Audio Visual Arts MUSIC Definition the art of combining sounds of varying pitches to produce a coherent composition that

t is melodious, harmonious, intelligible, and expressive of ideas and emotions;

Elements Pitch the relative highness and lowness of tone. Volume or intensity the loudness or softness of a sound; ranges from very soft (pianissimo) and soft (piano) to a very loud (fortissimo) and loud (forte); is louder when a singer belts out compared to the volume when he/she simply whispers. Tempo or rate - the speed of a composition or any of its sections. Tempo or rate ballads have a slow tempo, whereas dance songs have a fast rate. elated terms! allegro (fast), vivace (lively), moderato (moderate speed), andante (moderately slow), adagio (slower than andante), lento (slow), and largo (very slow) Timbre or tone color the "uality of sound that ma#es it distinct from other sounds; a listener can distinguish the voices of egine $elas"ue%, &aya, &anno 'ibbs, and (gie )lcasid; he can also recogni%e the sounds of a flute, a guitar, a drum, and a piano. Duration the length of time during a sound is produced; some sounds are longer that the others. Rhythm the consistent pattern of succession of identical or similar sounds; this is illustrated by a succession of similar sound in a song as follows! introduction, stan%a one, chorus, refrain, stan%a two, chorus, refrain, coda, and conclusion. Melody the series of consecutive tones that vary in pitch and duration but form a line of individual significance and expressive value; it is remembered by a listener or the one he whitstles or hums, especially so when he does not #now the lyrics. Harmony the simultaneous sounding or two or more tones; when three or more tones are sounded simultaneously, there exists a chord. Texture the number of tones expected to be apprehended simultaneously; it is neither monophonic (sounding a single melodic line without accompaniment), polyphonic (simultaneous sounding of two or more melodic lines of relatively e"ual interest), or homophonic (sounding of one main melody supported by a subordinate as in the perfomance of a fol# singer with a guitar accompaniment) Form the overall organi%ation of the composition; it is associated with shape, structure, and coherence; all the musical elements are put together to come up with a shole called *form+.

Kinds Musica Mundana music created by the orderly relationships found among the planets and the changing seasons of the world; Musica Humana music created by human beings, by the unity of the body and soul; Musica instrumentalis music created by musical instruments;

Other classifications! vocal music, instrumental music, and a combination of the two. Vocal music produced by the voices of the singers; rendered a capella or without the accompaniment Instrumental music produced by musical instruments; it is exemplified by an orchestra performing without a soloist or a group of singers. Mixed music or Mixed ensemble a combination of vocal and instrumental music; mixed ensemble usually perform in ,ass, e"uiem ,ass, (pera, (ratorio, and -antata Instrumental music produced by musical instruments; it is exemplified by an orchestra performing without a soloist or a group of singers. Mixed music or Mixed ensemble a combination of vocal and instrumental music; mixed ensemble usually perform in ,ass, e"uiem ,ass, (pera, (ratorio, and -antata. Ensemble a music rendered by a group of performers.singers and/or players of musical instruments; classified into the following! (rchestra the most spectacular of the ensembles because of its large si%e; usually performing under the direction of a conductor; (rchestra the musicians playing several instruments of the same #ind are given a part; it is divided into four sections! the string, the woodwind, the brass, and the percussion. /ymphony (rchestra is a large ensemble composed of 011 players; it includes all the principal instrumental types divided into four sections, each of which falls under each of the four basic ranges! soprano, alto, tenor, and bass. -oncerto a form of written composition for an orchestra in which one solo instrument, for instance, a piano or a violin, is given prominence. 2and an instrumental ensemble having the si%e of an orchestra but consisting mainly or exclusively of wind and percussion instruments; usually performs in concert halls and outdoor events such as parades, funerals, football games, and the li#e; nowadays understood as a small group of performers, consisting of a soloist, drummer, guatarist/s, and #eyboardist, or a small group of singers. ondalla a band usually composed of stringed instruments (banduria, laud, octavina, piccolo, guitarra, and ba3o); it is the best-#nown instrumental group in the 4hilippines today. -hamber ensemble a small group of instrumental players; the number of musical instruments ranges from one to nine; chamber music written for only one instrument (violin, cello, flute, aboe, horn, etc.) is called solo sonata; for two, duo; for three, trio; for four, "uartet (for example, a piano "uartet or a string "uartet); for five, "uintet; for six, sextet, for seven, septet; for eight, octet, and for nine, nonet. /pecial 5nsemble (e.g. 4ang#at 6awayan or 2andang 6awayan, family ensembles) Mediums Vocal Media pertain to male and female voices. ,ale voices have three registers! bass (lowest), baritone (middle), and tenor (highest); the lowest of the male vocal registers is the basso profundo. 7emale voices have three registers! alto (lowest), me%%o soprano (middle), and soprano (highest). 8he highest of the female vocal registers is the coleratura soprano. Instrumental Media pertain to the different instruments played by the musicians; most of these instruments form part of the orchestra; classified into string or stringed, wind, percussion, and #eyboard instruments.

