TWh) in different EU countries in 2020 source National Renew. Energy Action Plans (NREPS)

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Energy consumption in Catalunya divided by sectors

(ktoe, year 2007) source ICAEN

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EV penetration: Orders of magnitude

Spanish global electric energy generation ... 275.252 GWh/year Thermal ............................................... 104.303 Combined cycle ........................ Hidroelctrica+Eolic ........................... 61.944 80.977 GWh/year GWh/year GWh/year

The consumption of an EV is about 0,15 and 0,2 KWh/km Assuming 20.000 km/year per vehicle the consumption per year would be 3000 to 4000kWh/year per vehicle 1/2 milion EV would demand from grid between 1500 and 2000 GWh/year An average nuclear plant is generating 8000GWh/year, a combined cycle power plant about 4000 GWh/year and a wind farm plant is about 110 GWh/year. The energy generated by a single wind generator is between 3MW and 5MW and would be able to supply about 700 EV traveling an average of 20.000km/year
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EV penetration: Orders of magnitude

The figuresofspanish electric system in2010were: Totalinstalled power ~97,4GW,Netdemand ~260TWh peryear From the point of view of anual demand the present generation and distribution system would allow without any problem: 2 Milions of EV (10% of present fleet) with an

average travel distance of10.000kmperyear Notice that there might be some distribution problems at local level, but the globalenergy availability issufficient.

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Economic evaluation of generation costs

Capitalcosts: Includingwastedisposalanddecommissioningcosts(mainlyfornuclearenergy) Tendtobelowforfossilfuelpowerstations;highforwindturbines,solarPVand nuclear;veryhighforwastetoenergy,waveandtidal,solarthermal. Fuelcosts: Highforfossilfuelandbiomasssources,verylowfornuclearandrenewables. OtherFactors suchasthecostsofwaste(andassociatedissues)anddifferent insurancecostsarenotincludedinthefollowing:Buildingworkspower,ownuseload i.e.theportionofgeneratedpoweractuallyusedtorunthestationspumpsand fans. Toevaluatethetotalcostofproductionofelectricity,thecostsareconvertedtoa netpresentvalue ,NPV(valoractualneto VAN) usingthetimevalueofmoney.
Vt is the cashflow of periode t (IncomeExpenses).

NPV

Vt I0 t t 1 ( 1 r )

I0 value of initial investment. r istheinterestratefortheperiod(monthoryear) t isthenumberofperiodsconsidered(monthsoryears). NPV>0indicatesaprofitableinvestmentand NPV<0indicatesunprofitableinvestment

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Valor Actual Neto (NPV)

ElValoractualneto(eninglsNetPresent Value,NPV),esunprocedimientoquepermite calcularelvalorpresentedeundeterminadonmerodeflujosdecajafuturos,originadospor unainversin.Lametodologaconsisteendescontaralmomentoactual(esdecir,actualizar medianteunatasa)todoslosflujosdecajafuturosdelproyecto.Aestevalorselerestala inversininicial,detalmodoqueelvalorobtenidoeselvaloractualnetodelproyecto. ElmtododelNPVesunodeloscriterioseconmicosmsampliamenteutilizadosenla evaluacindeproyectosdeinversin.Consisteendeterminarelcosteequivalenteeneltiempo 0delosflujosdeefectivofuturosquegeneraunproyectoycompararestaequivalenciaconel desembolsoinicial.Cuandodichaequivalenciaesmayorqueeldesembolsoinicial,entonces,es recomendablequeelproyectoseaaceptado. LafrmulaquenospermitecalcularelValorActualNetoes:
Vt representa el flujo de caja del periodo t (IngresosGastos). I0 es el valor del desembolso inicial de la inversin. r es la tasa de inters del perodo (mes o ao) t es el nmero de perodos considerado (meses o aos). NPV>0 indica inversin rentable NPV<0 indica inversin no rentable

NPV

Vt I0 t t 1 ( 1 r )

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Economic evaluation: Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE)

LevelizedEnergyCost(LEC,alsocommonlyabbreviatedasLCOE,LevelizedCostof Electricity,incaseofcostofelectricity)isthepriceatwhichelectricityisgeneratedfroma specificsource. Itisaneconomicassessmentofthecostoftheenergygeneratingsystemincludingallthe costsoveritslifetime:initialinvestment,operationsandmaintenance,costoffuelandcost ofcapital.Veryusefulincalculatingthecostsofgenerationfromdifferentsources.

I t M t Ft ( 1 r )t LEC t 1 n Gt t t 1 ( 1 r )

(units /kWh)

where LEC=Averagelifetimelevelizedelectricitygenerationcost It=Investmentexpensesintheyeart Mt=Operationsandmaintenanceexpensesintheyeart Ft=Fuelexpensesintheyeart Gt=Electricitygenerationintheyeart r=Interestrate n=Lifeofthesystem

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Economic evaluation: Levelized Cost

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Economic evaluation of generation costs

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Economic evaluation: Levelized Cost

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Evaluation of environmental costs

Theprocessesofgenerationandtransformationof energycauseEnvironmental SideEffects,which sometimesarenotproperlymeasuredor assessed.Sucheffectsmustbeevaluatedasan extracostwhenthepriceofenergyandthe specificcost(/MWh)ofacertaintechnologyis evaluatedalongthewholelifecycleofapower plant. Theclearestexampleisthatofnuclearplants, wherethewastecausesseriousproblemsof storage. Ifthemarketdoesnotreceivetheright informationitcannotprovideadequateanswers, creatingdistortionsandinefficiencies. ACOMPLETEANALYSISOFTHELIFECYCLEOFANY TECHNOLOGYORPROCESSMUSTBECARRIEDOUT BEFOREMAKINGDECISSIONS(IDAE2000)
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Review of Greenhouse Effect

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Greenhouse effect gases: CO2 , NOx , SOx

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Acronyms
O&M=operationandmaintenance. CC=combinedcycle. CCS=carboncaptureandsequestration. PV=photovoltaic. GHG=greenhousegas.

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