Succession/Water Study Guide

1. Fill in the following chart with the steps of Primary and Secondary Succession. Secondary Succession Natural Disaster Occurs Soil already exists Moss inhabits area Grass inhabits area and takes over moss Shrubs and bushes begin to take over ecosystem Trees begin to grow and a stable, climax community now exists

Primary Succession New land exposed and bare rock exists Pioneer Species and Lichen break down rock to make new soil Moss inhabits area Grass inhabits area and takes over moss Shrubs and bushes begin to take over ecosystem Trees begin to grow and a stable, climax community now exists

2. How are primary and secondary successions different? - Primary succession occurs where life did not exist before (You need to create a new soil) - Secondary Succession occurs where life had existed before (You do not need to create a new soil) 3. What is the importance of lichen? Break down rock to create a soil. 4. What is a climax community? The ending stable community after succession has occurred. 5. What is a pioneer species? The first species that inhabit an area 6. In your own words describe what happens during the water cycle started with evaporation. The following words must be used (evaporation, condensation,

transpiration, run off, precipitation, percolation/filtration)

****Draw a picture if it helps****

Define the following. Definition Liquid water from Earth turning into water vapor(gas) Water vapor turns back into liquid water (Forms clouds in the atmosphere) Evaporation in plants (Water from their leaves is evaporated into the atmosphere) Water thats hit land and runs off into a body of water Liquid water that falls to Earth as rain, snow, sleet, or hail Water that hits Earths surface and is absorbed into the soil.

Evaporation Condensation Transpiration Runoff Precipitation Percolation/Infiltration

7. Most of the water on the Earth is found in what form? What is the percentage? In oceans - 97% 8. What is the percentage of fresh water found on the Earth? 3% 9. What 3 sections is fresh water broken into? 1. Ice caps and glaciers 2. Surface water (Lakes, ponds, rivers, streams) 3. Groundwater 10. What are some things surface water can be used for? Agriculture, recreation, residential, municipal, industry 11. What forms rivers and stream? Runoff from mountains and hilltops 12. What is a watershed? The area of land that is drained by a river 13. Most of the water we use in our community is used for what? Industry + Agriculture 14. What are some ways to conserve water? 1. Turn off water while brushing teeth 2. Take shorter showers. 3. Do not water lawn.

15. How can we access groundwater? Dig a well 16. An underground formation that contains groundwater is called what? Aquifer 17. List permeable and impermeable materials. Permeable 1. Limestone 2. Sandstone 3. Alternating layers of gravel and sand Impermeable 1. Clay 2. Granite 18. How can pollution in a recharge zone affect the aquifer? Any pollution in the recharge zone will drain into the aquifer.

19. Fill in the following chart about water biomes. Use your foldable for the information. Water Biome Lakes and Ponds Characteristics Freshwater Slow flowing water. Split into 2 zones based on depth 1. Littoral Zone Nutrient rich bc sun penetrates water and allows photosynthesis to take place 2. Benthic Zone Light does not penetrate water so it is dark here. Mostly inhabited by decomposers and dead organisms Covered in freshwater 2 types 1. Marshes (contain non woody plants) 2. Swamps (contain woody and non woody plants) Saltwater Oceans Most life is concentrated in the shallow or coastal area, where the sun penetrates water (littoral zone) Where freshwater from rivers mixes with saltwater in the oceans. Extremely rich in life! They constantly get nutrients from river Freshwater that is faster flowing than lakes and ponds. Originate from runoff from mountains. Function 1. Home to plants and animals. 2. Used for power, irrigation, water storage, and recreation Threats Eutrophication Increase in the amount of nutrients in a body of water due to nutrients running off from soil. Increases the amount of algae in the ecosystem which uses all oxygen, killing other organisms who need oxygen

Wetlands

Filter water and remove pollutants Control flooding by absorbing water Buffer shorelines from erosion Home to a majority of aquatic life. Allows for routes between countries for shipping and travel methods Support both saltwater and freshwater life. Provide shelter and protection for ecosystems and organisms from the ocean Home to various plants and animals. Used for transportation and

Many have been drained by man to create more space for farming, residential, or commercial uses. Results in more polluted water(bc there is no filtration) and the threat of flooding of the community 1. POLLUTION 2. Overfishing

Estuaries

Most were at one time used as landfills And are polluted.

Rivers

1. Pollution (Dumping of garbage) 2. Humans then use this water that can be polluted in their

Water tends to be cold and full of oxygen.

shipping

homes!