 Instrumental Media /tring//tringed 9nstruments have strings which are pluc#ed or bowed! pluc#ed strings are guitars, u#uleles, ban3os, mandolins, harps, and erstwhile lyres; bowed strings are! violins, violas, violincellos or cellos, and double basses or contrabasses. :ind 9nstruments re"uire wind to produce the sound so they are blown; classified into woodwind instruments and brass intruments; woodwind instruments are piccolos, flutes, oboes, 5nglish horns, clarinets, bass clarinets, bassoons, and contrabassoons; the brass instruments consist of the saxophones, trumpets, 7rench horns, trombones, tubas, and cornets. 4ercussion 9nstruments are beaten or struc#; they come in a variety of forms! the drums (#ettle drums, snare drums, side drums, etc.), gloc#enspiels, sylophones, marimbas, gongs, cymbals, triangles, and chimes. 6eyboard 9nstruments - have #eys which are pressed to produce the desired sounds; they include the piano, the organ, the celesta, the piano accordion, the harmonium DANCE Definition 8he form of arts using rhythmic bodily movements expressing ideas and emotions and accompanied by music; may tell a story, set a mood, or express an emotion; a form of exercise; a form of recreation; a form of sociali%ation.

Elements Music a very important element of dance. Dancer the most important elementn of dance; he/she is the perfomer, no dance without him/her; he executes the steps, follows the instructions of the choreographer, wears the costumes, and carries the props. Choreographer the dance director; he/she does the overall design of the dance, assigns the steps to be executed by the dancer/s, selects the costumes and props that go with the dance, and determines the set designed for the dance. Design the planned organi%ation or pattern of movements in time and space; it involves the movements and the positioning of the dancers, and the steps executed by them; an outstanding dance performance is always dependent on the design of the dance. ub!ect the message of the dance; tells what the dance is about; e.g. the theme of the 9fugao war dance is the rivalry between two tribes that leads to an armed conflict. Mo"ements classified into steps, gestsures, and facial expressions; steps are the dancers; movements from one point on stage to another (include leaps, turns, rolls, and somersaults); gestures are the movements of their heads, feet, and other body parts (include swaying, head sha#ing, foot stomping, and clapping) facial expressions are the movements of their facial parts (include raising of the eyebrows, pouting of lips, and crumpling of forehaed. Techni#ue the style or way of executing the movements (e.g. the grind may be done singly or doubly or the twist may be done "uic#ly or slowly) Costumes the things worn by the dancers duiring their performance; include the head gear (hats, caps, fe%, bonnets, helmets, crowns, turbans, hoods), the upper garments and the lower garments (blouse, #imono, #imona, baro;t saya, malong, patadyong, trahe, gowns, ,aria -lara dresses, s#irts, bloomers and the li#e for female dancers while

Kinds

shirts, camisa de chino, barong 8agalog, shorts, long pants, trousers, g-strings, and the li#e for male dancers) Properties commonly called props; carried by the dancers as they perform <glasses with lighted candles (pandango sa ilaw), sombreros (pandango sa sambalilo), fans (fan dance), umbrellas (umbrella dance), stic#s (sa#uting), pots (banga), spears and shields (sing#il), towels, torches, etc. et Design - the setting or the bac#ground that indicates the place of action for the dancers; vintas are placed as bac#drop for sing#il, a vitage /panish-inspired house for 3ota, and nipa huts for tini#ling. $ther Theatrical %lements lighting effects, sound effects, visual effects, and the li#e for musical play or if it is a theatrical dance

&ased on the number o' per'ormers( Solo Pair Group &ased on the sub!ect or content( War dance Courtship dance Harvets dance Ritual dance, etc. &ased on the nature o' the dance( Imitative (tiniklin , itik!itik, and ma lalatik" Interpretative reli ious &ased on the purpose( #olk or ethnic Social or $allroom Spectacular or theatrical

4repared by! 4rof. &orge )rellano, ,)5 4rofessor, =umanities